2021's Biggest Breakthroughs in Physics ,Quanta Magazine

2021's Biggest Breakthroughs in Physics 1,209,308 viewsDec 22, 2021 Quanta Magazine 488K subscribers It was a big year. Fermilab discovered possible evidence of new physics with the muon G-2 experiment. Physicists created a time crystal, a new phase of matter that appears to violate one of nature’s most cherished laws. And we got a glimpse of an enormous pair of bubbles towering over the Milky Way. Read the articles in full at Quanta: https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-ye... Quanta Magazine is an editorially independent publication supported by the Simons Foundation. 1,146 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... alex xans alex xans 4 months ago Time crystals have got to be one of the coolest scientific names given to an object. 3.4K Euler Machado Euler Machado 4 months ago I love how the scientist explained what 3.7 sigma represents in a coin toss, its much more easy to understand and I think if he didnt I would certainly be confused. Its always great to translate these discoveries into something more people can reach. 1.6K wolfboyft wolfboyft 4 months ago It's so awesome that they managed to find a way to legitimately call something a time crystal. 745 FunnyVidsIllustrated FunnyVidsIllustrated 4 months ago Quanta, first video I watch of yours - and I gotta say I'm very impressed. 1. You dumb down sophisticated subjects adequately, like not condensending and not too high level. Props to your script writer, this is not easy so gj! 2. Your community is respectful and curious, and I thoroughly enjoy this corner of the internet. Im going to check out a couple more of your vids and if its the same story you earned yourself a sub. Thank you and keep it up! 539 Quanta Magazine Prime number Buster Prime number Buster 4 months ago Thank you so much Quanta Magazine to fill young hearts with this deep inquisitiveness and fascination with the reality around. The true potential of the platform is limitless. This epic summary just resonates so many unexplained questions than I had the time before. 633 Quanta Magazine Michael Simkin Michael Simkin 4 months ago Time crystal just doesn't consume energy like any atom for example. Perpetual motion machine generates energy from nothing. The idea of the time crystal is not that it's perpetual motion machine or breaks some physics law but that this is periodic motion without losing energy. We knew the possibility of such motion with super fluids and other exotic states for a while, but this is the first legit exactly zero energy loss demonstration. 832 batman Arkham batman Arkham 4 months ago (edited) This is beautiful. This video implicitly tells you that how science works. Science doesn’t always comprise of eureka moments. Often scientists slog through different inconsistencies assumptions and opposing theories to purport a hypothesis. 236 MIDAS MIDAS 4 months ago Your videos remind me that just because only a few science breakthroughs reach major headlines outside the academic community, progress is constantly being made. I want to ask though since you showed that formula of the standard model, what is z that it is solving for? 549 Quanta Magazine Allen Jackson Allen Jackson 4 months ago Thanks for creating this site. .Although I am a retired physicist, it is exciting to read about what discoveries are being made, particularly in quantum world. 34 John Doe John Doe 4 months ago It's amazing to see how much we still have to learn! 124 Owen Owen 4 months ago Thank you for your excellent articles (and for links to the original research paper at the bottom!) You do a great service for those of us that wish we had time to sort through all the 1000's of published research that comes out each month but don't have the time to figure out which articles are interesting or have profound/important implications in their respective fields. 55 Quanta Magazine acekike acekike 4 months ago People overlook physics too much, this is where the cool stuff comes from :) 60 Eigenbros Eigenbros 4 months ago High quality content from Quanta and great choices for the biggest breakthrough in physics in 2021. 31 Quanta Magazine JOHN EDWARD BINAY JOHN EDWARD BINAY 4 months ago I am just in awe of how I KNOW for fact that in this lifetime I could never possibly be as smart or in the same caliber of intelligence as these scientists/engineers/physicists that go on to discover scientific marvels like these in the video. WOOOW! 29 Razvan Peter Nemes Razvan Peter Nemes 4 months ago I look forward to these videos every year. Thank you Quanta! 70 Quanta Magazine Primorock Primorock 4 months ago There's actually something called a time crystal, what a time to be alive! 18 Staminist Staminist 4 months ago (edited) Thank you for the upload! Amazing what humans have mastered, but the greatest thing is that there are only more and more questions with each discovery. Please, upload more, we need this! Cheers 16 Epic Matter Epic Matter 4 months ago Truly fascinating. I’m just glad that all these new opportunities for discovering new types of physics is where I will have an opportunity to discover new physics 19 95rav 95rav 4 months ago The time crystal doesn't seem any more amazing than an electron within an orbital: it has perpetual motion and time independence too. 3 Logan Smith - Perkins Logan Smith - Perkins 4 months ago Every time I look at one of your physics videos, I'm astounded by the fast pace of technology and the fast pace of our understanding of the universe. The world is becoming more advanced before our very eyes. 21 Scot Tay Scot Tay 4 months ago They went from asking what exists in nature to asking what does quantum physics allow. That’s an exciting step! 5 Abhay Singh Abhay Singh 4 months ago Really appreciate the work quanta magazine is doing. Love this kind of content. 1 Jacey Benton Jacey Benton 4 months ago Really cool stuff. It gives me something to think about. I like knowing about the polar bubbles in space. I'm glad these people get to do so much cool research. Seems like a lot of fun. Jacob King Jacob King 4 months ago Question: can Muons be held together and form the makeup of an object or element? I saw a video recently about how gravity effects time dilation. Time moves differently under different gravities. I had the thought of a muon casing of some sort. Im trying to think of what the casing of a time crystal might be like. It could just be the time crystal encases nothing and it is the crystal itself that lends its structure using an unseen artificial element. 1 Greg Mezera Greg Mezera 4 months ago As an aspiring grad school physicist, this video was fantastic at making these phenomena understadable at all levels. Great job guys/gals. Lewis Lee Lewis Lee 4 months ago A great overview and well worth watching. Thank-you for making this video! 1 Daniel Dees Daniel Dees 4 months ago So is a time crystal a 4-Dimensional object? Would that explain why it changes over time but doesn't consume energy? We're just looking at different parts of it? 7 Sari of Cybertron Sari of Cybertron 4 months ago The faculty of Physics at my University (Aalto) designs memory components for quantum computers using Time Crystals. They’re also potentially very useful in communications and diagnostics (especially in Neuroscience) 1.5x playback everything - thank me later 1.5x playback everything - thank me later 4 months ago Well, that would be a good series to look back to, later on, when you need to remember what significant discoveries happened that year 17 Alpine Prime Alpine Prime 4 months ago Fantastic! Thank you for sharing such a compact output of such important discoveries JRPapollo JRPapollo 4 months ago Yoshiaki Sofue is an amazing example of the possibilities of the human spirit. We're lucky to scientists like him. 1 Michael Lochlann Michael Lochlann 4 months ago I don't understand the time crystal thing at all so as a science fiction writer I'm just going to completely mangle the idea for my stories instead. You know. It's tradition. 218 Joshua Lütz Joshua Lütz 4 months ago It would appear as we advance our knowledge in science, that the equation and formulas that we have grown so defensive of over the decades is slowly losing its foundation. And wile I don't think that things like Einstein's theory of relativity and special relativity are wrong. But I feel that we are soon going to renew his theory or find a better one 10 Name Name 4 months ago amazing visuals and explanation. well done to everyone involved in creating this video, and the scientists. 1 Modern Day Geeks Modern Day Geeks 3 months ago Truly wonderful to think that these things coexist with our daily living. Curious to see what more can we uncover in the known universe! 1 Anonymous D?NGO Anonymous D?NGO 4 months ago Crazy that this is the first time most of us are hearing about two huge bubbles over the center of the galaxy 2 yorch877 yorch877 4 months ago Quanta! I love your videos and reading your articles. Thank you for creating this content. 1 Auxins Auxins 4 months ago Love these videos. It always reminds me how much and how little of what we have known. 2 Pixeleyes Pixeleyes 4 months ago I really enjoy living in a universe where time crystals are an actual thing. 8 João P. Magno Soares João P. Magno Soares 4 months ago Time is an very intriguing thing, within this year, the time crystal brings again the old time x quanta discussion... along that, the strange behavior of a muon magnetic dipole is also very interesting as it deviates from one of the few equations in quantum mechanics that allow us to understand quanta x time relation, Dirac’s equation. It’s interesting to see how we can’t formulate a fitting time theory as we alaays embeys our own theories with our mistaken perception of time from the daily things Murat Ozdemir Murat Ozdemir 4 months ago From the engineering perspective, what could be the possible inventions in near future out of time crystals? 7 Veronica Enblom Veronica Enblom 3 months ago Hi! I really appreciate your videos but wish that you also had summary of the breakthroughs in chemistry. Is that something that will come or is it being overlooked? If so, then why? 1 Tony P Tony P 4 months ago the last one is amazing. I wonder what happened 20,000,000 years ago to create those two bubbles. Could our black hole have merged with another black hole at that time? 20 mil years ago there were no humans, just giant scary creatures 2 jl2021 jl2021 4 months ago so awesome to hear a real-world peer review experience and benefit. pLayHaPpy pLayHaPpy 4 months ago I was lost at standard model for particle physics. Everything sounds and looks cool in the video though. Great content! kush m kush m 4 months ago Thank you science! wether its in physics or in other fields. im grateful for all the people that work hard & achieve so much 11 Omar Chammaa Omar Chammaa 4 months ago So as far as I understand, time crystals haven't actually been discovered in nature. They seem to be allowed, but not actually discovered? And they're allowed to exist because the second law of thermodynamics applies in equilibrium only, and not to out-of-equilibrium systems? 9 Biniyam Zerabruk Biniyam Zerabruk 2 months ago It's Amazing where humanity has reached over this century, it gives us hope to aim higher. Awesome. Physics is the future. Keep the inspiration going. Funkyboodah Funkyboodah 4 months ago This was so mind blowing and so well done. Thank you! 1 Joe the Stack Joe the Stack 4 months ago I think further explanation of the muon is needed. The explanation states that there is a small local magnetic field due to the intrinsic quantum spin of the muon, and that it causes the muon to interact with an external magnetic field. But the muon has a charge, same as an electron. The electric field due to the charge interacts with an external magnetic field in a powerful and unmistakable way and causes the path of a moving muon or electron to follow a curve instead of a line. The magnitude of this interaction must be far, far greater than that of the spin interaction. How can they separate the spin interaction from the charge interaction? While the spin interaction might influence the spatial orientation of the muon, the charge interaction powerfully influences the path of the muon, and the path can be experimentally determined whereas it is not clear how the orientation of a muon could be experimentally determined. 1 CubeIR CubeIR 4 months ago (edited) I may not be smart enough to be one of those who's helping with pushing science forward, but I wish I live long enough to see the magic & wonders that are coming. 3 23 pants 23 pants 4 months ago Thank you for making this easily accessible video! This makes me happy 1 Henry Melon Henry Melon 4 months ago This video just demonstrated to me how utterly clueless I am about the world around me and I love it 3 Gregory Parrott Gregory Parrott 4 months ago (edited) This video describes three discoveries, beginning at 0:00, 4:04, and 7:50 The most interesting is the time crystal, at 4:04 3 East Afrika East Afrika 2 months ago (edited) You would actually have to achieve 8.1 Sigma for verification. The G-2 measurement points to the fusion of a photon with a positron, that form peripheral dark matter or shell dark matter. flatypus flatypus 4 months ago This video is amazing. Sadly, Youtube's algorithm is largely based on title and thumbnail, so a name like '2021's Biggest Breakthroughs in Physics' might not gain as much traction. However, as that can't change, the thumbnail with the caption 'TIME CRYSTAL' instead of discoveries might capture the imagination of people better. Asterlibra Asterlibra 4 months ago Thanks for the video I have not quite understand what was the point of the first discovery (about muon g-factor). As was shown in the video, deviation is not enoigh to claim a scientific discovery. Moreover, deviation was linked to the error in calculations. To sum up, is this a failed discovery? Or, alternatively, this is discovery of what? Nothing specific was reported beyond the deviation. 1 Zi Zi 4 months ago I really wish I watched this videos as a kid, I’d love to go into physics and study astrophysics… But now it all feels to late as my career has nothing to do with this field. 31 Jimmy RH Jimmy RH 4 months ago The Standard Model of particle physics doesn't include gravity, but unfortunately the formula shown at 0:39 includes a gravity term. 36 Jeroen De Cloe Jeroen De Cloe 4 months ago What a great channel this is. Thank you for sharing. 1 Quanta Magazine Andres Pereyda Andres Pereyda 4 months ago I'll have to look into time crystals some more, though I've heard of them; thank you. 3 Finite Banjo Finite Banjo 4 months ago Just one of several small corrections you could make: We don't "know" dark matter exists, it's just the best explanation for the unaccounted for mass of everything in the known universe. We estimate there is more mass based on cosmic scale gravity and motion estimates where our models have a large noticeable discrepancy. Rather than expect you to explain all of that every single time, maybe just say "think" instead of "know." There is enough dogma in science without you lying to people like that. Chris Chris 3 months ago Those were exactly my thoughts at 6:51 when I glanced over the article: 'Hey, this phase has to be a time crystal!' Scott Freeman Scott Freeman 4 months ago Hope you this every year. Can you do medical break throughs as well? Tech should be giving us medical break throughs. I find it very odd that technology is growing exponentially but medicine really is not moving at the same pace... EclipsedArchon EclipsedArchon 4 months ago I wonder if there's a good artist's interpretation of what the night sky would look like from inside one of those bubbles Jarek Nowak Jarek Nowak 4 months ago I have never heard about the 3rd case. Impressive job. New subscriber here. Rudy Krutar Rudy Krutar 4 months ago When I was a teenager, I flipped a penny 1000 times. Surprisingly, I got exactly 500 heads and 500 tails. I did not then know how to derive the expected value. 13 Jhause 9 Jhause 9 4 months ago Very informative and digestible. Thank you very much 3 Jonathan Davis Jonathan Davis 4 months ago Super hyped about the discoveries made in physics last year!!! xtenkfarpl xtenkfarpl snr xtenkfarpl xtenkfarpl snr 4 months ago I'm not too excited about the muon anomaly. It just doesn't "smell" like a new physics paradigm shift: more like the superluminal neutrino fiasco a few years ago. I'd be more convinced if they had built an entirely new experiment rather than re-using the Brookhaven magnet. Scott Anderson Scott Anderson 4 months ago Well this has changed my life. Thank you Fermilab. 5 Nani Nani 4 months ago I had no idea how the information about atoms was far more complex that I was thought. Supreet Sahu Supreet Sahu 4 months ago Hopefully we'll be discussing the observations from JWST this time next year 34 MANdrewSKI MANdrewSKI 4 months ago I didn’t understand enough of what was said during the time crystal part.. did we actually create a perpetual motion device?! Or is it just theoretical? 1 hasnain gillani hasnain gillani 4 months ago love theses videos! thank you for making these! Robert Schlesinger Robert Schlesinger 4 months ago (edited) Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video. 1 Tim Yesepkin Tim Yesepkin 4 months ago These videos are great and I love seeing a good summary of the progress that has been made in many different fields BUT WHERE IS CHEM? There are videos on the other major sciences but chemistry has been ignored for these, what gives?? You could even fold it in with another appropriate topic, but come on man, we are scientists too! 2 Macgyverman87 Macgyverman87 4 months ago Ok, how do we know the time crystal isn’t dumping the entropy in a point in time other than the point in which you are observing it? 1 Stephen Rodriguez Stephen Rodriguez 4 months ago thanks to ALL scientists! really guys you are the best of our society!! 5 Seth Apex Seth Apex 4 months ago If we can find new physics surrounding the muon, we can find a new way to generate muons by directly energizing the muon field, this will give us the ability to use muons to catalyze fusion with greater efficiency than we can today, and possibly generate positive energy flow from this process. The Nephilim The Nephilim 4 months ago I don't think a time crystal could oscillate at the same rate forever without ever putting some energy into the system. I'd still expect it to slow down eventually. It's just that the frequency of the energy you add to it doesn't change the frequency of its oscillation unlike what's happening normally when you're giving something a kind of push and the movement of the system or partical will change depending on the push. But I can't imagine a time crystal oscillating forever at the same rate without ever needing some energy input. 7 PUBG NEW STATE / MOBILE PUBG NEW STATE / MOBILE 4 months ago Finally a YouTube channel that doesn't indulge in the clickbaiting pandemic 😂 Subscribed!! Keep the good work guys!👍 Paul Kjoss Paul Kjoss 4 months ago Kudos to your graphics team - the visuals are very smart 👍 2 Mike Mike 4 months ago Has anyone noticed the similarity between the structure of our galaxy and the dz^2 electron orbital? Austin Nate Crawford Austin Nate Crawford 4 months ago (edited) I'd like to think a quasar is a result of the two bubbles popping and releasing all that energy 19 033 Farhan Naufal Firdaus 19 033 Farhan Naufal Firdaus 4 months ago I don't even that like physics but after watching this video I think I will learn more. This video is perfect! Graham Brown Graham Brown 4 months ago What a fantastic video, thanks to all concerned!! 3 Quanta Magazine Helmut Zollner Helmut Zollner 4 months ago Very Interesting! Excellent presentation! Thank you for sharing. Melissa J Melissa J 4 months ago We know a lot and yet still so little. In 1,000 years, they'll see that we knew a fraction of what they'll know then. But, at least that means plenty of exciting discoveries ahead, even in our life times! 1 Black Orchid Black Orchid 4 months ago Is there any more breakthroughs left in classical mechanics? Aurelia Andris Aurelia Andris 4 months ago Could time crystals be bombarded with muons to create chaos? 1 kristinaF54 kristinaF54 4 months ago If muons are similar to electrons could you create a muon current or mutricity to power homes and charge batteries? Debaditya Saha Debaditya Saha 4 months ago (edited) Finally the breakthroughs which has the biggest impacts are released. 5 Kenny Zaro Kenny Zaro 4 months ago I really wish if you had covered atomic clocks based on an article published by you guys this year. Linux Gaming in FullHD 60FPS Linux Gaming in FullHD 60FPS 4 months ago (edited) I don't think this can be called a perpetual motion machine. Though time crystal seems to brake the time symmetry it still sounds fine. I would assume usage of the word crystal is not accidental here as crystals have lattice and some symmetry. I would assume those time crystals have some structure, which can be used to derive the conservation laws. Thus it would not create something from nothing it is just having more precises laws of physics, which are slightly different. That's like saying the theory of relativity allows perpetual machines because stuff moving at high speeds has more energy than (m v^2 /2) assuming a cycle where we classically accelerate something spending (m v^2 /2) energy and then relativistically slowing it down harvesting all that extra kinetic energies. Nothing in the girl's talk points to the perpetual machine. We need more info about that theory before jumping into conclusions. It is not clear from the video what the core of it is. Also the "driven quantum system" from the paper suggest we are dealing with non-closed system. Just a few examples of common everyday systems which can be perceived as perpetual machines: 1. Fridge. It just lowers entropy by cooling the cold stuff and heating the hot stuff. That's the system driven by an external power supply, it also heats the hot stuff more than it cools the cold stuff. So it is more a heater than a cooler, which in totals is just a heater. So an open fridge would just heat your room, no perpetual entropy lowering machine. 2. Electric amplifier. Creates more power than consumes by multiplying the voltage. That's the system driven by an external power supply and the voltage produced by the amplifier can only be amplified up to the voltage of the power supply and the power need to maintain the amplified voltage is also drained from the amplifier power supply. The amplifier power supply is often excluded form the circuit diagram leaving an impression that the amplifier is an isolated thing and does not need external power to work. 3. Raising transformer. This one actually creates more voltage than it is supplied with, so it looks like it creates something form nothing. Unlike the amplifier it does not have an extra power supply. Yet it is driven by an external powers source, which provides the power to maintain the voltage in the primary circuit. Loading the secondary circuit effectively lowers the impedance of the primary leading to higher current and thus higher power consumption from the external source if it is able to maintain the voltage. The secondary circuit current induces current in the primary circuit leading to extra power drain from the source. The extra power drain is often missed by non-experts leading to this common confusion. The use of the word "driven" suggests something external from which the stuff is generated. It is not from nothing, just from something external, which is not explicitly shown in the calculations. Russell Jazzbeck Russell Jazzbeck 4 months ago This video is spectacular. Thank you! 2 Arycke Arycke 4 months ago 4:30 not disorder technically. The formation of crystals shouldn't happen if disorder is always increasing. Entropy is often misunderstood in that regard. 2 Yo wut Yo wut 4 months ago The time crystal may not consume energy between states, but maintaining the process requires a lot of electricity. A lot. XCrunchyX XCrunchyX 4 months ago I cannot wait until I can actually work. These topics always interest me. I know it’ll be hard work, but these profound discoveries just have to make it worthwhile. 3 Chris Chris 4 months ago Time crystals are simply the physical manifestation of the flux capacitor. 1 Valay Salve Valay Salve 4 months ago As a Stony Brook University Physics and Astronomy student, I feel proud that the discrepancy in g factor was first notice at the Brookhaven National Laboratory... 4 Edgar Mueller Edgar Mueller 4 months ago Just a comment to "perpetual motion": Physics postulates indeed perpetual motion through the energy-conservation law. Because energy, momentum and mass are referring to the very same thing: motion. To see this, take the Dirac energy-momentum equation, and set the speed-of-light constant to one (just a scale transform to simplify the equation). You obtain E^2 = m0^2 + p1^2 + p2^2 + p3^2. I.e. the total amount of energy E in the system is the relativistic vector of motion, including the rest mass. As energy is conserved, there must be perpetual motion in systems which cannot transfer energy to their surroundings. What is not possible, however, is to create energy out of nothing, or to make it disappear into nothing. Aaron Lowe Aaron Lowe 4 months ago In the last example, presumably there are other galaxies that show this phenomenon that we can correlate with. Brainpasta Brainpasta 4 months ago Can we quantum entangle a time Crystal's particle and send messages forward / backward in time? Ben G Ben G 4 months ago (edited) Yo I vibe with the graphics. Has a retrofuturistic feel to it. Love the purple hue, the grainy glow, and the flat vector lines. a e s t h e t i c Quanta Magazine Eduardo Villalba Eduardo Villalba 4 months ago "...such as dark matter, a substance we know exist..." I always eye-roll at statements like these. 2 Colter Hochstetler Colter Hochstetler 4 months ago What are the g-2 measurements mentioned at 3:40 ? What are the implications if being in line with it, that the theory is wrong? 4 Mark Vallejo Mark Vallejo 4 months ago I understood every bit of information of this video at word value. But I have no idea how any of this is even possible for people to know and do. 1 Uga Uga Uga Uga Uga Uga 4 months ago (edited) At 2:44 mark and beyond, I've always looked up to physicists in blue shirt that explain the most advanced laws of physics while displaying a booger right below their nose. It's the most convincing evidence of his expertise. 2 Rajkumar arya Rajkumar arya 4 months ago Time Crystals, change thier position without consume energy, it's amazing quantum worlds! Kapil Singh Kapil Singh 4 months ago These should be an hour long documentaries every year not just 10 minutes. 1 Quanta Magazine TanvirSS TanvirSS 4 months ago This is probably a dumb idea, but if time crystals essentially move periodically without using energy, wouldn't it be a medium to transfer energy more efficiently? Since no energy would theoretically be wasted as movement, actually the energy would increase temp changing the property of the matter so might be void I dunno stephen lang stephen lang 4 months ago Those bubbles that they discovered in deep space almost sounds like each one of them is it's own Universe. 3 deafwing deafwing 4 months ago Cool. I find it hard to believe that the Milky Way is the center if this Universe, being that it is situated in the suburbs of Laniakea to start. gman644 gman644 2 months ago Instead of twisted bi-layer graphene; we should twist 300 layers on a 1.2° axis then allow a small electrical current to run through it. Simran Nahar Simran Nahar 4 months ago mannnn physics keeps fascinating me i just wish i was smart enough to ever play an important part in its development 1 Richnfg _ Richnfg _ 4 months ago More videos like this please! 2 Quanta Magazine Sam Reed Sam Reed 4 months ago It's interesting how at this point we have far more questions than answers Call me Terry Call me Terry 4 months ago Hi, I'm from year 2100. We've found some time crystals, they are used to save the state on games you're playing. So, next time you open the game, you don't need to start over, but you'll continue from that last time crystal. 6 clavo clavo 4 months ago Wow! Great video! Time Crystals!!! Oh yeah. 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