Thursday, February 14, 2019

Berberine

Berberine

Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids found in such plants as Berberis(e.g. Berberis vulgaris – barberry, Berberis aristata – tree turmeric, Mahonia aquifolium – Oregon-grape, Hydrastis canadensis – goldenseal, Xanthorhiza simplicissima – yellowroot, Phellodendron amurense[2] – Amur cork tree, Coptis chinensis – Chinese goldthread, Tinospora cordifolia, Argemone mexicana – prickly poppy, and Eschscholzia californica – Californian poppy). Berberine is usually found in the roots, rhizomes, stems, and bark.[citation needed]
Berberine
Berberin.svg
Berberine 3D.png
Names
Other names
Umbellatine;
5,6-Dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard100.016.572
PubChem CID
UNII
Properties
C20H18NO4+1
Molar mass336.366 g·mol−1
AppearanceYellow solid
Melting point145 °C (293 °F; 418 K)[1]
Slowly soluble[1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Due to berberine's strong yellow color, Berberis species were used to dye wool, leather, and wood. Wool is still dyed with berberine today in northern India.[3] Under ultraviolet light, berberine shows a strong yellow fluorescence,[4] so it is useful in histology for staining heparin in mast cells.[5] As a natural dye, berberine has a color index of 75160.

Contents

Folk medicineEdit

Berberine was supposedly used in China as a folk medicine by Shennong around 3000 BC. This first recorded use of berberine is described in the ancient Chinese medical book The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic.[6]

ResearchEdit

Although the clinical research has been low in quality, studies have been conducted to determine if berberine may affect diabetes[7] or blood lipids.[8][9] As of 2018, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that berberine is safe or effective for any condition.[10]

BiosynthesisEdit


Biosynthesis of berberine
The alkaloid berberine has a tetracyclic skeleton derived from a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline system with the incorporation of an extra carbon atom provided by S-adenosyl methionine via an N-methyl group. Formation of the berberine bridge is readily rationalized as an oxidative process in which the N-methyl group is oxidized to an iminium ion, and a cyclization to the aromatic ring occurs by virtue of the phenolic group.[11]
Reticuline is known as the immediate precursor of protoberberine alkaloids in plants.[12]Berberine is an alkaloid derived from tyrosine. L-DOPA and 4-hydroxypyruvic acid both come from L-tyrosine. Although two tyrosine molecules are used in the biosynthetic pathway, only the phenylethylamine fragment of the tetrahydroisoquinoline ring system is formed via DOPA, the remaining carbon atoms come from tyrosine via 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. L-DOPA loses carbon dioxide to form dopamine 1. Likewise, 4-hydroxypyruvic acid also loses carbon dioxide to form 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 2. Dopamine 1 then reacts with 4-hydroxy-phenylacetaldehyde 2 to form (S)-norcolaurine 3in a reaction similar to the Mannich reaction. After oxidation and methylation by SAM, (S)-reticuline 4 is formed. (S)-reticuline serves as a pivotal intermediate to other alkaloids. Oxidation of the tertiary amine then occurs and an iminium ion is formed 5. In a Mannich-like reaction the ortho position to the phenol is nucleophilic, and electrons are pushed to form 6. Product 6 then undergoes keto-enol tautomerism to form (S)-scoulerine, which is then methylated by SAM to form (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine 7. Product 7 is then oxidized to form the methylenedioxy ring from the ortho-methoxyphenol, via an O2-, NADPH- and cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme, giving (S)-canadine 8. (S)-canadine is then oxidized to give the quaternary isoquinolinium system of berberine. This happens in two separate oxidation steps, both requiring molecular oxygen, with H2O2 and H2O produced in the successive processes.[13]

See alsoEdit

  • Coptisine for a related pharmacological discussion
  • Goldenseal for a related pharmacological discussion
  • Jatrorrhizine, another protoberberine alkaloid
  • Sanguinarine, a plant-based compound with very similar chemical classification as berberine

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ a b The Merck Index, 10th Ed. (1983), p.165, Rahway: Merck & Co.
  2. ^ Zhang Q, Cai L, Zhong G, Luo W (2010). "Simultaneous determination of jatrorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, and obacunone in Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex by RP-HPLC". Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 35 (16): 2061–4. doi:10.4268/cjcmm20101603. PMID 21046728.
  3. ^ Gulrajani, ML (2001). "Present status of natural dyes". Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 26: 191–201 – via NISCAIR Online Periodicals Repository.
  4. ^ Weiß, Dieter (2008). "Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe in der Natur" (in German). Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  5. ^ "B3251 Berberine chloride form". Sigma-Aldrich. 2013. Retrieved 2 Aug 2013.
  6. ^ The divine farmer's materia medica : a translation of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Yang, Shouzhong (1st ed.). Boulder, CO: Blue Poppy Press. 1998. ISBN 9780936185965. OCLC 41048949.
  7. ^ Dong H, Wang N, Zhao L, Lu F (2012). "Berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysis". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012: 591654. doi:10.1155/2012/591654. PMC 3478874. PMID 23118793.
  8. ^ Ju, Jianqing; Li, Jingen; Lin, Qian; Xu, Hao (15 November 2018). "Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Phytomedicine. 50: 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.212. ISSN 0944-7113. PMID 30466986.
  9. ^ Dong H, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Lu F (2013). "The effects of berberine on blood lipids: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Planta Med. 79 (6): 437–46. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1328321. PMID 23512497.
  10. ^ "Berberine: MedlinePlus Supplements". MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  11. ^ Dewick, P. (2009). Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach (3rd ed.). West Sussex, England: Wiley. p. 357. ISBN 0-471-49641-3.
  12. ^ Park SU, Facchini PJ (June 2000). "Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum l., and California poppy, Eschscholzia californica cham., root cultures". Journal of Experimental Botany. 51 (347): 1005–16. doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.347.1005. PMID 10948228.
  13. ^ Dewick, P. (2009). Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach (3rd ed.). West Sussex, England: Wiley. p. 358. ISBN 0-471-49641-3.
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