#science #physics #ideas The Biggest Ideas in the Universe | 18. Atoms

#science #physics #ideas The Biggest Ideas in the Universe | 18. Atoms 110,383 viewsJul 21, 2020 Sean Carroll 154K subscribers The Biggest Ideas in the Universe is a series of videos where I talk informally about some of the fundamental concepts that help us understand our natural world. Exceedingly casual, not overly polished, and meant for absolutely everybody. This is Idea #18, "Atoms." Though in true Biggest Ideas tradition, it's less about actual atoms and more about why atoms are the way that Standard Model particles end up existing in our world. My web page: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/ My YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/seancarroll Mindscape podcast: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/p... The Biggest Ideas playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... Blog posts for the series: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/b... Background image: http://physicsopenlab.org/2017/05/18/... #science #physics #ideas #universe #learning #cosmology #philosophy #particles #atoms 372 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Sean Carroll Pinned by Sean Carroll Sean Carroll 1 year ago Okay, admittedly, in this branch of the multiverse it's Lithium, not Beryllium, that is the third element in the periodic table. Ordinarily I'd point to the fact that fundamental physicists can't be bothered keeping such trifles straight, but I've actually written papers on Big Bang nucleosynthesis, so this is just embarrassing. 220 Crypto Brian Crypto Brian 1 year ago Thank you Sean for taking the time to put this series together ,as I’m sure this is no major monetary endeavor, lol. To us layman it is invaluable. 56 steen thorup steen thorup 1 year ago These lectures are like a mini-birthday every time. Thx. Sean. 19 Gabriel Q. Gabriel Q. 1 year ago This is the one I was expecting. Thank you so much, Sean. You're the greatest. 12 Geoffrey Byers Geoffrey Byers 1 year ago (edited) This is a truly remarkable series. I like this intro: "Lots of people have tried to invent fun geometric ways to present the fundamental particles - I think they are all a bit ad-hoc." What amazed me after this grand statement was the tour de force rundown of all those particles that you have presented here in this video. Mind blowing. BTW, please turn this into a book. 1 Sam Barta Sam Barta 1 year ago Hey Sean, if you get a chance to read this i just wanted to say thanks for the free content! I didn't study much science in highschool and only was exposed to the fascinating theories in physics after school so i appreciate the casual yet detailed explanations :) Much love from down under in Aus! 2 constellationpegasus constellationpegasus 1 year ago Thank you for doing this for us Sean. I love it. 6 Coochicoo Coochicoo 1 year ago I love these videos. I literally don't understand a single thing... but I still love them! 33 Dedoslav Dedoslav 1 year ago (edited) 1:12:02 Being raised in the Russian scientific tradition, I appreciate that the single molecule Dr. Carroll chose to illustrate organic chemistry is ethanol. He refers to it as a "nice little example" :) Nice indeed :))) 2 NoWhereMan NoWhereMan 1 year ago Thx Dr. Carroll. During my engineering education in the 80's, these beautiful concepts were rarely discussed and when they were they were very convoluted. This series has helped me considerably to fill in the gaps in my own meager education. Swami Human Swami Human 1 year ago Another great "lecture", Sean. Thx. P.S. Love the philosophy at the end, too. It's important to think about the way we think. 1 Ozgur Misman Ozgur Misman 1 year ago Fantastic lecture . Appreciate what you do for the community. I am a non practicing physicist and I truly enjoy your lectures . It is so refreshing to listen to an expert that can communicate and connect with an audience that is not an expert on subject matter . Fascinating !! 1 macsilvr macsilvr 1 year ago This was a riveting lecture, thanks so much for investing the time to produce and post these! Amaar Quadri Amaar Quadri 1 year ago (edited) Great video! Its amazing to think that the universe was 0.1% away from ending up with just neutrons! Gilbert ENGLER Gilbert ENGLER 1 year ago Dear Caroll, this is one of your most impressive presentations. Just fantastic and not to be found nowhere! 1 Anthony Anthony 1 year ago I’m enjoying the series. Many thanks! I always find it strange that the photon, the carrier of the electromagnetic charge has no electrical charge!! Allie K. Allie K. 1 year ago Love this man's brain. Would love to have an amazing conversation with him! Him and Dr. Tyson need to collab again! 💕 10 Dexerino Dexerino 1 year ago I really loved the ending and the retrospect of the topic ... everyday Atom is cool enough ... and also it isnt cool enough :) I would maybe suggest to do a small general debunk, or small general sci-fi debunk story (or maybe even urban legend) idea in all future videos, as it was done here :) Ebey Joseph Ebey Joseph 1 year ago Hi Sean! Please answer this question: Since the mass of the Sun can distort space and time, then can the mass of the milky way (or galaxies) distort space and time, relatively? And if galaxies can distort space and time, then what is the natural state of space and time beyond galaxies? Gav T Gav T 6 months ago Sean, thank you so much for this series. Brian Cannard Brian Cannard 1 year ago In QFT, the movement of the isotopes (having internal quark spin orientations and vibration modes), does it heavily influences the effects of chemistry and solid state physics, or can it be completely ignored? mike p mike p 1 year ago THANK YOU! Please don't change anything. Your videos have a beautiful balance of information and historical reference(or progression of the subject) without wasting time. I would love if you could find the time for a video on tensors. Rhonda Goodloe Rhonda Goodloe 1 year ago Sean, Thanks so much for doing this! Very grateful! 1 JDC JDC 1 year ago Haven't watched this video yet, so I apologize if I'm repeating something that Sean mentions. The great Richard Feynman was asked what was the one bit of knowledge he would hope got preserved if civilization got destroyed somehow. He said: "That everything is made of atoms." 1 Vincent Brancato Vincent Brancato 1 year ago Thanks for sharing your knowledge with us Sean! Gilbert ENGLER Gilbert ENGLER 1 year ago (edited) Congratulations! This story about atoms is soooo beautiful and opens the door for a better understanding of chemistry and biology. This should be included in the program of last year high school students. kyzercube _ kyzercube _ 1 year ago Sean, I noticed that in all of the lectures and study of particle physics, the physical diameter of these particles are never specified, with the exception of a publicized lecture at Stanford given by Leonard Susskind in which he claimed that all of the particles ( at least in the standard model ), despite their different masses and charge are the same physical diameter. He furthers this lecture to discuss the Planck mass. Can you confirm this claim or if not, at least give some expansion on it? Tony D'Arcy Tony D'Arcy 1 year ago OK, so after the big bang the universe was too dense and hot for atoms to form. Presumably with the inflation the "cooling" energy had to go somewhere. Is it it lost to our universe forever ? Or did the expansion of space outpace the photons ? 1 Valdagast Valdagast 1 year ago There are stories of a math professor who used to include whatever unsolved problem he was working on into his exams because, hey, someone might be able to solve it and he may pick up new approaches that way. 5 JazzKiri JazzKiri 1 year ago Hi I want to first say thank you. I have learned a lot from you. Please do not stop sharing science knowledge. Keep making videos you are a great teacher. Here is a question. Why bosons do not have anti version. Maybe i just do not understand but it seem that the electron and the positron both interact with the same photon and follow the same rules. Why isn't there an anti-photon? Is it because photons are massless and that you need mass to have an antiversion? Also does a positron have some antimass or mass is the same for matter and antimatter? Thank you for sharing knowledge. Randy Randy 1 year ago A huge thanks Mr Carroll for the fantastic explanations. These are on a level where I can learn something from YouTube outside of my classes. Going to do additional quantum mechanics next year in my bachelor's cuz I love fundamental physics. Really appreciate your help, and it's all free! Kai Henningsen Kai Henningsen 1 year ago 1) In your list of what EM explains, you missed one very important thing: electromagnetic radiation (protons), that is, light, radio waves, cosmic microwave background, and so on. 2) I wonder if perhaps the black matter could (fully or partially) consist of baryons, and thus make up for the baryon number imbalance. Maybe there's an easy reason why not? truinananahshabbadeprezzur truinananahshabbadeprezzur 1 year ago Hi! I have an idea... what if instead of a superposition and probability wave, the particle actually just draws space closer to itself and has a kinda probability vibration?! Please 3xplain why this can or cannot fit into the equation. Superposition has always seems too "mystical" for me... Fredrik Wallinder Fredrik Wallinder 1 year ago (edited) Excellent lecture. Guess there are two ways to look at the situation; either investigate how complexity arises from the standard model or do the opposite. This zoo of particles needs an explanation, why do they exist in the first place, why only four forces and is there a very simple origin without spacetime and all the rest. Also, in the 1800s they said that physics was over and then came quantum theory and Einstein. It could be that we miss something fundamental since we're a product of this universe. SteinarNor SteinarNor 1 year ago Hi Sean :) Thank you for a fantastic series! I am an interested hobbyist from Norway. There is so many interesting and intriguing facts about both cosmology and the small quantum stuff. I do have a question which belongs to the gravity episode, but I was to late to ask there. The question has to do about the hypotetical graviton. We all know that nothing can escape a black hole, not matter nor photons or other particles. Therefore a black hole is black and do not radiate any magnetism or other forces, except gravity. And here comes the question, how does the graviton escape the black hole in order to reveal its existence to the sorrounding space? Does the graviton not feel the force of gravity, ie does it not care about the other gravitons? Can a graviton pass freely straight through a black hole? Does a graviton passing near a black hole follow a different path compared to say a photon who follow the "bent" curvature of spacetime near a black hole? 1 Christine LaBeach Christine LaBeach 1 year ago I wonder what would happen if you changed the color charge of a gluon in a hydrogen atom? I wonder if that would change the properties just enough to make fusion easier. Or the properties of a quark. Forrest Orange Forrest Orange 7 months ago Brilliant. A pay-off after struggling through the earlier tough lectures :) J South38 J South38 1 year ago (edited) For the Q&A You said that the Standard Model and QFT explains all of known physics (at the baryonic level). Does this mean that the speculated "island of stability" at large atomic number atoms is within the realm of known physics, just hard to work out? Or is this island dependent on as yet unknown physics? prem prakash jauhari prem prakash jauhari 1 year ago Very informative for those even with some basic knowledge of science. 1 Bill Holland Bill Holland 1 year ago Just for fun, I calculated the force pushing 2 protons apart in the helium nucleus, and got about 50 pounds force or about 225 Newtons. Wow! Is that correct? (I guessed the protons were about 10^-15 meters apart.) No wonder fusion is so hard. Doing the same for a splitting uranium nucleus, I got about 900 pounds force (making a guess for the range of the strong force). So splitting 2^80 uranium nuclei in a chain reaction could yield a bit of energy. (As you might guess, as an engineer, I like putting things in tangible numbers.) User User User User 1 year ago is there any way of two particles to have no entanglment at all with each other? What is a cost of making two particles entangled? Any form of energy is consumed/released (relation to "conservation")? Any types of particles can be entangled or there are some restrictions? Chakradhar Mahapatra Chakradhar Mahapatra 1 year ago Last querry. In the upcoming Q&A, can you approach the discussed issue from an evolutionary point of view - both for particles & forces. I mean how one thing led to the other - from the known starting point & pathways. A temporal evolution of particles & forces would help in decluttering the issue. Thanks. Paul Michael Freedman Paul Michael Freedman 1 year ago (edited) Dear Sean, Sir, There's one thing bugging me after you talked about the matter-antimatter imbalance. If it was indeed so, that there was a one in ten billion imbalance between matter and anti-matter, where did the photons from the annihilations go and is it possible to search for them? 1 NOVA NOVA 1 year ago If we could generate a Higgs boson with a high enough velocity so that it’s decay time in our reference frame is appreciable, could we then detect it directly? ProfessorBeautiful ProfessorBeautiful 1 year ago Love the series, trying to convince my daughter to watch the whole thing with me. But HEY, hold on there, if "electron-ness" etc is conserved, where does it go when a nu-electron oscillates into a nu-tau or nu-muon? Wafikiri Wafikiri 1 year ago (edited) World of neutrons: there is an interesting sci-fi novel, Dragon's Egg, by Robert L. Forward (who also made important contributions to research on gravitational wave detection), wherein life on a neutron star (called Dragon's Egg) is described that runs and develops a million times faster than that on Earth. Sixtus Beckmesser Sixtus Beckmesser 1 year ago I found 1:12:00 to the end to be unexpectedly moving, even more so than reading about it in his book. kapsi kapsi 1 year ago I'd say weak force is pretty important in everyday life, since it's what causes radioactive decay, and that's used in a lot of technology Tim Allman Tim Allman 1 year ago I've done a lot of NMR over the years and of course nuclear spin is of great importance to the field. We always just look them up (i.e. H-1 is spin 1/2, N-14 is spin 1, etc.) but never think about the origin of these numbers. Would you say something about that? Many thanks for these sessions. I bet you are great in a classroom. Gilbert ENGLER Gilbert ENGLER 1 year ago Just excellent! Many many thanks. What is your opinion about quantum biology? Role of quantum physics in photosynthesis, orientation of birds in the earth’s magnetic field, smell? Rick Harold Rick Harold 1 year ago Awesome. Love the series! Hamoud Alwardy Hamoud Alwardy 1 year ago Thank you for the interesting build up approach to the atom. unòrsominòre. unòrsominòre. 1 year ago Hi professor Sean, thanks for the exquisite quality content once again. @36:10: It seems that most of human body is composed of protons, not neutrons: "For atoms lighter than neon there are an equal number protons and neutrons. Most of the body is lighter than that, but there is a lot of sodium, calcium, etc. The result is that about 45% of the mass of the human body is due to neutrons, 55% is protons (0.027% is electrons)" (https://www.quora.com/How-many-neutrons-do-we-have-in-our-body). 2 JohnE JohnE 1 year ago It seems that neutrinos accumulate without limit. So this would suggest that as the universe ages the ratio of neutrinos to baryons has to increase as well. For example neutrons decay into neutrinos (plus proton and electron) but never the reverse. If this is true does it have any cosmological implications? Nick Reisinger Nick Reisinger 1 year ago I like the notion that we have discovered all of the ingredients of every day physics. I feel like this is the case for most of science but pride and ego's get in the way and cloud issues and make simple ideas and problems complicated CorwynGC CorwynGC 1 year ago This is the first 'ideas' where you answer questions that I have often wondered about, (as opposed to ones I have while trying to assimilate what you are saying). Thank you kindly. What are the radii of protons, neutrons and duterons? Reginald Carey Reginald Carey 1 year ago Dr Carroll, how do we know that other star systems consist of only positive baryons? Is this information conveyed via a property of light? I suppose it would be if there existed anti-photons. Upendar Rao Gunda Upendar Rao Gunda 1 year ago Learnt so much new stuff....Thank you, Sean Carroll.... Paul C. Paul C. 1 year ago Thanks again Prof. Carroll. Watching your lectures makes my day. (Like the haircut BTW !!) 1 Pavlos Papageorgiou Pavlos Papageorgiou 1 year ago Not sure if you covered this. Is it a general pattern that fermions have fixed mass like the electron, and bosons have an open range of energies like the photon? chris4072511 chris4072511 1 year ago At the end, the "We would have seen it" argument sounds pretty convincing, except we wouldn't know about gravity if all we ever did was experimental particle physics. Kevin Egan Kevin Egan 1 year ago Hi Sean, very illuminating series of public lectures given by a genuine erudite. I wonder where you get the time to do everything from doing your day job of teaching, doing research and publishing research papers, giving public lectures all over the World, doing interviews, writing text books, writing science books popularising physics topics and also these “Biggest Ideas in the Universe” and the “Mindscape; Ask Me Anything” series of online gold, plus live your everyday life like everyone else, as well. I am fairly sure that I have probably missed missed other work. Keep up the good work. Roy Sablosky Roy Sablosky 1 year ago You said the rate of decay depends on the strength of the interaction—so for example the Higgs is most likely to decay into quarks because quarks interact so strongly. But that sounds topsy-turvy. Why would a stronger glue holding things together make things more likely to fall apart? Ryan Cole Ryan Cole 1 year ago Q: Is there any reason to think there might not be a 4th or 5th generation of particles? Why 3? 3 Jainal Abdin Jainal Abdin 1 year ago Question: Is it possible to have negative mass, like negative charge? 1 Jim Graham Jim Graham 1 year ago I am not sure I fully understand this, but it is amazing and very important that someone does. Zack 120 Zack 120 1 year ago (edited) The most fundamental and interesting topic for understanding the universe but this is too much, too complex to take in one video. Expanding it to at least 3 lectures may enable one to understand it completely. DrPommels DrPommels 1 year ago I may be cutting too fine a line.... but I think if we identified a new particle that explains dark matter or dark energy it would qualify as finding a new particle that impacts our everyday life.... DanielWorcester DanielWorcester 1 year ago (edited) Please do a quick explanation on how vacuum decay changes the universal constants but without the ball and valley metaphor because I feel This metaphor is counterproductive because it's linear with time. Michael Sommers Michael Sommers 1 year ago Whenever I hear "zeptosecond", I also think of grouchtosecond, harptosecond, chictosecond, and gumtosecond. 4 Infinitum Neo Infinitum Neo 1 year ago Do coincidences (ie our existence) in subatomic particle physics indicate a kind of underlying symmetry in the universe? Some say that symmetry indicates a kind of elegance in the mathematics that describes the physics of the universe. nathanisbored nathanisbored 1 year ago (edited) 28:56 "the muon cant decay quickly because its light" 29:28 "it had better emit a charged particle like W-" you said lighter particles cant decay into heavier ones, but on the chart above you showed W- near the top with mu under it, and then you showed mu decay into W-. Is this because of what you mentioned a little later in the video that W- is not an extreme end of the diagram, so it's only a virtual particle and can be as heavy as it wants? Narayan Mohanram Narayan Mohanram 1 year ago If only 1 in 10^7 matter survived. What happened to the energy of the balance of the matter/anti-matter collisions. Technically the left over photons from this should be far more than matter particles James Bates James Bates 10 months ago (edited) 50:30 Someone should compose a symphony, starting form the Standard Model of particle physics! John Baillot John Baillot 1 year ago Wonderful stuff again. Of course, topics are raised in Q&A's that were not mentioned in the main topic headings. So, understandably, there are questions upon questions. One of my questions hearkens back to the loss of information at the event horizon of a black hole, an ongoing issue for theoretical physicists. If two entangled electrons are generated and one falls into the black hole, is the entanglement for its fortunate surviving sibling still preserved? It cannot be known, there is no way of knowing. Moreover the nature of information is inexact in this context. Shannon with his theories of information gave meaning to information, but from the standpoint of communication of whatever type. If you phone your "better half" asking for how many loaves to buy, it is communication in the Shannon sense and can be measured as such, but does it have any meaning in a universal sense, that of black holes? Such a message is encoded on a microwave transmission at some frequency. If this signal from your phone were to be beamed into a black-box cavity where it would be completely absorbed, there would be a slight temperature rise due to the microwave radiation being absorbed, and once thermal equilibrium had been reached, there would be no means to reconstitute the information contained in the signal. Hence, if such a signal were to be sent to a black hole, the photons would be absorbed and in a similar way, the information would be lost. So the question is: is there such a thing as conservation of information, or is it a "red herring"? atimholt atimholt 1 year ago (edited) So if I take you correctly, our everyday physics is only possible (as encountered, at least) because of the second law of thermodynamics: particles decay to lower energy states because there are more “conservation-law equivalent” microstates with decayed arrangements (unless my loose understanding of entropy is too “classical”), leaving us with the everyday lowest-state particles. What does quantum physics look like without a big bang? How well can one “ignore” the divides between past, “FTL”, and future in a hypothetical “arrowless” QFT? unòrsominòre. unòrsominòre. 1 year ago Damn, I want the book of this series! 1 Kris Pucci Kris Pucci 1 year ago The last minute bummed me out. I knew this was true, but hearing it from Sean makes it real. Ramon Atila Ramon Atila 1 year ago Subatomic particles are just the elements of the tiny solar systems that are atoms Serthy Serthy 1 year ago Q: 1. when Atoms interact with eachother in molecules and exchange electrons, is there every time a photon created and absorbed? So in a electric cable for example, each time there is current flowing, an uncountable number of photons are there too? 2. The ending was kind of depressing, knowing that there might not be some fundamental changing discovery that opens up new possibilities. But when these 4 everyday physics pillars and its rules are known, how can we not predict chemistry/biology yet? Where are the missing pieces that holds up back? 1 nosirrbro nosirrbro 1 year ago 47:25 Shouldn't over an indefinite period of time any collection of atoms trend towards iron/nickel where the mass-per-nucleon is least? Albert Amseldrossler Albert Amseldrossler 1 year ago I'm sure there is a student who is taking on that homework assignment to "derive this chart from first principles" just to impress Sean Carroll James Hedin James Hedin 1 year ago Oh nice. My guess for the number of stable isotopes was "maybe a couple hundred?" theodoridi theodoridi 1 year ago GREAT EXPLANATIONS, EXCELLENT HUMILITY......BUT MYSTERIES STILL ABOUND......WHAT A MARVELLOUS SERIES OF "TALKS". SINCERE THANKS. Christian Fredh Christian Fredh 1 year ago Isn’t quantum computing included in ”everyday physics” in a not too distant future? Is QFT including all the fundation for that? 1 Henrik Scheel Henrik Scheel 1 year ago If an electron has a mass, what is this mass made of? And is this mass spread all over the wave function? What does an electrons charge consist of? Len Raymond Len Raymond 1 year ago QUESTION: Are atoms impacted — or will they be — by the expansion of space/spacetime. In particular, is the space within an atom also expanding? As a thought experiment, I visualize a balloon with a happy face on it. As the balloon blows up the face gets bigger too. However, it seems from how physicists speak that atoms stay the same size, otherwise I would hear speculation about the earth — consisting of atoms — getting bigger. Assuming I have that correct, then in what space is an atom staying the same size? Continuing the thought experiment with a magician's eye, I would surmise regarding an unchanging happy face on a blowing up balloon, that the happy face is really in the magician's space and only looks like it is on the balloon's surface — balloon-space. Steve Brown Steve Brown 1 year ago Isn't wondering why the mass of the neutron is slightly greater than that of the proton (and indeed why many other physically fine tuned numbers are exactly what's required for our existence) - a bit like a lottery jackpot winner not accepting the money because the odds were too great to win? All the losers weren't in position to worry about it. Tova Tova 1 year ago I kind of want to try the little homework assignment. I know I'm going to be wrong I mean, but ok. 0. Logic describes all possible worlds. 1. Some logics have ~(A · ~A), the principle of non-contradiction (something cannot be both true and not-true at the same time; it turns out that statistical logic doesn't work this way, so this would imply some kind of hidden number determinism something going on underneath QM). 2. That means that something existing is necessary to contrast with nothing, otherwise a space of only something would be indistinguishable from a space full of nothing and lead to two states with equal truth. So you get 1 and 0, within some space, [1,0]. 3. If [1, 0] can form a thing together, you end up being able to use the principle of non-contradiction to get [0, 1], [1, 1], and [0, 0] and so on. 4. And with that you have a binary number space, with indeterminate ends, which is the same as saying infinite. 5. Number theory shows that anything is fundamentally representable. ∴ Somewhere in the infinite number space is a set of numbers that describes the multiverse and by extension our universe. The fields and their particular symmetries and what not are fundamentally arbitrary and can't really be derived from 1st principles themselves but maybe existence can. We're also in danger of the numbers emerging into us crashing into arbitrary noise at any second (kinda like the possibility of a vacuum catastrophe but like infinitely more likely) but we can be confident that for any particular moment at least we're in a space sophisticated enough to emerge out of the numbers a boltzmann brain of the instant we're in. Personally I put my confidence in this at about numberphile's proof that the sum of all positive integers is -1/12 Teddy Brow Teddy Brow 1 year ago (edited) 57:26 - "So, in the very, very likely condition that you are currently watching this on an electronic device..." Ok, now I want to know what kind of crazy alternative to an electronic device he's thinking of here. Some sort of bio-based future tech? :P Harry Nicholas Harry Nicholas 1 year ago 12:00 gosh, until five minutes ago i thought i had at least a basic grasp of what particles were all about, but suddenly there are too many to remember the names and properties. but, listening to you say "they aren't like the square root of 2" - doesn't this knock "fine tuning" into a cocked hat? the numbers are all over the place.... Tetraedri_ Tetraedri_ 1 year ago 1:20:40 Isn't there the possibility to use muons for nuclear fusion? Since muons are much heavier than electrons, they are closer to nucleai, making fusion easier. Although currently making muons is too energy-consuming to be practical, and there is the alpha-sticking problem (i.e. 1/100 chance that muon will stay confined to helium-nucleus formed in fusion), this may not be the case later if we figure out solutions to one of (or both) the problems. Muons are electrically charged, after all, so they have rich interaction possibilities. DR. OMNI DR. OMNI 1 year ago When you listed the four types electrons isotopes electromagnetism and gravity did you forget to mention space and time? Earth space and time also fundamental to our universe? radishpineapple74 radishpineapple74 1 year ago (edited) 36:09 I believe that your claim that "the majority of the mass of the human body is neutrons" is incorrect. Going off the chart on Wikipedia, a full 88.2% of the human body is made of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and calcium, with the vast majority of those atoms having exactly a 1:1 ratio of protons:neutrons (O-16 has 99.76% abundance, C-12 has 98.9% abundance, N-14 has 99.6% abundance, and Ca-40 has 96.941% abundance). Adding up the mass contributions by phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and all trace elements which have a slight imbalance in favor of neutrons, this all amounts to only 3.2% of the mass of the human body; these indeed have an imbalance in favor of neutrons, but not massively. HOWEVER, on the other hand, a full 9.5% of the mass of the human body is in the form of hydrogen; 99.98% of those atoms have one proton and no neutrons at all, in the form of protium. So, it appears that the imbalance in favor of protons coming from hydrogen outweighs the imbalance in favor of neutrons coming from heavier elements. The neutron being 0.14% heavier than the proton could not possibly make up for this difference, either. This should not be surprising, because human bodies are mostly composed of water: water has a molar mass of 18.01 g/mol, comprised almost entirely by molecules consisting of 10 protons + 8 neutrons + 10 electrons. TL;DR: The huge ~9.5% contribution to the human body's mass coming from protium almost certainly outweighs the small imbalance in favor of neutrons in heavier elements. So, the majority of the mass of the human body appears to come from the contribution by protons. 1 Norman McMillan Norman McMillan 1 year ago It seems that without the concept of Force the standard model falls apart. So explain Force please. nemuritai nemuritai 1 year ago How was the Higgs decay rate (or decay rate of any matter) known before it was discovered? Henrik Scheel Henrik Scheel 1 year ago Where do the charge (energy?) in electrons come from? Teddy Brow Teddy Brow 1 year ago (edited) (Probably too late, but maybe Sean will see this...) This has actually been a (very minor) issue for me in a number of the videos in the series, but the yellow and green pen colors (i.e. those used at 1:07:45) appear barely distinguishable to me. I do have deuteranomaly (a very mild form of red/green "color blindness"), so it might just be a result of that. That said, deuteranomaly is the most common color vision deficiency (e.g. present in 5% of European males), so might be worth choosing more distinct colors going forward :) Absolutely loving the videos, by the way! Thank you so much for doing these! Mike Mike 1 year ago I'm gonna request you to start a separate series, a la Binging with Babish's "Bedtime with Babish" Fire side story telling. Need it aceskoot3 aceskoot3 1 year ago For Q & A: what actually is charge? Like what is the physical difference between a prositron and and electron 3 stage9 stage9 1 year ago (edited) 29:41 How did the µ- turn into the W- before decaying into the e- & anti Ve if the W- is more massive than the µ- ? Oh, virtual particles... OK John Długosz John Długosz 1 year ago At about 44:00 you say that the diproton does not exist because the electric repulsion wins. But that begs the question: why don't two (or more) neutrons stick together? Daniel Boquist Daniel Boquist 1 year ago Ok. I’m rested and ready for another dose of Big Brain Sean Boris Petrov Boris Petrov 1 year ago (edited) What a treat -- a completely unexpected topic. PS: Why not write charges into Feynman's diagrams -- ( I can't get your numbers ) ;-)) Constructive Critique Constructive Critique 1 year ago Science lectures on YouTube, Great! Are you serious? Mass & charge? In conclusion, science is naval gazing and found some fun toys. Christine LaBeach Christine LaBeach 1 year ago Are photons made of constituent particles? Super Mario Super Mario 1 year ago Can we get these added to the podcast audio feed Sean James Stewart James Stewart 1 year ago Wow, and to think that my ugrad physchem took half a dozen lectures to cover the statistical description of the periodic table! Traruh Synred Traruh Synred 1 year ago You have rather over simplified this time. There's not one leptons number but one each for each kind of lepton. You do earlier mention electronics. Also quarks have things like strangeness the make there decays 'slower'. PugetSoundFlyer PSF PugetSoundFlyer PSF 1 year ago "Things are made of stuff" - Bill Nye 1 stridedeck stridedeck 1 year ago Here are two features I find fascinating and there are no explanations for them. One is the conservation of charge and energy, as what mechanism that makes this rule to be? Secondly, what makes the Higgs field unable to add continuously into the decaying process which will then slow down, or even prevent decaying to occur, as the rule states that the Higgs interaction is negligible. All these rules are from observations and experimental measurements. Perhaps, there is a fundamental force, unobserved and not able to be measured, that is the foundation for creating these rules? 1 73Soundman73 73Soundman73 1 year ago (edited) Do I have this correct? Singularity contained the fundamentals like quarks, gluons etc, combining to make atoms. Atoms grouping to become particles. Particles becoming simple elements like hydrogen and helium and carbon. These elements would later coalesce into structures like stars that would then create other elements up to iron and then explode spewing everything into space. These elements would eventually coalesce into dust, ice, rocks, planets and eventually us. Am I even come close to understanding? Henk TL Henk TL 1 year ago Two neutrinos walk through a bar. 13 Jon Adams Jon Adams 4 months ago I appreciate the ethanol diagram. jeffery perkins jeffery perkins 1 year ago Can we go back to square one? I need to see the actual experiment you do in order to reach your conclusions about these.particles. For example when you accelerate a particle in a a Maxine how do you do it? How do load barium into a machine.? I just can’t picture in my mind what is happening when you study these infinitesimally small particles. How do you know the size of a quark? Please start from the beginning. None of the stuff you say makes any sense to me because I can’t picture a particle in my mind. climbeverest climbeverest 1 year ago One of the best human beings on the planet Paul C. Paul C. 1 year ago (edited) ?? Baryogenesis question : Is it possible that the very high energy output of distant quasars, could in part be due to Matter / Anti-Matter annihilation, in the region around the active Black Holes in the early Universe ? James Green James Green 1 year ago But I think gravity has two forces. I think maybe there is undiscovered anti-gravity. 2 Amere Mortal Amere Mortal 1 year ago (edited) So particles evolve too? Is evolution the fundamental force? R K R K 1 year ago Mr. Carroll, thank you. TheHelleri TheHelleri 7 months ago What would it take for quantum field theory to not be correct? Frank Lehman Frank Lehman 1 year ago Prof Carroll: Alright students, here's a little homework assignment. Derive the entire standard model of particle physics from first principles. Student: Lol, okay, you got it prof! ::cries:: 4 Martin DS Martin DS 1 year ago Great video ! Kowzorz Kowzorz 1 year ago Is there any rule that dictates the timing of the virtual particle interactions? Like in the Higgs decay where quark/antiquark triangle was fulfilled emitting a set of photons, that's tight enough in both timing and gluon nakedness that it seems likely it would interact with itself "locally" like it exists on the diagram. But suppose we built a more complicated array of decomposition products. On layer, say #5, could a quark emitted there interact with another product of something else on say layer #4 or #5? (would the "same" layer even matter?). I would guess that these events do happen but at some % chance based on the phase space available? Do we know what affects the timing even at all? 3 sywaddr11 sywaddr11 1 year ago Is there a posibility that wormhole is the oscillation viberation of electron in a particle? mike levitz mike levitz 1 year ago I understood it all. Now I am taking a trip to the future on my flying time machine built in my garage time machine laboratory. I have powered it up with my latest time engine, a microscopic black hole transmuter based on beetovans 5th symphony inherent rythm divergence pattern which gets you into the future without any time machine travel lag. Oh do I hate those headaches. As soon as I patent the new engine design it will be available to everyone. Bitcoin will be accepted. John Długosz John Długosz 1 year ago 1:09:20 How do I double-lobe thee? Let me count the ways. I lobe thee to the depth and breadth and height My Ψ can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of being and ideal energy gradient 2 Sudhanshu Sharma Sudhanshu Sharma 1 year ago Please explain the Quantum Mechanical Spin of a particle.... the name is very misleading and if it were really spinning...math suggests that the particles like electrons should be spinning at a speed higher than that of the speed of light itself....but that is not possible....so I came across a definition saying that it is "intrinsic angular momentum".....I donot know what that means....I have spent many hours and sleepless nights....but haven't come across anything that for even a very small part makes sense...please enlighten me..... Regards rothorsekid rothorsekid 1 year ago Quarantine chemistry if I ever saw some. sips on his wine As always; thank you sir, for being the wonderful teacher you are. Chakradhar Mahapatra Chakradhar Mahapatra 1 year ago The fundamentals of everyday life broken into 4 parts ( 2 matter: electrons & stable isotopes; 2 forces: electromagnetism & gravity) do not address Human Emotions/Thoughts? Can you address that in Q&A? Thanks. AlexandreAAndreatta AlexandreAAndreatta 1 year ago Please, could you tell me what is the software you are using to teach? I mean, the blackboard... Kid Mohair Kid Mohair 1 year ago 57:32 pretty good that "lucky stars" stuff, hmmmm....does that mean that luck is a new force? 1 the breadman the breadman 1 year ago Mnemonic for using "h" for the graviton: I think of the word "heavy" and associated that with gravity. Thank you, thank you. I expect a phone call from the King of Sweden any day now. Chakradhar Mahapatra Chakradhar Mahapatra 1 year ago Sorry, two more queries. You conclude "If QFT is basically correct, we will never discover new particles/forces relevant to "everyday physics" ". Since obviously new particles( may be even forces?) are waiting to be discovered, do you mean the current QFT is actually misleading us? common sense common sense 1 year ago I have on my desk an atom I made. My own invention. 1 Henrik Scheel Henrik Scheel 1 year ago What is the charge in an electron stored in? Is it a sort of battery? Randy LaMonda Randy LaMonda 1 year ago It's basically taxonomy while playing DnD NOSTRADAMUS cat NOSTRADAMUS cat 1 year ago JESUSSSSS!!! I F**KING LOVE YOU SEAN, the videos are great, your the man!!!!!!!!!!! Kowzorz Kowzorz 1 year ago Quark color reminds me a bit of the ijk of quaternions. i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = -1; ij = k; ji = -k; etc... We never see a naked i, j, or k but they interact with each other in interesting ways. 2 Corr Pearce Corr Pearce 1 year ago C2H6O - funny. These talks are amazing! Mike Bambi Mike Bambi 1 year ago It's just sad that I do not have the attention span to watch this.. The mind wonders off 1 sarah light sarah light 1 year ago Sean, there is not a particle, or a nanoparticle that "decays" to light.Light is like gold to an alchemist mind, it is impossible to fabricate by manipulating matter, colliding it, or doing any sort of treatment to it.It is a complete false idea.If an elementary particle generates light when decaying, then, this particle takes a worm hole, this particle is a stitch in space time.You can have the same two particles, but what determines their pattern of decay is not, that they are apparently identical, but the life memory of a system.If they liberate photons, then your nanoparticle didn't "decay" but rather jumped, it didn't disappear, it just relocated.Here is your spooky action at a distance. Nanoparticles that react to trauma, or whatever of your human silly treatments by emitting light get HELP!They leave! And the flash lights you see which can be quantified to photons are what gets out of the light ray that these particles take.The process is extremely rapid. And this "help" occurs only to conscious particles with a life memory.It can take the form of tiny dark travelling in a light capsule.Green jinnies! The dark protects the light and the light protects the light. "The one who takes dark into light and light into dark." markweitzman's wannabe a theoretical physicist school markweitzman's wannabe a theoretical physicist school 1 year ago What about searches for a fifth force? 1 Pedro Guicardi Pedro Guicardi 1 year ago Ngl, I'm in a superposition of looking up to you and wanting to kiss you at the same time. Sammy Sammy 1 year ago "as a homework assignment derive this chart from first principles..." 15 Bret Netherton Bret Netherton 1 year ago Awareness is known by awareness alone. James Stewart James Stewart 1 year ago Psssst Sean, don't look now but I think you might be trapped in a very active bubble chamber... give us a wave if require assistance! 1 Stadtpark90 Stadtpark90 1 year ago 1:21:01 I waited for him to break his pen for effect 5 markweitzman's wannabe a theoretical physicist school markweitzman's wannabe a theoretical physicist school 1 year ago @Sean Carroll - For some reason ads are running every couple of minutes - perhaps you changed the ad setting on this video - but it is difficult to watch. 2 Robert Ogg Robert Ogg 1 year ago Oops, poor Lithium! حسام الدين حسام الدين 1 year ago I wish in the future video do about the your paper about equation of everyday physics SwiftRIBSAust SwiftRIBSAust 1 year ago Ok - the 2 answers to check you were listening - Lithium and Ethanol! 1 Vanubati Majhi Vanubati Majhi 1 year ago How gluons interact inside quark?? Michael Terrazas Michael Terrazas 1 year ago Minor nit: Lithium is 3, Beryllium is 4... 4 Jenry Jenry 1 year ago Bro, you are supposed to have lots of grey hair if you're so smart.. :D 1 Jon Wesick Jon Wesick 1 year ago Corollary to Crossing Theorem - Business does not care about those doing interesting physics. Amir# Amir# 1 year ago Are u going to make a video about string theory?! 1 DX_Kidjal DX_Kidjal 1 year ago 48:50 Neutrinos : 😭 James Alan James Alan 1 year ago 1:05:25 Did cancel culture come for Lithium while we weren't looking? 1 Sean Carroll Sean Carroll 1 year ago Sorry about all the inserted ads -- it's a new thing from YouTube that they automatically turn on. They should be gone now. 100 Mark J Mark J 1 year ago Should I cancel my application for Jedi academy? I won't be able to obtain force powers they advertise? Joshua A Martin Joshua A Martin 1 year ago baryons: named after Barry when people noticed he was on to something??? 2 ThePatsyMusic ThePatsyMusic 1 year ago PLEASE, WILL SOMEONE LIKE SHAUN CARROLL RUN FOR PRESIDENT!!! feynman is gone but, hey... this guy sits at his old desk at caltech thats good enough for me! hgfuhgvg hgfuhgvg 1 year ago I'm ok with "we already used g". 1 mobilemarshall mobilemarshall 1 year ago I hope ITER is successful. David Turner David Turner 1 year ago Nice little booze joke slipped in there Henry J. Henry J. 1 year ago Sean, does it not bother you that there's no rhyme nor reason to this menagerie? John Tavers John Tavers 1 year ago when I hear atom I think Adam (and Eve). we are all made of Adam. tim hawker tim hawker 1 year ago Tooooooo too many adds I can’t watch 😔 Phil Lynott Phil Lynott 1 year ago This is difficult Steve DV Steve DV 1 year ago I love ya Sean, but what’s with the public access television look Satan's Trilogy Satan's Trilogy 1 year ago W.O.W. KMA KMA 1 year ago 🖐 6Diego1Diego9 6Diego1Diego9 1 year ago get a haircut sean jesus Peter Schubert Peter Schubert 1 year ago Gosh you do have a thick head of hair, haven't you! 2 dan fg dan fg 1 year ago 0:02 John Carroll? 1 vast active vast active 1 year ago I lasted to 3 mins __ __ 1 year ago Lol the ads 2 tpu55 tpu55 1 year ago Madam I’m Atoms Sime Maras #science #physics #ideas The Biggest Ideas in the Universe | Q&A 18 - Atoms 35,473 viewsJul 26, 2020 Sean Carroll 154K subscribers The Biggest Ideas in the Universe is a series of videos where I talk informally about some of the fundamental concepts that help us understand our natural world. Exceedingly casual, not overly polished, and meant for absolutely everybody. This is the Q&A video for Idea #18, "Atoms." A bunch of good questions this week. Why certain particles decay into other ones, can there be negative-mass particles, and how do we know there aren't noticeable forces we haven't yet discovered? There's even a plot of experimental constraints! My web page: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/ My YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/seancarroll Mindscape podcast: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/p... The Biggest Ideas playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... Blog posts for the series: http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/b... Background image: http://physicsopenlab.org/2017/05/18/... #science #physics #ideas #universe #learning #cosmology #philosophy #particles #atoms 104 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Paul C. Paul C. 1 year ago Thanks again Professor Sean, for the best show on air, anywhere, on a Sunday evening. . . . One question - I thought “Neutronium” was the name given to Neutron Star material ? 12 Sean Carroll Sean Carroll 1 year ago Erratum: around 20:00, trying to explain why it's okay for the muon to decay via a virtual W, I had it eventually decaying to a tau, which is completely not allowed (the tau is heavier than the muon, and not supposed to be virtual in this example). Thanks @Valdagast. 21 David James Ovens David James Ovens 1 year ago Thanks so much Sean, wonderful videos, sometimes over my head, but this has forced me to do further research. For instance Hilbert Space, Hamiltonian, Gauge theory, Vectors, Scalar, Tensors, Particle spin, the Schrödinger equation etc I have learnt so much without having to do a maths degree!! Thanks again, your time is much appreciated!! 5 Marcos Priateli Marcos Priateli 1 year ago I love this! I love when you and the science/astronomy/astrophysics cast show up on history channel etc haha. That's TV! That's the kind of stars we need! 3 Paul Michael Freedman Paul Michael Freedman 1 year ago Great to see you also answered my question about where the photons went. I had already worked out that the CMB was a definite candidate but was not sure. Thank you for long answer! Volaire oh Volaire oh 1 year ago Excellent stuff, I've learned so much... many thanks Sean. Skorj Olafsen Skorj Olafsen 1 year ago (edited) I love it when you take the time to clarify sloppy terminology. It really does help! I'm sure between experts everyone knows what is meant, but it's really confusing to the novice. Chaotic Storm Chaotic Storm 1 year ago Sean I really love your videos! I'm going to school right now and getting my bachelor's in computer science, but after finding yours and many other scientists talking about physics it really makes me wish I could go back and switch lol. I'll probably stick with computer science and have physics as my curious interest for the time being, but I just want to let you know that this series is great and highly appreciated 👍🏽👍🏽👍🏽 2 Rhonda Goodloe Rhonda Goodloe 1 year ago Thank you Professor Carroll- Ready for class to begin! 3 Pamela Collins Pamela Collins 1 year ago I love your online lectures.Dr Carrol ! I just got your “Deeply Hidden” book and am reading it now. . I read your book about the Higgs a few years ago, and I’m really glad I found your channel 1 stephenson al stephenson al 1 year ago (edited) I'm trying to understand why what you say is so understandable, thank you. Now the big Q. is there a conceptual idea of an inverse atomic structure reflecting a black hole?. Bill Holland Bill Holland 1 year ago Fascinating description of how the u u d quarks (2 MeV) fit inside the proton (938 MeV). Thanks, Professor Carroll! Q: Does Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle imply that the quarks’ momenta must be huge because they are tightly confined? It sounds as if the interior of a proton could be a seething mass of quarks and gluons, whizzing around at a significant fraction of the speed of light. wolfgang klassen wolfgang klassen 1 year ago Could you speak a little about CPT conservation, and why that might come out of the standard model? What are the origins of discrete symmetries like this? John Długosz John Długosz 1 year ago At the end: a new force will not be able to build a hovercraft, but subtle short-range effects might be useful in building computer chips. Also, interactions are not all about "force", the Weak being a case in point. Harnessing it might be useless for making motors, but might enable completely new abilities, such as efficient power generation, fabrication, or scanning/imaging. 1 Lasse Hjalmarsson Lasse Hjalmarsson 1 year ago "Therefore, neutronium cannot exist". Neutron stars left the chat. 6 nibblrrr nibblrrr 1 year ago (edited) Trying to follow the references for the plot shown at 53:45, I found a couple similiar but not identical graphics: - Long et al (2003) Upper limits to submillimetre-range forces from extra space-time dimensions https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01432 (You can use sci-hub (dot) tw to get access.) A newer, high-quality graphic can be found in Antoniadis et al (2011) Short-range fundamental forces. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2011.05.004 There are also similar sets of variants in earlier publications by Antoniadis (et al.) but in potato quality (both in preprints & paywalled final publications): - (2003) Physics with large extra dimensions and non-Newtonian gravity at sub-mm distances https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45230-0_9 and (2007) The Physics of Extra Dimensions https://arxiv.org/abssch /hep-ph/0512182 - (2003) Brane to bulk supersymmetry breaking and radion force at micron distances https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0211409 Moreno Sanguanini Moreno Sanguanini 1 year ago How would you define the differences of condensed matter and states of energy below it? Valdagast Valdagast 1 year ago (edited) 20:00 The tau is heavier than the muon, so how does the moun decay into something that decays into a tau? 6 James Stewart James Stewart 1 year ago The easiest way to lighten the hearts of any final year undergraduate student is to include the term 'non-degenerate' in your exam question! Mark Coffey Mark Coffey 10 months ago (edited) I want to make bubbles inside bubbles to strengthen our magnetic field. I'm working on a design that will help redirect and reverberate the Earth's lost magnetic fields back into the larger magnetic field lines. In my personal opinion I think the larger lines will absorb the energy and transfer it into the lines it's making...pretty much creating a mini amplifier, by creating multiple tiny electromagnetic Infinity loops to help us stop getting punk'd on by the Sun.... Help me achieve a device that could possibly let us determine how big the green zone is in our universe? (Technically it would be reverberating ionized light along with some electromagnetics) fubarbazqux fubarbazqux 1 year ago Viewers: Hey Sean, can there be negative mass things? Sean Carroll: Let me tell you about the article we wrote... John P John P 1 year ago Can't wait to hear about a thought experiment with Sean Carroll's cat :-) James Stewart James Stewart 1 year ago Just a thought out of the blue - l wonder if you could you use neutrino oscillation as a measure? 1 David Davies David Davies 1 year ago I have a question about superposition: As you know when multitasking on a single core cpu it runs programs one at a time but switches between them so fast it looks like multiple programs are running simultaneously. So could particles be switching between spin up and spin down so fast it just appears like a superposition ? 1 Go Mezant Go Mezant 1 year ago How does combinatorics work into the discussion of atoms in the universe. Ie, there is only a finite number of atoms in the universe, so how does that affect the evolution and outcome of the universe? Joseph Paoletti Joseph Paoletti 1 year ago Has anyone ever considered if electrons going in and out of existence while producing and emitting photons is actually fractal iterations? Robert Shirley Robert Shirley 1 year ago I have Never been answered neither for my essay nor for my questions directly but, it is like every thing proves that my theory is right as rain! About forces and matter and dark energy and dark matter Erik Dahlgren Erik Dahlgren 1 year ago Does the stong force and gravity have something in common? Jun Acebedo Jun Acebedo 1 year ago Ideas from a mind. A mind of a Person. A Creator person. An Almighty Person James Stewart James Stewart 1 year ago Perhaps the most important question of the day: Is it Shakespeare's Ariel or Disney's? 7 David Hand David Hand 1 year ago Why are we multiplying little psi to form big psi? Calling it p, I'm looking at P(x1, x2) = p1(x1)p2(x2) - p1(x2)p2(x1)? Why are they multiplied, then subtracted? If they're parts of a whole, not factors, then shouldn't they be added? Why not? Tony D'Arcy Tony D'Arcy 1 year ago Sorry Sean, but I just do't get the difference between the "wave function of the universe" and the one where measurements are made on particles. Toni B* Toni B* 1 year ago Does the compton wave length increase as we squeeze the particles down.Thankyou. 1 Bill Holland Bill Holland 1 year ago Is the Pauli exclusion principle enforced at the speed of light or is it enforced instantaneously everywhere? I guess enforcement would be instantaneous, just as entanglement causes quantum state changes to happen instantaneously over arbitrary distances. Or wavefunction collapse. That’s instantaneous everywhere when a measurement is made, right? (Whatever a measurement is.) I have no idea how you would ever unify quantum mechanics and general relativity. They have different notions of causality. Perhaps I should just shut up and calculate, but I really want to know what’s actually going on. Thuannguyen2019 N Thuannguyen2019 N 1 year ago The Universe based on the concept of our ideas or It based on Itself. For example compared how big a balloon Vs tennis ball ? The biggest idea when the balloons fullest with air or no air ? Samething the universe is possible ability: Every space in Universe is expand or contract? Some space in Universe is expanding and some space is contracting ? If you fired a Canon towards from the front of your face strong enough around 3.6 km per second then after 3 hours you will see canon ball reaching your back. How about if you send a laser beam to the night sky then after billion of billion years; the same these light beam return back to your head after travel around a full trip to the Universe ? Believed or Fact ? Sanjay Shashikant Joshi Sanjay Shashikant Joshi 1 year ago Nice to see an early entry of Schrödinger's cat! ;-) 22 andybob andybob 1 year ago Personally I think I do feel a gravitational force from the refrigerator in the kitchen. Particularly about 3am. Brandon Lewis Brandon Lewis 1 year ago @ ~ 19:30 ... Wait, a muon can decay into a W- boson, but then that boson can decay into a Tau?? I thought the Tau was heavier than than the muon... Christian Fredh Christian Fredh 1 year ago I'm not only learning physics here but also that I'm a nit-picky person 😅 protoword protoword 1 year ago Thank you profesor! ProfessorBeautiful ProfessorBeautiful 1 year ago 34:40 or so.... explanation of relationship between virtual particles, the "mass shell", and interaction rates. Aha! That's a whole lot of "aha"! ... but hungry for the math to really understand. Coastwalker Coastwalker 1 year ago (edited) Oh many thanks. I have been wondering what physicists mean by "on shell" and "off shell" interactions for ages and you just nailed it for me. Virtual particle interactions where the mass is more likely given the energies involved is on shell and the ones that are not are off shell. Brilliant! (Edit, I assume that this could also involve virtual particles that are much lighter than the input energy would equate to as well as much heavier ones). 1 ROBERT DUNN ROBERT DUNN 1 year ago We should get rid of those pesky quarks and concentrate on the three electrons and the kinetic energy they produce when confined. Benkel Benkel 1 year ago Tongue twisters with a scientific equation. I will use this to meditate along with. It's a metaphor of nothingness. Toni B* Toni B* 1 year ago 2 atoms walk into a bar, only 1 shows up. 8 stridedeck stridedeck 1 year ago (edited) There is a possibility that there is a new force that is larger than the gravity's force, as well as, the gravity's range. For example, with Sean's multiworld theory, when the world is split into another, isn't there a force created that makes the split? Another example, is that the forces observed are all from the matter in our 3D existence. What if, just like in Flatland, we are exposed to another dimension outside of our observable physical matter? How can we then detect this other dimension's force? Prof. Michael Manfra's experiment, as reported in ScienceNews, that: "physicists have 'braided' strange quasiparticles called anyons", and was concluded ayons were created when the electrons' two paths in the 2D material were reunited after their one path was split into two by a device and then measured the resulting electric current having acquired an extra phase. Perhaps, it was not a creation of a new ayon particle, but a shortcut, via. another dimensional force, cutting through our 3D space? 2 David Hand David Hand 1 year ago Not enough of an answer for neutronium. If indeed 2 neutrons could form a nucleus, yes, it would rapidly decay into a deuteron, but the overall reaction would be neutron-neutron fusion. There would be tons of energy in it, right? There's no electrostatic repulsion between neutrons, so the energy barrier to fusion would be next to nil. One can imagine 2n + 2n fusion into He4, or arbitrarily higher, at low temperature. If you can create 2n at all, there would be massive profit in it. We don't see this, so what gives? Why can't we generally sneak protons into a nucleus as neutrons exothermically? I know it kinda happens in certain fission reactions and neutron star collisions (R-process elements). But why isn't it more useful for low energy fusion? Why do we need protons for exothermic fusion? John Cornwell John Cornwell 1 year ago So close to 100k subscribers. Congrats ytinformes2 ytinformes2 9 months ago "You don t feel the gravitational force of your fridge." Plz remind this to any teenager boy hanging around in the kitchen field. Jalal Khosravi Jalal Khosravi 1 year ago Thanks 🙏 kimoothe1st kimoothe1st 1 year ago What about dark matter axions ROBERT DUNN ROBERT DUNN 1 year ago What do we call an electron floating upside down in a swimming pool ? Bob. Paul C. Paul C. 1 year ago At 55:20 What ! - I am always gravitating towards my refrigerator !! 9 StevesAstro Howardkings StevesAstro Howardkings 1 year ago Does decay act different in space Verses vacuum on earth thoughts Tony D'Arcy Tony D'Arcy 1 year ago When on a diet, I eat virtual meals. 3 sixstringman sixstringman 1 year ago I come from the mainstream news section. There were no signs of intelligent life anywhere. Captain Quinn Captain Quinn 1 year ago ive a Tabby too, hey Kerry, ill tweet you a pic of Pheoniz, i also have Servilan 1 Rick Harold Rick Harold 1 year ago So cool. Thx Joshua A Martin Joshua A Martin 1 year ago he was using a Yves Klein IKB 79(I cheated and googled it....guilty) Baris Sannan Baris Sannan 1 year ago well, its maybe the nature that is sloppy, not our language. CorwynGC CorwynGC 1 year ago https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronium Boris Petrov Boris Petrov 1 year ago Q#3 -- no idea what really was the Q nor what was the A ;-(( KAĞAN NASUHBEYOĞLU KAĞAN NASUHBEYOĞLU 1 year ago 👍 M-Class Designs M-Class Designs 4 months ago The deuteron abides. Andrew Kroll Andrew Kroll 1 year ago Cat is in heat 😂 Pisti Tóth Pisti Tóth 1 year ago Kevés vagy! Dave Muller Dave Muller 1 year ago I like the videos that have cat. Video liked. 1 Stay Primal Stay Primal 1 year ago I only came here for Ariel. 1 Luke B Luke B 1 year ago Nocka botch! Sarojini Chelliah Sarojini Chelliah 4 days ago Hi Ariel ! bob bobber bob bobber 1 year ago Was gonna type first! .....but someone wrecked that 2 Not Me Not Me 1 year ago THINK UR SO SMART Quahntasy - Animating Universe Quahntasy - Animating Universe 1 year ago Hey Sean I found first 100 page of Something deeply hidden book very boring, but you ignored me on twitter so here I am Sime Maras 1 year ago