Genetics and human evolution

Genetics and human evolution Cardiff University School of Medicine 297,683 views Oct 15, 2021 Recorded Thursday 14 October 2021. Part of our Science in Health Public Lecture Series 2021-2022. Professor Matthew Cobb Professor of Zoology, University of Manchester One of the most exciting parts of 21st century science has been the use of genetics to understand patterns of human evolution. Coupled with astonishing fossil discoveries, this has led to a complete change in our understanding of who we are, and what it means to be human. In this talk, Professor Cobb summarises how this change came about and describes some of the most recent work, including the amazing ability to detect ancient DNA in even the most unlikely places, and how this is opening up new areas of research. Find out more about our Science in Health Public Lecture Series by visiting http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/scienceinhealth Chapters View all 1,136 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... A Crayon of Questionable Sanity A Crayon of Questionable Sanity 11 months ago Damn, I really want to attend one of this guy's lectures now He seems like a really, really amazing professor 10 Reply Anna Stebelskyj Anna Stebelskyj 11 months ago That was absolutely excellent! Over ten years since uni, and this was a better lecture than most I attended. 25 Reply Elena Rubio Elena Rubio 11 months ago What an absolutely spotlessly presented lecture. Many thanks! 9 Reply Anna Stevens Anna Stevens 5 months ago Such an informative AND enjoyable presentation! Definitely off now to see if I can find anything else Matthew Cobb has lectured on, thought he was a wonderful presenter... so enthusiastic and funny, wished he had spoken longer rather than just apologizing for doing so! 😏 It's mind-boggling to see how far our understanding of prehistoric hominids has progressed just within my 40-odd years. Can't wait to see what we find out next as DNA science and isotope analysis continue to be refined & extended! 5 Reply T. Eugene Blackburn T. Eugene Blackburn 1 year ago Really great! I love all of it. Took many notes. As a person with a PhD in Education, who would have also liked a degree in Anthropology and Paleontology, I could not have enjoyed it more! 18 Reply ElinT13 ElinT13 11 months ago What a very interesting lecture! I hope that genetics will come up with more answers on our (and I mean all human species) history. Thanks so much! 13 Reply Alister Sutherland Alister Sutherland 11 months ago (edited) This was a fascinating talk. The advances in our understanding in recent years - especially the last decade or so - are truly amazing. It's really great to get some updated insights. And thank you for the follow-up reading list! I will order those books if my library doesn't have them. I gather Neaderthals knew how to make pitch tar, which is astonishing, because it's not a simple process by stone age standards. 10 Reply 1 reply Halley Halley 1 year ago Thank you for this very interesting lecture...love Matthew Cobb's enthusiasm and delivery of the material! 7 Reply Olivia Chipperfield Olivia Chipperfield 3 months ago Thank you so much for this informative and fascinating lecture. I absolutely loved it! 2 Reply Fabien Gerard Fabien Gerard 4 months ago A Wonderfull class ! Everything so clearly presented, including in the Q&A. Top teacher -- My deepest respect. 👏👏👏👏👏 5 Reply Glenda Graves Glenda Graves 11 months ago Thank you for putting this online. Fascinating and informative. 8 Reply Josh Kariakin Josh Kariakin 1 year ago loved this mans enthusiasm and interesting (and clear) way of explaining this story, and how he gets into details enough to intrigue and provide veracity, while not getting bogged down in technicalities; something I very rarely get from documentaries; usually you get one or two of these things, not all three! 18 Reply Joanne Weed Joanne Weed 1 year ago Exciting research going on in this field. Thank you for a wonderful presentation on what is happening in Paleontology today. 10 Reply kenneth hurst kenneth hurst 5 months ago I love the chicken story of a chicken grower who noticed black speckles on a couple of his chickens and later there were more of these chickens with more and more and larger spots , he even noticed that they separated them selves over a period of time to the point where the spotted chickens were totally black and separated completely from white chickens . 9 Reply Alan Whiplington Alan Whiplington 11 months ago I remember reading a Scientific American article in the mid 60s which said that cheetahs had a bottleneck of as few as 7 individuals. This explained why cheetahs are all almost clones of each other and why the males have such low fertility - a lot of defective sperm, I think. The research was carried out as a way of determining why it was, at that time at least, impossible or very difficult to breed cheetahs in captivity. At 12000 individuals our bottleneck was not nearly so narrow - but we were lucky nevertheless. 14 Reply cliona moore cliona moore 11 months ago Wonderful talk . Thank you . It’s so exciting to discover new things that radically change an accepted history. 4 Reply timehaley timehaley 1 year ago The drive to leave a hand print is our way of saying "I" was here. I did it as a kid before I ever heard of it being done in caves thousands of years ago. Excellent video, and a lot of theories to ponder. The wonders of discovery that await the coming generations of "us". The most important part to learn from this is that we are all "human", regardless of skin color or surface features. 32 Reply 5 replies Howard Vause Films Howard Vause Films 1 year ago Brilliant information and presentation - thank you so much Matthew. 15 Reply Roberto Cisneros Roberto Cisneros 1 year ago Wonderful explanation, very exciting, a great pleasure to have heard your lecture. Thank you for your time and commitment to science. 23 Reply Elizabeth Terry Elizabeth Terry 11 months ago Fascinating indeed! Absolutely loved this talk! Thank you 🙏 4 Reply D1str1ct D1str1ct 9 months ago This was so much fun to listen to, loved the energy and passion that its delivered with. I think alot of our ancestors will be under water as they would live closer to water sources that rose when the ice melted. It was only when we developed the new style of wheel and wagons were we able to really exploit the plains or steppe's. Its weird to think that there were loads of variations of human like people just living it up and bumping into each other and having orgy's lol. Those hobbit people people were really cool. Could they have been smaller if they were on smaller islands or is there a limit? Its super interesting that the Africans have that additional DNA from an unknown. Where were they and who were they and is it all Africans or only in certain areas? 7 Reply Andrew Goldstein Andrew Goldstein 1 year ago Great lecture. Delivered in a clear and comprehensible style. Most informative. Thank you. 6 Reply Philip Hawker Philip Hawker 8 months ago Thank you for this! It was fascinating. 4 Reply Christina B. Christina B. 1 year ago Great lecture, very informative thank you Matthew! 8 Reply Pam Berry Pam Berry 11 months ago Hello, Pam from San Francisco..I have to listen to this at least one or two more times. There is so much to think about...assimilate! Thanks a million for all the interesting written help to the talk. 4 Reply Namrat Basra Namrat Basra 10 months ago Thank you Matthew for such a didactic lecture, I curiously enjoyed every minute of it. 2 Reply James Kingstone James Kingstone 1 year ago Love your enthusiasm for your field of discovery. Refreshingly honest! 15 Reply Sarah Buermann Sarah Buermann 1 year ago Just by chance, needing something educational to round out my day, loved this whole piece of info, as someone who rarely falls into such territory as this. Sarah living from Boston Ma., grew up in Vt. where there was a LOT of farming, and in the 1940's the concrete (as opposed from the technical distancing which permeates every experience today) experiences stimuulates lots of satisfying curiousl[ity -- this fit right in. 20 Reply 1 reply gooooo12345 gooooo12345 1 year ago This was amazing. So succinct! Thank you so much, I rely enjoyed this. 10 Reply 1 reply Jan Chilton Jan Chilton 2 months ago I'm just a 66 year old woman living in the US at Myrtle Beach. Find all this so fascinating. One of the best I've seen. So easy to follow and understand. The Menti thing doesn't work now. 2 Reply Les Hemmings Les Hemmings 1 year ago I loved this talk! All those lives, struggles, love and care between people that stretches back into deep time. Thank you! 29 Reply DenBank1 DenBank1 9 months ago I was hanging on every word and kept on rewinding to better appreciate and absorb all information. Thanks for uploading this video. 2 Reply Mike Pickett Mike Pickett 8 months ago Great talk and love the energy! 2 Reply MichaelRainboy MichaelRainboy 1 year ago This is going to be very important in future psychological studies 3 Reply Sandy Simon Sandy Simon 1 year ago And i definitely want to learn more please, and thank you. You help get me through this pain i’m in, and give me something other than pain to concentrate on. I love learning about anthropology, paleontology and archeology as well as entomology. I especially like predatory insects and arachnidae! 12 Reply 3 replies Mark Uhler Mark Uhler 1 year ago Excellent lecture - thank you so much for having it. 27 Reply 1 reply Stan Libuda Stan Libuda 1 year ago Thanks Professor Cobb that was a great lecture 18 Reply Bob Aldo Bob Aldo 1 year ago Thanks so much for this! Very well done! 2 Reply Christin Storm Christin Storm 1 year ago This was great!! So thankful that you're sharing you'r very extensive knowledge ! peace🇳🇴out 8 Reply Random Test Random Test 11 months ago This was Fabulous. I enjoyed his teaching format. The drawings n graphs were do clear. 3 Reply Fernando Fernando 1 year ago Excellent lecture! Thank you for sharing. 2 Reply Amitava Banerjea Amitava Banerjea 11 months ago This is a very interesting and informative talk. I’m surprised he didn’t mention David Reich whose work has made a significant contribution to the research on ancient DNA. 2 Reply A Trinder A Trinder 1 year ago Very fascinating and clearly laid out. Thank you. 3 Reply s21972012145525 s21972012145525 1 year ago I’m a huge svante paabo and Alice Roberts fan and this lecture was great and tied a lot of ends together as well as introduced new information 6 Reply Urban Naturalist Apothecary Urban Naturalist Apothecary 1 year ago This lecture made my 🧠 feel like my body feels when I use peppermint soap. Excellent 💪🏾 lecture! 3 Reply ladyroxanne21 ladyroxanne21 10 months ago Thank you so much for this lecture. I've been watching a lot of documentaries lately about ancient civilizations and the like, and one in particular about how ancient Egypt was once divided into two kingdoms - the upper and lower - got me thinking because they talked about how the Upper Kingdom was populated by sort of middle skin color, very much like current Egyptians, but the Lower Kingdom was populated by dark skin color. This really puzzled me because if skin color was determined solely based on evolution in accordance with a relationship to the sun, then logically, two populations so close to each other in a near desert area should have the same or fairly similar skin color. So when I was listening to this while crocheting a doily, I wasn't expecting too much I hadn't already learned by reading studies and watching other such videos. Then suddenly, you said that we got some of our skin coloring from Neanderthals and it was like it all fell into place. OH! Well yes, if the Neanderthals had nearly 300,000 years to adapt and evolve to northern ice age like conditions, they would have had the time to cultivate lighter skin colors. And then they mated with Early Modern Humans in exactly the areas where skin color tends to be lighter. Also, it's not stated exactly, but if the Denisovans mated with Asian populations a bit more than Neanderthals did, then their own longevity would have given them time to cultivate a different color that was then passed on - giving Asians a lighter yet distinctively different color than those of us with more Neanderthal DNA. Or something like that, lol. My thoughts on the interbreeding is simply that in just about any early culture, women would be married to men from other kingdoms or tribes for lots of reasons, such as alliances and trades and ways to bring value or status. One of the other lectures I listened to on Neanderthals talked about how they lived in smaller family or clan groups that were nomadic but came together to "trade" women (and presumably other things) to increase genetic diversity. And all I could think was: "Wow! That just goes to show that when Early Modern Humans met the Neanderthals, they all managed to communicate enough to trade with each other, and from the Neanderthal perspective, interbreeding must have seemed like a good thing for their long term survival." Shrugs. Anyway, thank you so much for this fascinating lecture that fairly clearly organized everything that 'we' have learned so far ^_^ 4 Reply 5 replies cornelia wissing cornelia wissing 1 year ago I had my own DNA tested/analysed and wondered why there was no Neanderthal DNA - now I know it's there. Thank you! 2 Reply Karl Prybyloski Karl Prybyloski 1 year ago Super interesting and beautifully presented. Thank you for posting it. 6 Reply Orville Jenkins Orville Jenkins 1 year ago (edited) This was excellent! Thanks to the professor for his detail and cautions about how much we can extrapolate from the currently known details of fossil forms or DNA. All very exciting and informative! 39 Reply 12 replies NOTAN EMOPROG NOTAN EMOPROG 11 months ago Absolutely fascinating! 2 Reply Debra Ervin Debra Ervin 1 year ago Wonderful presentation! Thank you! 8 Reply christopher st.marin christopher st.marin 1 year ago Well done sir. Your enthusiasm and they way you explain very complex things to the layman is perfect. Thank you 2 Reply Dennis Clanton Dennis Clanton 11 months ago Very informative,thank you! 2 Reply Andrea Islands of Oceania Andrea Islands of Oceania 7 months ago (edited) Was interested in the new evidence of early humanoids from the America's now. Which was the lecture I was looking for. But this is very interesting. From New Zealand 🇳🇿 2 Reply Truck Fump Truck Fump 1 year ago What a great lecture! I’m so glad I stumbled upon it. Thank you. 26 Reply 14 replies D Kryb D Kryb 1 year ago Fantasic, even to an interested layman! Stay on for the questions, this guy should be a diplomat! Thankyou for that. 2 Reply Vincent Su Lorito Vincent Su Lorito 1 year ago Best video on these topics for novices who are curious about ancestry. 2 Reply Ruth Novena Ruth Novena 1 year ago The best talks have heard on this topic. I have listen to a lot of them. 2 Reply ShalomYal ShalomYal 11 months ago Thanks sooo much. I am a high school teacher - will be passing this forward! 2 Reply Andrew DeGeorge Andrew DeGeorge 1 year ago Great talk, love to hear this stuff! Thanks! 11 Reply 9 replies Maho shing Maho shing 1 year ago Yes this was a lovely lecture. Make me want to know more. 4 Reply Dru Dru 4 days ago Excellent presentation. Thank you so much. Reply Addison Martin Addison Martin 10 months ago Excellent lecture. Thanks for posting 1 Reply Liam O’Leary Liam O’Leary 1 year ago Really was a very interesting and informative video 👍✌️ 3 Reply Some One Some One 11 months ago The geography also was different due to plate tectonics. Things were closer than they appear to be now. 3 Reply Laza Laza 8 months ago Amazing lecture. Thank you. 1 Reply Cynthia Shepherd Cynthia Shepherd 1 year ago Loved this lecture. Great overview with easy to understand data. Wish I had started with this one. 33 Reply 6 replies kokoland2011 kokoland2011 1 year ago I love this presentation so thoughtful and explained in a wonderful way thank you 15 Reply 6 replies Johnny Killinger Johnny Killinger 2 months ago this is the most interesting explenation i ever heard very NICE hope to learn more from this man very well explained Reply Anthony Hawes Anthony Hawes 11 months ago What a lovely talk. Thank you 1 Reply morchangstudios morchangstudios 1 year ago Great lecture well Done ✅ 2 Reply Louise Sumrell Louise Sumrell 1 year ago I absolutely loved it 😍. Thank you! 4 Reply Aiden Beddall Aiden Beddall 1 year ago Really enjoyed this lecture!!! I've been listening to the history of the human for over a year now, and I mean weekly. This was Absalutly brilliant to listen to. I can't wait to find more out about the denisovens. Thanks 8 Reply clive harding clive harding 11 months ago Starchild! Soon, once certain things become less classified, we will get to the truth without the need for missing links etc. when it comes to our history we have a right to know the WHOLE truth. ✌️😇 3 Reply Per-Einar Dahlen Per-Einar Dahlen 1 year ago This deserves millions of views. Thank you! 3 Reply Bright Sunshine Bright Sunshine 1 year ago Such a learned man...amazing 👌👍 6 Reply dai east dai east 11 months ago being based on an idea that keeps getting updated might eventually cause the mainstream leave behind the old idea of out of africa behind altogether and i think there are already newer hypothesis of many different groups gathering together and moving about in random directions according to natural barriers and progressed across seas, deserts, and mountains...yes, happiness runs in a circular motion, love is like a little boat upon the sea. just like everyone and just like you and me Reply Wenke Adam Wenke Adam 11 months ago Fascinating! Thanks for sharing. 1 Reply Harriet Harlow Harriet Harlow 11 months ago (edited) Very interesting. As DNA testing gets more and more accurate I believe that it will show that the story of human evolution will turn out to be richer and more complex than we could ever have imagine. 14 Reply 2 replies michael risman michael risman 1 year ago Enjoyed this so much. Would have loved my Profs. to be as enthralling as Cobb! 2 Reply Esti Esti 1 month ago It's interesting how in mythology there are various human-like creatures - dwarfs, elves etc. Maybe those myths came from exposure to those different kinds od humans? And if it so, maybe one day we will find the giants :) Reply Haggai Simon Haggai Simon 11 months ago I like this guy. His tales are very entertaining. Reply NOTAN EMOPROG NOTAN EMOPROG 11 months ago David Reich's 2018 book "Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past" is the best intro to this as are his videos Reply Susan MacMillan Susan MacMillan 1 year ago I loved this presentation! 5 Reply NML NML 1 year ago Wow, fantastic research 3 Reply julie breedon julie breedon 1 year ago Didn't see this 'live ' but thoroughly enjoyed it.... 1 Reply zita harper zita harper 1 year ago Hello from Canada. Riveting lecture. Thank you so much. 1 Reply Asmah K Asmah K 1 year ago Absolutely loved this lecture! Great details and easy to understand. 31 Reply 3 replies Nope Nope Nope Nope 11 months ago Extremely interesting topic and I love the enthusiasm! Also, the shirt pattern is cool! Reply martin masadao martin masadao 1 year ago I absolutely love the Professor’s entomological shirt! 2 Reply Allan Merovitz Allan Merovitz 1 year ago Hello and many thanks from Calgary Alberta Canada. Wonderful presentation. Very refreshing to hear,” we don’t know “. Stay healthy friends. Allan 4 Reply ted ted 3 days ago Superb presentation! Thanks Reply Hari Unnithan Hari Unnithan 1 year ago Excellent and absorbing! 1 Reply Sandra Lewis Sandra Lewis 4 months ago Loved it! Reply LilGigiGabor LilGigiGabor 11 months ago Kool, Nothing I hadn't already seen personal or viewed online or through documentaries. Good watch to recap for refresher. Thank you for the concise layout. Was tots easy to follow. Gill;Dx Reply Douglas Furtek Douglas Furtek 1 year ago I concur with the previous comments. Thank you Professor Cobb. 6 Reply Mary Ann the Nytowl Mary Ann the Nytowl 1 year ago (edited) How does this channel only have (now with me, the most recent one) 665 subscribers? I really don't understand why it's not reaching more people, as it's very good! LOL, we're still weird apes, I must say! I shared this on all the social media sites I am on, so I hope it will bring you more subscribers! (Edited really dumb typo, and to add another comment, then added another comment) 8 Reply 3 replies youlemur youlemur 1 year ago really enticing talk, loved it 2 Reply Ted Timmis Ted Timmis 11 months ago Outstanding summary of the current state of understanding of human evolution. Great job! 2 Reply Anne POITRINEAU Anne POITRINEAU 10 months ago Absolutely Great! Reply Doctor Alzheimers Academia Magica Doctor Alzheimers Academia Magica 1 year ago Excellent lecture! Thank you! 5 Reply Erin S. Erin S. 11 months ago What about the elongated skull DNA? From what I’ve learned it’s unlike our DNA but we also share a bit of it like Neanderthals and Denissovians. I’m not talking about head binding either. I’m specifically talking about elongated skull with no growth points that are in any way like or similar to us modern humans and with the collection of skulls found in numerous parts of the world consistent with each other so that rules out mutated forms. 3 Reply The one The one 1 year ago Fascinating, informative, interesting and certainly not boring at all! 5 Reply 4 replies Jeff Lundberg Jeff Lundberg 1 year ago It would make sense that ancient peoples would have pretty much have just followed the food. Along the coastlines, food is generally plentiful and easily obtained. Where migrations occurred during ice age periods, much of the archeological remains would be unfortunately beneath the seas. Over time, new people wind up in new places and the search for food continues. 2 Reply JKam2 JKam2 1 year ago Excellent. Thank you. 1 Reply Hal-2021-series Hal-2021-series 11 months ago Excellent talk. Reply Lynn Walton Lynn Walton 1 year ago Wonderful presentation 1 Reply Katiekatbc Katiekatbc 1 year ago Very intriguing. Thank you from Vancouver BC Canada. Reply John Mustol John Mustol 1 year ago Great talk - accessible to laypeople. Thanks. 3 Reply K Jackson K Jackson 1 year ago Brilliant. Thank-you. 1 Reply Željko M. Svedružić Željko M. Svedružić 1 year ago I have enjoyed the lecture, thank you for your efforts, cheers from Croatia. 3 Reply Assif Khan Assif Khan 11 months ago YES!.finally a spot on thesis of human evolution.as the professor say we will get add on almost on a yearly basis.it least we are working on it .he the human is working out that we evolved unlike the mythical delusion we have stuck by in ignorance because it helped to control the humans as we started to form large group's 2 Reply Minka Kulenovic Minka Kulenovic 2 weeks ago Excellent from California it was sublime!!! Reply Sajee Mathew Sajee Mathew 1 year ago Really enjoyed this, an informative overview of deep human history. 14 Reply 3 replies Nigel Palmer Nigel Palmer 1 year ago I am loving this lecture it's so nice to see an anthropologist, Archeologist, Genealogist, talk without blatant racial bias while discussing our ancestors. 11 Reply 3 replies SparksOnTheRoad SparksOnTheRoad 10 months ago (edited) 11:07-12:14 Is Important, it also applies to the various observable physical differences seen in humans across the globe I don't think modern people of our era understand this when codifying "racial types" in the ancient world through the lens of our current era when some of these "types" may at their base exhibit the greater genetic variations out of Africa itself along with adaptations to these locales.. It appears to me people analyze these things from the stand point of the later end of the time line long after people lost genetic diversity then further mixed with other populations (Homo Sapien and Non-Homo Sapien alike) and physically became what we have today. 2 Reply Nurse Terra 🍄 Nurse Terra 🍄 1 year ago I've had my DNA, ancestry & health report from 23 & me for about 2 years now. I was amazed to see that not only am I a mix of so many cultures, but 77% more Neanderthal DNA than anyone else who uses this program. That's a pretty high number! Great lecture! I ALWAYS knew we weren't evolved from an ape, but thank you for confirming that. 😆 8 Reply 42 replies Miriam Gonzalez Siegel Miriam Gonzalez Siegel 1 year ago Brilliant 👍❤️ 2 Reply Lost Pony Lost Pony 1 year ago Describe this lecture in 3 words: VASTLY BETTER HISTORY 2 Reply 1 reply Victor Contreras Victor Contreras 1 month ago That was a pretty "hip" way to address the subject of early mankind! If I were to dance to that rhythm I would call it the " Bigfoot Stomp"😁 Reply Robert Ashton Robert Ashton 1 year ago Excellent presentation. 4 Reply Sue Sandlin-Plaehn Sue Sandlin-Plaehn 5 months ago Wonderful presentation. I am from Raleigh NC USA. 1 Reply buttercxp draws buttercxp draws 1 year ago Loved this! 💕💕💕 5 Reply Anna Andersson Anna Andersson 2 months ago Brilliant! Reply Francisco Terry Francisco Terry 11 months ago this guy really do it right Reply Gary Johnson Gary Johnson 5 months ago Fascinating journey, enjoyed it very much, tracing our heritage thru DNA is a.ways enlightening, thank you !! 3 Reply Lorna V. Betty Lorna V. Betty 1 year ago Phenomenal information on the DNA of Humanity and Origin. This is the reason why people must be respected and protected around the world. Stop exploitation and genocide in countries where Indigenous populations are being exploited and killed. Please lecture on this egregious subject DNA Extinction. It's a tragedy that this could happen. Thanks for the presentation and good lectures. Best wishes for 2022. Happy New Year. 9 Reply 3 replies stefcas stefcas 1 year ago I once saw a documentary claiming there were people in Australia already in 120.000. So much earlier than commonly accepted. They left some artefact that show they had certain rituals and some sense of art. Most significant was they practiced systematic burning for making territories more fruitful, as the aboriginals also did. They 'managed' nature more like caretakers. Could those people have been Denisovans? 1 Reply Gail Stringer Gail Stringer 11 months ago Fascinating! Reply WhatGoinOnPeople WhatGoinOnPeople 10 months ago Very interesting information Reply Anthony Proffitt Anthony Proffitt 4 months ago Fascinating stuff. Reply Manuel Vazquez Manuel Vazquez 1 year ago This is just an example of what we really are. We presume to others, we are Civilized, human, intelligent, religiuslly good people, but we still kill our Neighbors, violate like any criminal. To be advanced we must look inside of us. Then look into other's looks. 1 Reply Dogbertforpresident Dogbertforpresident 1 year ago (edited) Wonderful talk. Best use of the internet I've seen in a long time. Lol Watched from Texas. 3 Reply Joe Routon Joe Routon 1 year ago Fascinating! A wonderful lecturer. 14 Reply 1 reply Paul Green Paul Green 1 year ago Thank you very much I know you’re learning you’re providing that. Thank you Reply TheTruth About Science and God TheTruth About Science and God 4 months ago Please share with other people my two brief videos. Thank you! Reply Josh Kariakin Josh Kariakin 1 year ago maybe those hand prints were people saying "we came here, the cave is safe, but we are gone" or some sort of a message that was understood, similar to footprints of animals they were tracking, only more permanent. 1 Reply Page Rhoads Page Rhoads 1 year ago I worked with MRDD people for 2 years working with them blew my mind some of them were like demons they had no distinction between right or wrong good nor evil. Some of them down right scared me. Some of them were like a 6 month old mentally but were adults so when they got angry it was scary. We had to take self defense training and classes before we started to prepare for the experience of working with people who will try to hurt you because they don't know any better and if they did you could not press charges because they don't know any better. Reply 2 replies Ollimekatl Ollimekatl 1 year ago (edited) If Europeans and Asians have Neanderthal and Denosivian dna, more so than others, how is it that they’re not ancestors to them? The modern looking Neanderthals you showed looked like modern Greeks to be honest. Also, I thought I read that modern Europeans, blond, pale and blue eyed, people from Northern Europe started coming into existence approximately 7-8k years ago as small clans that eventually grew and spread out as well. So when people speak about European dna and evolution, is this theory of 7-8k years taken into account or used in any way? Or how is it used if at all. Would that be around the time that “full blooded” Neanderthals started disappearing or were they gone by that point? Here’s some evidence for climate change, safe travel weather, and subsequent flooding. 160-135k years ago Mauna Kea was practically covered with ice. 80-60k years ago it was completely covered at which point there was a reversal and ice started melting, today it’s at the lowest point in recorded history. There’s another theory that I heard about that says tribes started splitting up in Africa around 80k years ago. This tells us that it’s possible that at around 70k years ago it was safe to travel around the world. Especially at the equator. Where more than likely all life started and moved north, south, east and west. I’m not remembering the time line but at some point there was a flood, more than likely a final melting point of the larger ice slabs covering the north. The world by that point had been passed through and or settled by man because all civilizations that developed autonomously, including here in Anahuac (from Canada to Nicaragua) and Tahuantinsuyu (from todays Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego) have accounts of a great flood. There’s also evidence of math used in Africa to calculate Venus’s cycle and it’s similar math used by Mayans to calculate Venus path. The claim is that using Venus to establish seasons and time counts was already being done 120k years ago in Africa and that by the time humanity started spreading out around the world, everyone already had these calculations to navigate, count time and seasons with. That’s how and why they/we were able to not only know what direction we were heading in but follow the count and know seasons to do it in. This allowed safe and speedy travel. Movement was planned based on celestial observations, the daily/sun and moon count and other planets and stars. It wasn’t random, meaningless, or accomplished haphazardly. Those 25k year old footprints of children in White Sands New Mexico show youth, new life, a growing population, people expanding, not dying out. And there’s even older evidence of people here in Anawak but it doesn’t fit the 12k year old version developed by people that barely had an idea of what really happened. But they’re still being used as if they’re fact by people who refuse to admit their information is flawed, so much so that its shame that it’s even still considered valid science. 4 Reply 1 reply Rimi B. Chatterjee Rimi B. Chatterjee 4 months ago Probably paleodiets that were poor in Vit D would have to interact with low insolation to produce pigment loss in northern populations. I suspect most of the high latitudes landraces that kept some melanin had to compensate their lack of solar vit D from diet. The deficiency would have to be severe enough to affect bone density especially in children for it to impact survivability and act as a selective pressure. Reply Riki Ray Riki Ray 1 year ago Finally someone who dont need transportation to understand human migration 1 Reply Minka Kulenovic Minka Kulenovic 2 weeks ago Would like to learn more and widen my knowledge... Reply Olaf shom Kirtimukh Olaf shom Kirtimukh 1 year ago 1:02:09 the correlation between complexion & sunlight is understandable. But darker-skinned and paler-skinned people also differ immensely in body size, nose-jaws-eye shapes, voice-box, what accounts for these marked differences? Surely, not sunlight. 4 Reply 1 reply Lucy J Lucy J 11 months ago I also NEANDERTHAL, MORE THAN MOST TESTED !! PROUD OF THIS!! Reply Jeffrey Jones Jeffrey Jones 1 year ago Many thanks from Costa Rica to Prof. Cobb for a very entertaining lecture! I am especially intrigued with the question that Dr. Cobb referenced several times about the context of human - Denisovan - Neanderthal sexual relations. If these were consensual, if they were long term relations, etc. I would not be surprised if these relations were seen like 'inter-racial' marriage today, young people pairing up with 'different' sorts of people for a variety of reasons. But as Dr. Cobb makes clear, these were somewhat frequent relations that have a lasting impact on human genetics, so they are worthy of consideration. 3 Reply Kevin Fitzmaurice-Brown Kevin Fitzmaurice-Brown 1 year ago He certainly looks good for his age. Being there and all. Reply Michael Klopfer Michael Klopfer 1 year ago Wonderful lecture, fantastic shirt! Reply TheTruth About Science and God TheTruth About Science and God 6 months ago Please share with other people my two brief videos. Thank you. Reply P Hampshire P Hampshire 1 year ago Couldn't the humans have picked up Denisovan DNA before they crossed the Wallace line into the Pacific? Reply Riff Crescendo Riff Crescendo 11 months ago Great: thanks very much. Reply MrHullRockers MrHullRockers 1 year ago (edited) The Cheddar man furore wasn't because he had dark skin it was that he was, for progressive activist purposes, represented as being essentially a Sub Saharan African with blue eyes. Even Susan Walsh, the geneticist who did the analysis, has rubbished the absolute claim of "dark to black skin", it was purely a narrative that the program makers wanted to push for ideological and funding purposes, neither of which lend themselves to good science or science journalism, "Geneticist Susan Walsh at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, says we simply don't know his skin colour." The people concerned and the "science media" are upset about it because they were called out for their anti-science, ideologically driven agenda in both conducting the research and reporting on it. 4 Reply GaryR55 GaryR55 1 year ago Where did the additional 100,000 years for the appearance of moden humans come from? The latest I've read of (and I've been following this since I was 7 years old, i.e, 1955) places the emergence of Homo Sapiens at 200,000 years ago in Africa. 1 Reply Sandy Simon Sandy Simon 1 year ago I wish i could have been here for the live, I’m loving this and i’m in America. Currently in the hospital though, sorry.❤️ 2 Reply håkan anderberg håkan anderberg 1 year ago Fantastic, tnx for sharing :) Reply Łukasz Kucharski Łukasz Kucharski 1 year ago (edited) How do you differentiate between species and races at point that basically everyone could have mated with everyone. These renditions of denisovans and neanderthals look more similar to some current races than the races themselves. For example, Eskimos and middle Africans look more apart to me than denisovan illustration and a mixed black/Caucasian person. If you go further, dog races appear way more different and probably not all of them can physically mate with each other. Don't those terms get all blurry and lose sense at those similarity scale? I know that modern human genome is realitvely low diverse, but it's weird to see this level of physical and reproductional similarity with enough DNA difference to claim a different species. 4 Reply Evangelina Hidalgo Evangelina Hidalgo 3 months ago I have a question. Our family did our DNA and my son in law who's both parents came from Europe had British Scottish and Irish DNA only. Not any Afican DNA I was informed that everyone had African DNA so I was surprised and you said that at the beginning of this infor.ation. please tell me what you can about that? Reply Black Opal Black Opal 1 year ago Major hole in this theory - It claims that two distinct animals, separated by a continent, evolved to 99.999% of the same DNA. Like Neanderthal was this species that aaalmost made it to being as smart as us, or literally 'us', but missed that last 31000 genes, so couldn't compete, even though we mated with them. Are there any accounts of humans mating with chimpanzees? It's far more likely that we are on the same ancestral line, than it is they evolved independently, somewhere else, to be mirror images of us. In fact, if we all have the same DNA today, relatively, that means the hybrids that came back to Africa from Europe are the ones that survived to be us. We needed two species to cross breed to become us. Like Erectus with Neanderthalis, or similar. I think it is impossible they are not our ancestors. And, if Pacific Islanders have Denisovan DNA but the rest of the world doesn't, that means those people are a different species. They are us, but the descendants of a group that mated with non humans, lol. Can't deny it. Archeology and anthropology should probably be addressed as a real danger. The info being used to make claims are heading right into a period of race wars. Peace 10 Reply 19 replies Tony M Tony M 1 year ago People are my favourite creatures. They are the best. Reply sarrabeth sarrabeth 1 year ago at about 37:00, he talks about Denisovans using boats to get to all the islands that now have humans with some Denisovan genetic contribution. Most of the lectures I've listened to, Svante Paabo especially, talk more about the humans moving and carrying the genes with them. Native Americans have some Denisovan and Neanderthal genes, and no one expects to find either in the new world. 2 Reply 3 replies John Zacharias John Zacharias 1 year ago Fantastic thanks 🙏 Reply Ferengi profiteer Ferengi profiteer 1 year ago I've been following this subject since the 60s. The truth is, the more we find out, the less we know. We've have too many dots to connect with any confidence and more appearing every day. We have to keep looking. It takes a lot of brush strokes to paint a picture. Reply janette owen janette owen 5 months ago Very interesting Reply MrLotrecht MrLotrecht 1 year ago (edited) They have found in spain a map which describes the way over the Atlantic to south and north america and back .This map was painted in a cave in north spain! Was dated back to 20 000 bC 3 Reply Brent Beacham Brent Beacham 11 months ago Brow ridge made the sinus cavity large for warming air or taking in more air (smell)? Reply fred flintstoner fred flintstoner 1 year ago Mrs Richards: "I paid for a room with a view !" Basil: (pointing to the lovely view) "That is Torquay, Madam." Mrs Richards: "It's not good enough!" Basil: "May I ask what you were expecting to see out of a Torquay hotel bedroom window? Sydney Opera House, perhaps? the Hanging Gardens of Babylon? Herds of wildebeest sweeping majestically past?..." Mrs Richards: "Don't be silly! I expect to be able to see the sea!" Basil: "You can see the sea, it's over there between the land and the sky." Mrs Richards: "I'm not satisfied. But I shall stay. But I expect a reduction." Basil: "Why?! Because Krakatoa's not erupting at the moment ? 3 Reply 2 replies Gayle Cheung Gayle Cheung 1 year ago Thank you Fascinating Reply frenstcht frenstcht 1 year ago St. Denis, the patron saint of really big smiles. Reply Kayden Kayden 1 year ago I find it amusing that one of the last places we ended up living was right next to the place we started out. (Madagascar) 4 Reply Phil Tanics Phil Tanics 10 months ago Holy psudeo science fantasy batman, this is some serious imaginationary fun! Reply michael s michael s 1 year ago The maps should depict a lower sea level and larger ice caps. 2 Reply Paul Knipe Paul Knipe 1 year ago Enjoyed this video thanks 1 Reply Kiaorafranz Kiaorafranz 1 year ago at 48:02 those hands, are very different in size , like children and adult hands, placed around this very detailed bird, it seems to be two totally different Technics. Its really catching when you put yourself into the position of a hidden observer, who's watching the scene when the pictures were made. In a cave, under what light conditions, etc. Very good made lecture, thanks. Reply 2 replies GITMO Holliday GITMO Holliday 1 year ago I still wonder about the possibility humanoids entered South America from Antarctica 🤔 1 Reply John Basinger John Basinger 1 year ago Some bits of scientific testing on some smaller bits of fossil plus a great amount of conjecture and an intelligent presenter equals science, I guess, probably, we think, we don't know, mixed with this proves. 3 Reply Neet questions Neet questions 5 months ago 48:37 the hand impression thing that the professor is talking about is related to religion. Hindu religion has those things where we put imprints of hand with red color before any auspicious thing. You might want to pay attention to that. Reply Keith Thompson Keith Thompson 1 year ago For evolution to be true, you would have to have mankind in every show called stage to be walking around us today , it would have to be a continual stage. 1 Reply DimeBDare DimeBDare 9 months ago Many thanks. Reply Olaf shom Kirtimukh Olaf shom Kirtimukh 1 year ago 49:04 my, my, the doodle on the right might well be Darwin or Solzhenitsyn. Here again, like Sgr. Arnolfini in Jan van Eyck's famous 1434 work being a perfect portrait of Vladimir Putin, we have proof that nature repeats not just similar but same prototypes, in omnia saecula saeculorum. Reply Arie Bouwer Arie Bouwer 4 months ago Thank you 2 Reply Deplore Able Deplore Able 1 year ago Geneticists frequently state that DNA proves everyone originated in Africa, just has the professor says. The proof seems to be centered on "diversity" of the genetics in Africa. While this is one explanation it is purely speculative. I don't really see the "definitive" proof that he gives. Six individuals from 200,000 years ago may have billions of reference points, but the other 10,000 individuals that have not been discovered may provide different evidence. Statistical models as he has shown are only as good as the relative sample, and we do not have sufficient sample size of individuals despite his claim that there are billions of reference points per individual. What about the tens of thousands of individuals that have never been found? Six people define 100,000 years of evolution around the planet? 8 Reply 4 replies carcharinus carcharinus 1 year ago Wrangel Island is off the coast of Alaska? Something is probably wrong... Until it moved me, I looked at the map and of course - it lies north of Siberia... By the way: Mammuthus wranglensis died out about 3,800 years ago. I checked! 1 Reply Karl Krausse Karl Krausse 1 year ago Mind boggling! Karl, US. Reply Nick Hancock Nick Hancock 1 year ago So is it true to say that more human looking hominids mated with various other ape looking hominids and produced a new type of hominid? If this is so what a weird time this must have been! 1 Reply Nicki nurse Nicki nurse 5 months ago Lucky? We don't know what happened to cause this pop explosion. Well, you said it happened right after these Africans got out of Africa to mid-east. Hummm....according to the bible that was the time when God gave Abraham the promise that he would be the father of many nations. He also promised Ismael that he would father a great nation. I believe in both science & Christianity. I never find any contradiction in the two. They always seem to back each other up. Wonderful informative teaching. TY for it. Reply Karina C. Karina C. 11 months ago (edited) I didn't grasp a thing though: how is it possible to calculate their number at any time in history?🤷 Why only a few thousands? Reply Charles Thompson Charles Thompson 5 months ago The event that lowered human population to just 12,000 is at the same time 12,500 years ago geologists have identified in a black layer in the soil containing nano diamonds and other signature particles that can only be seen with magnification. These nano diamonds are only found in sites associated with a meteorite event. This is the same time that ancient cultures all over the world record the great flood , like Noah’s flood in the Bible. This event is called the Younger Dryus . This theoretical event proposes that a large meteorite hit the polar ice that insued with flood water, large mega fauna extinction from ash that blocked the sun, human populations had crop failure that came close to human extinction, volcano activity increased from the seismic disturbance in the earth’s crust, and there’s no visible crater because it would be under the ocean. All the religious texts tell their people to go forth and multiply. The hard to find geologic evidence is in the thin black layer worldwide ! Geological science took time to understand that there are super volcanoes like Yellowstone and the extinction event 64 million years ago was the result of a meteorite striking the Yucatán in Mexico. Reply Sonja Nordahl Sonja Nordahl 1 year ago Have they been able to sequence Homo Naledi DNA? 1 Reply Samantha Pateman Samantha Pateman 1 year ago This was really good Reply Sven Nielsen Sven Nielsen 1 year ago He did not explain why the dna, that modern humans and neanderthals have in common, is not simply common dna from their mutual ancestor 800.000 years ago (or when ever). 2 Reply Jason Baird Jason Baird 1 year ago Great presentation. Check out also Walter Veith "bones in stones" Reply Charles Thompson Charles Thompson 5 months ago Neanderthal enlarged eyebrow bone ridges could have been part of an enlarged sinus cavity to enhance their ability of scenting game or predators ? Reply Louis Cervantez Louis Cervantez 1 year ago Great summary Reply Black Opal Black Opal 1 year ago (edited) Maybe they were found in caves because they hibernated. Neanderthals, Denisovans, all of them. And why art is so prevalent, cz they were so bored for 2 or 3 months. Also, possibly winter stores contained a significantly different nutrition profile, leading to, Idk, either reduced metabolism or increased creativity, or both. Reply M G M G 1 year ago Accidental journeys is still a good theory Reply Ray Jay Money Ray Jay Money 11 months ago Lmao teenage footprints? I’d love to hear how they figured that out. I’ve already heard the words maybe, perhaps, could have, it suggest, and probably to many times, all these words mean that they are guessing. Reply BADGUY 1 BADGUY 1 7 months ago The Denisovan animated women looks like a modern day Malaysian women. Could it be South East Asia STILL has humans that are closely related to these people? Reply ColinN ColinN 11 months ago What about the 'Melanesian' DNA in Chile / Peru? Is new evidence represented here, but not on the map yet? Maybe in another episode. Reply Sonja Nordahl Sonja Nordahl 1 year ago You said the brow ridge of Neanderthal are hollow. Are they part of the sinus cavity? Reply Egyptologist 7 Egyptologist 7 1 year ago If the 70KYO trek led to modernity @7:05 how did modernity lead to those who stayed behind? Why are many of those not considered modern 10KYO (i.e. Asselar Man) when we have examples of moderns at 70KYO? 1 Reply 1 reply REPSDirect REPSDirect 1 year ago There's also a popular hypothesis suggesting skin color is based on climate. Melanin protects those in savanna and desert-like environments from the constant exposure to searing sunlight. Melanin amounts eventually reduced significantly in those that migrated northern climates. This also explains browned-skinned populations in Central and South America and ocean-going tribes facing harsh marine sunlight. But how does yellow-like Asian skin have to do with sunlight, not to mention narrow slanted-eyes? Evolution is a very complicated subject floating in a deep sea of debatable hypotheses. Reply 1 reply Javier Bonilla Javier Bonilla 1 year ago At one kilometer per year people would likely not even know they were moving, it comes to about w meters per day. Reply Michael Gunner Michael Gunner 10 months ago Very interesting Reply Shalom CCS Shalom CCS 9 months ago Darwin theory can’t be sustain no more,after the Lucy discovery. Reply Madison Heights Madison Heights 1 year ago I’d think the Inuit diet would be high in Vitamin D. Reply Brian McMahon Brian McMahon 10 months ago Matthew....these stories are breaking down. Reply Eric Koch Eric Koch 1 year ago (edited) concerning the 20% african ghost DNA, ( and a recent find somewhere near Africa's west coast that shows layers of rapid genetic takeovers ) My Question Then Is: being anthropological documentation shows cultural norms, such as withholding nutrients and homicide, as modern arican individual provisional cultural norms; then could it be assumed that African genetic diversity was, at one time, much higher that it is now and that it has simply dropped at a more substantial rate ? Reply 1 reply Rachel Joanne Rachel Joanne 11 months ago Enjoyed this. Wonder why at times you use the word human as synonymous with Homo sapiens… Reply Redmenace96 Redmenace96 10 months ago He is speaking in terms we can understand without a PhD in genetics, love it. But will ask- describing DNA of Neanderthal he said, "Amazingly similar!" When he describes Denisovans he says, "So different!" Which is it? If the Denisovans are only 3-4% different, is that a lot? Then if Neanderthal is 3-4% different, shouldn't it be also very different? Not similar?. 1 Reply NML NML 1 year ago Thank you from Canada 1 Reply Kathy Gann Kathy Gann 11 months ago “The Dawn of Everything” suggests that the assumption that agriculture allowed civilization may be a false assumption. It’s interesting how it’s just thrown in there at the end with no supporting data. Reply Sandy Jamison Sandy Jamison 4 months ago ❤️ Reply Hello Vicki Hello Vicki 1 year ago Very interesting. It seems to indicate that in the past, a leap in intelligence occurred among numerous primates or those derived from an ancestor that developed increased intelligence??? Maybe intelligence can be expressed more commonly in life forms than we suspect??? 1 Reply 1 reply Max Redman Max Redman 1 year ago "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, ..... 1 Reply 1 reply Naidu VGA Naidu VGA 11 months ago from this we have to assume that our vast oceanic expanse was already there as far back as 50 or more thousand years. Reply Dan Hanqvist Dan Hanqvist 5 months ago The Neadertals ARE our direct ancestors. At least for all of us who aren't African. Reply fitveganathlete IntegratedAthleticSystems fitveganathlete IntegratedAthleticSystems 1 year ago The Tuba supervolcano eruption, occurred right around 70000 years ago. 1 Reply gastronomist gastronomist 4 months ago (edited) He keeps using the term "indigenous peoples" as if that refers to a certain class of human beings. It's as if he's using the term as a substitute for 'uncivilized' or 'primitive'. Not only that he's using it as to imply that he is NOT an indigenous person. Reply Redmenace96 Redmenace96 10 months ago What if skin color is not an environmental adaptation, but a sexually selected traite? It may have no other function than appearance, and attracting mates. At that point, different populations found different appearances attractive. As we do, today. Humans are very complex and have complex behaviours. Nobody knows the answer. Reply 1 reply fitveganathlete IntegratedAthleticSystems fitveganathlete IntegratedAthleticSystems 1 year ago Dear Professor, the Sahel is not in Australasia, but in the southern Sahara. 1 Reply JESA R JESA R 10 months ago Isn't the Out of Africa model just a theory and not ironclad facts and hasn't it been debunked with recent discoveries? Reply John Milsom John Milsom 4 months ago The bones of the giants that have been found all over the world Reply Hugh Rose Hugh Rose 4 months ago Much enjoyed but I have two probems. How do we know the Denisovian girl died before breeding? She might have had her finger cut off which was preserved. Why did her much larger bones not survive if her body is in the cave? Secondly the 12,000 human bottleneck - how many humans emigrated out of Africa in the 70K migration? How many were left behind to migrate to other parts of Africa or leave on subsequent migrations? Reply Military and Emergency Services C h u r c h Military and Emergency Services C h u r c h 9 months ago Here are quotes from 3 exceptional minds from Cambridge University: 'there is more evidence for devolution than for evolution' - Derek Prince, Cambridge University Fellow (philosophy student of Wittgenstein). 'There is not the creative spark needed in Darwin's theory to make me believe in evolution' ( Prof. John Lennox, Cambridge Uni). 'The Mindless, Unguided, Process of atoms that the theory of evolution proposes I come from, cannot produce a mind that can allow me to think with any claim to real truth' (CS Lewis, Prof at Cambridge). Reply Alister Sutherland Alister Sutherland 11 months ago (edited) Excuse me prof, but did you say the Sahel is in Australasia? I checked out that section twice. Maybe I misheard? Reply Michael Pettersson Michael Pettersson 1 year ago (edited) As long as you do not claim that the laws of evolution also effect the human brain because doing that are very dangerous and may lead to trouble with the law. As far as the laws are concerned the development of the human brain are totally railroaded with no room for different paths whatsoever. 1 Reply Lesley Hahn Lesley Hahn 11 months ago Just watched from colorado usa :-) Reply griffcats griffcats 11 months ago Heterozygosity in Africa is only among the modern population. There are no actual DNA samples from 8,000 years ago, and the rate of Heterozygosity is not a fixed rate. It is an estimated rate. Studies have also shown that the reason for Heterozygosity in Africa is so great has to do with the exposure to disease, climate changes, and famine, not an origin of the human species. "Africa is an important region to study human genetic diversity because of its complex population history and the dramatic variation in climate, diet, and exposure to infectious disease, which result in high levels of genetic and phenotypic variation in African populations." (Campbell and Tischkoff US National Library of Medicine NIH) Reply paul bennett paul bennett 10 months ago Fascinating stuff. Is it possible that the very small percentage of Neanderthal DNA in modern Africans derives from Neanderthals who stayed in Africa, rather than those who went back? Reply 2 replies Jim Savage Jim Savage 5 months ago Came to learn Reply Corey Falls Corey Falls 1 year ago If only evolution was not just a theory. 1 Reply 19 replies WAHNANO WAHNANO 11 months ago (edited) I don't think that we are all animals. I think that among us there's animals as well as below animals. Reply DanW58 DanW58 1 year ago (edited) At 13:00 there's a graph showing population on the Y axis, and then just plain numbers, 10,000, 100,000 and 1,000,000 in the X axis, without a label explaining what the numbers represent, and nothing Professor Matthew said clarifies what the X axis represents. Totally confusing. Does it take so much work to write on an axis "dollars" or "heads of cattle" or something to explain what it is? Ahh, never mind; I think I get it this is "years ago". Yes? Perhaps next time the scale could be linear then; putting time on a log scale is not the standard. Reply Serenoj69 Serenoj69 1 year ago (edited) The skull of the Neanderthal shown at the beginning seems to have a very modern chin. The modern view of a Neanderthal shows virtually no chin. Wwere enoygh skulls found to establish that the chin was always so different from ours or not? Also: satin gghey are not our ancestors seems to be like a relative of mine back in the 1200s is not a relative of mine. While his/hers DNA is probably just a small percentage of the total she or he was of course an ancestor. Neanderthals got us between 1-4% or so of our DNA if I remmeber correctly. A very small part, but it might be very significant (our immune system seems to have been affected in a good way I thought?). The Denisovan woman looks exotic and beautiful. I can imagine genes of various humoids got mixed when the women looked like this. Reply @Dalene #DayLean @Dalene #DayLean 1 year ago 🌹🖐🏾 💜 one love 💜 Reply Steven George Steven George 1 year ago This was an excellent lecture on the origin and dispersal of modern and archaic human beings. It parallels many other lectures I have heard already on this subject matter. Scientific facts do not lie nor are they open to subjective interpretations, as are historic and religious writings and traditions. To all you religious opinionated, biased people who post here: It’s clear that you choose to remain in an ignorant and narrow-minded world founded on racism and driven by hate. Reply 2 replies Naveinator Naveinator 1 year ago Great but needs chapters Reply steamsearcher steamsearcher 1 year ago Continuing the EXPERIMENT on a cold January morning in 2007 With a Girl from the Mountains of Western China and an English Boy with Newcastle Ancestors. Katie. An incredibly strong girl. Quite heavy but slim with an incredible love of swimming. Browner than Brown Mum. Look I fancied the girl at 40.34 so our ancients would have no trouble in reproducing. First Wife from the Philippines try sorting our DNA out in the future. David & Lily. Reply Oblate Spheroid Oblate Spheroid 1 year ago This panel needs to be more diverse. 1 Reply Alejandro Garciarrubio Alejandro Garciarrubio 4 months ago 9:30 He knows a lot of prehistory but cannot tell Mexico from New Mexico. :) 1 Reply 1 reply A Charbonneau A Charbonneau 11 months ago (edited) I find it surprising that the good professor thinks it was not like this that interbreeding occured.(At about 31:00) I am not surprised at all by this depiction. Rape, as an instrument of war and dominance always has been and will always be in the animal world. We are just one of many animals on this planet. Homosapiens still do it today! Why would it have not existed in a much more violent and less civilized times? Reply john williams john williams 11 months ago on the subject of skin couler the inuik live among the snow . i personally have not experience snow but im told you can get sun burnt in the snow from the sun reflecting of the snow so maby that's why they have darker skin Reply Ebonytv Ebonytv 1 year ago Some interesting information good lecture. Skin colour and vitamin D is viewed in an Eurocentric way as most things are based on Europeans point of view for Europeans sensitivity.black melanin skin is designed to block bad sun rays but let in good rays, as for the vitamin D in blood is based on European skin,black peoples have stronger bones and muscles so don’t loose calcium from bones as they get older and skin age 10 years slower then white people. 1 Reply Larry Paris Larry Paris 9 months ago (edited) This is a fine, well-organized, and comprehensive presentation of human evolution. My one criticism is Prof. Cobb's inconsistent and, I would say, incorrect use of the word "human." Many paleoanthropologists now apply this term to any form that has the designation of Homo. Admittedly, this is not universal, but to withhold application of the term to anything not Homo sapiens, and yet is Homo (H. neanderthalensis, H. denisovan, etc.) offers no benefit and is species or sub-species centric. Regarding the inconsistent use of the term by Prof. Cobb, sometimes he refers to other forms as human, and sometimes excludes them. In fact, the title includes "human evolution", which encompasses a discussion of other Homo species that have left their DNA in H. sapiens, and therefore by definition (see 45:20) according to Prof. Cobb, are human. But then, confusingly, at 46:26, he shifts from a DNA perspective of what makes us human, to a behavioral and cultural perspective of the explanation of what makes us human. Wha....? And to confuse it even more, he includes Neanderthals and Denisovans within this human cultural-behavioral characterization (46:30) - we, along with Neanderthals and Denisovans, were the same species (per Prof. Cobb). Finally, at 49:20, there is a distinction made between what "modern" H. sapiens (we, that are the sole-surviving representative today), and Neanderthals and Denisovans could do. But, that doesn't mean they were not "human." So, there is an inconsistent application of the term "human" that muddies the discussion of hominin evolution in this presentation. However, these comments are not to take away from an otherwise fine presentation. In addition, Prof. Cobb's explanation of the need for respect of Indigenous Peoples, beginning at 1:07:23 is absolutely correct for ethical reasons. Reply Hapax Legomenon Hapax Legomenon 4 months ago "Maybe they liked the smell of farts. 🤷‍♂️" 🤣🤣🤣 Reply Marty Lawrence Marty Lawrence 10 months ago Why does biology classes teach evolution AND epigenetics today? Well, they may teach all of the new facts about epigenetics but talk about evolution in words of probably, may, assume, assumption, derive, insertion of best-guess mathematical values, ect. That is two different context. Biology textbooks in the 1990s did not mention epigenetics or the epigenome but pounded on evolution on every page. LiveScience in 2007 had a series called, "Ten Greatest Mysteries of the World" and one was "What Drives Evolution?" This magazine reflects scientist community thought of the time. You would think the question would be answered but it was a mystery. They theorized and theorized but never mentioned epigenetics. Epigenetics was not considered part of the evolutionary theory because of the believed repeated wrong assertion was it only passed adaptations for two or three generations and resets. Here is the article... https://www.livescience.com/1736-greatest-mysteries-drives-evolution.html Does a head-belief in evolution benefit an evolutionary biologist? Does an intelligent design-proponent biologist have a disadvantage? Let's take a look... The evolutionary biologist looks at all adaptations the Darwin Finch as evidence of evolving DNA mutations. The ID proponent biologist looks at it as gene expression modifications of the epigenome with no DNA mutations. Many evolutionary biologists of today would still have no knowledge and under-credit the ability of transgenerational adaptations of the epigenome while the ID proponent would. An evolutionary biologist that does know the epigenome has the now-known ability will have the belief epigenetics POSSIBLY contributes to evolution as this last line of the abstract from 2014 says... "As environmental factors are known to result in heritable changes in the epigenome, it is POSSIBLE that epigenetic changes contribute to the molecular basis [by evolving DNA mutations] of the evolution of Darwin's finches." The ID proponent would regard something that is 'possible' is a guess...not fact. He knows that the post-2014 fact epigenetics is talked of in words of fact. The evolutionary biologist believes that it is evolving DNA mutations that will cause evolutionary macroevolution progress over millions of years. The ID proponent would know that the evolutionary biologist is wrongly assuming the epigenetic-driven adaptations has DNA mutations but DO NOT. He learns all the aspects of genome degeneration. In all this there is no advantage for the evolutionary biologist and no disadvantage for the other. The evolution fans and evolutionists belief that degeneration causes generation ends up being absurd and takes atheist-faith to believe it. There you go. Reply 1 reply Swiss Toni Swiss Toni 1 year ago We were genetically accelerated by ET's, who were here millennia before us. Reply Russel Nokes Russel Nokes 1 year ago Science can explain anything especially when you base a lot of your data on the premise that assumption is data. The truth is you as well as myself don't really know squat. Reply 4 replies MattersThatCount MattersThatCount 1 year ago I agree with Deplore Able's comment below: this talk is misleading in offering only one perspective when there are at least two other prominent theories about the origin of modern humans: the Out of Africa starting point does not lead to the same conclusions for all experts. Matthew Cobb also completely ignored recent findings in India which significantly impact what we know about the chain of modern human evolution: stone tools recently found in India dated in a French lab to about 1.5 millions years ago. Cobb’s comments on Indian findings were worrying. He said he questioned findings from the subcontinent based on the fact that “white scientists” are not allowed to work there and that ancient history research from India is compromised by "indigenous politics". Both are demonstrably false, and to suggest that only white scientists are to be trusted is prejudiced. International teams of scientists across disciplines have always worked in the ancient history field in India and continue to do so. Findings from India are sent overseas to international labs for analysis. Matthew Cobb is a zoologist and I would question his fitness to speak on this complex, nuanced, ever-evolving and sensitive subject. 1 Reply 5 replies AdeebaZamaan AdeebaZamaan 1 year ago Why is there a muffin tin in your bookcase? Great lecture, by the way - very multi-sided 1 Reply FloridaMan FloridaMan 10 months ago This idea of gradual population spread is absurd. No one spread gradually, 1 mile a year, across planes, deserts, mountains, dense forests, or anywhere without plentiful game and potable water, which describes most of the planet. Then, as now, populations were highly concentrated with vast areas of unpopulated wilderness between them. Your model utterly ignores this reality except regarding Oceana, when really any desert, mountain range, dense forest, or arid Savana presents a similar problem. The "1 mile a year" hypotheses is obviously wrong. Do you have any explanation for human dispersion that correlates to the actual topography of Earth? Reply Pome Granate Pome Granate 1 year ago "very slowly they turned into something else"<------loool science at it's finest! 2 Reply Sonar Bangla Sonar Bangla 1 year ago I am not an archeologist, but I was interested in listening to the archeologists narrating how we came from Africa. When the Red Sea dried out (due to ice age) once during 125,000 bp and again around 50-60,000 bp mostly making up the population of Asia, coming from Ethiopia/Somalia region. Information about 1000 people based on genetics can be quite off mark and also counting the generations since then is also another way of counting. These counts seem vey off mark. What strikes mostly odd is the attitude of these researches, who sometimes can consider the Neanderthals as stupid (not considering how advanced the Denisovans were, who made polished bangles (better than modern). It becomes obvious how little we know and how little we want to know.. We could have done better if we didn't have 'critical race theory' taught in our academies. How stupid we still are. Reply Deborah Dean Deborah Dean 1 year ago They published a recent study analyzing neanderthal skills and they say there is no way they are in our species or family line. They said the great ssd oes were far closer . I think it was NICB??? Reply 2 replies Joe Bloggs Joe Bloggs 1 year ago Don't feel bad about not speaking Welsh neither do 90% of Welshmen including myself :-P Reply 1 reply Ray Jay Money Ray Jay Money 11 months ago The brow grows as you age, imagine if back then humans lived hundreds of years, that’s exactly what it would look like. There are no missing links. Darwin himself said the lack of fossil is the best evidence against evolution. Reply 1 reply Cindy Cogill Cindy Cogill The complex evolution of homo sapiens - 1,000,000 to 30,000 years ago Stefan Milo 266K subscribers Subscribe 31K Share 901,084 views Sep 17, 2021 The evolution of you. 1,000,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. Thanks to boneclones for the brilliant skulls! Use discount code 'stefan' for $20 off your order. https://bit.ly/3BPfmh3 Huge thanks as always to my patrons! https://www.patreon.com/stefanmilo Artwork by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/ Music by Tom Fox: www.tfbeats.com Voiceover by Alexander Doddy: https://www.alexanderdoddy.com/ Sources: Anyone can view, not just patrons. https://www.patreon.com/posts/56261951 Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - www.stefanmilo.com www.twitter.com/Historysmilo www.instagram.com/historysmilo Chapters View all 4,604 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Stefan Milo Pinned by Stefan Milo Stefan Milo 1 year ago (edited) Huge thanks to boneclones https://bit.ly/3BPfmh3 Check out their stuff, it's awesome. Discount code 'stefan' for $20 off on orders over $100! 356 Reply 71 replies Marlo Elefant Marlo Elefant 1 year ago (edited) Imagine you're walking through the forest and suddenly, there is a guy holding a spoon talking to himself with a row of human skulls besides him... 😀 2.7K Reply 94 replies Hannah K Hannah K 1 year ago This was really interesting! One of my favourite stories from human history is that Cheddar man (thought to be one of the first Britons) was found to have a living relative just half a mile from his cave in Cheddar Gorge. Imagine your ancestors only making it half a mile from your home over tens of thousands of years! It's a fascinating subject, if you haven't already made a video about it - including the genetic testing showing what he might have looked like (dark skin and blue eyes!). 214 Reply 13 replies Alex Wendler Alex Wendler 1 year ago I love how he stay true to his origins and even with the gear upgrade, remains loyal to the SPOON. 228 Reply 4 replies Mikayla Cross Mikayla Cross 10 months ago I’m going to study archaeology starting this September, keep inspiring mr milo!!! 97 Reply 3 replies STDynamite STDynamite 10 months ago This has got to be the most well put together presentation of the current model for human evolution out there. Honestly absolutely top notch content mate you are an absolute lad, this is art genuinely this could be on curiosity stream if I had to I would pay to see this again tonight when I show my girlfriend! Also just want to mention that I watched it last night and couldn't stop thinking about coming back and leaving a comment. 11 Reply Juan Pascal Luciano Bravado Juan Pascal Luciano Bravado 1 year ago You’re my absolute favorite for human history. Love that you still attach the plastic spoon even though you’ve graduated to a more proper quality microphone. This and the two guys that do 7 Days of Science are so good. Thank you. 26 Reply Thomas Mills Thomas Mills 1 year ago This man is living the dream. Sitting around the woods on a nice day in his hoodie hat and boxers just enjoying the day talking into a spoon about ancient history. ...thats the life. 762 Reply 19 replies Jacob Alexander Jacob Alexander 10 months ago I have seen many major network channel documentaries that can’t compare to this documentary. The personal touch that Stefan adds these amazing videos is what makes them so great. I love your channel and the content you produce. Amazing work. 73 Reply MassTV MassTV 1 year ago I absolutely love the dedication to the spoon bit. Please don't ever stop 74 Reply 1 reply Brendan Bush Brendan Bush 1 year ago you should do a dedicated video on genetics and haplogroups. I tried to explain to my friend what a haplo group was the other day only to realize I didn't really understand them myself halfway thru my own description. your brief touch on them in this vid was helpful but I'd really enjoy to see a more detailed description 14 Reply fuferito fuferito 1 year ago I've learned about so many more different types of our human ancestors thanks to this channel. Stefan's clear and relaxed (and relaxing) approach to the subject enhanced by relevant images throughout, plus Ettore Mazza's illustrations make every video a special occasion. 10 Reply napalmnacey napalmnacey 7 days ago I have been into anthropology since childhood (thanks to Time Life books my Mum had, and one cool book called "Early Man"), so other than the newer evidence, I know a lot of what you're talking about already, and yet I am still addicted to your videos. You're super chill and yet totally enthusiastic about what you're doing. I'm gonna show your videos to my daughter, as she's into palaeontology, and she'd probably dig some anthropology knowledge. 1 Reply Coffee Pot Coffee Pot 1 year ago (edited) This might sound weird, but one time i had to have a magnetic scan of my entire skull in preparation for an eye muscle surgery. And it was so strange that for a brief moment, i could see my own skull on a screen. Every memory in life and who i am as a person, contained within a fragile calcium shell. 635 Reply 13 replies Christy Arendall Christy Arendall 1 year ago I just saw the news that some footprints in white sands New Mexico have been dated to 23-27 thousand years old! I’d love more info on this if you had any 😃 16 Reply Victrix Victrix 1 year ago I enjoyed this video so much! The big image you depict throughout the video is incredible - it resembles what I have been grasping so far from reading many, many articles (as a person that reads about human evolution as a hobby). It is wholesome content. Could you do a video on what the climate (both flora and fauna) looked like for each humanoid group during those times? It was very different from ours, I suppose, and it surely influenced the migration those groups were engaged in. I think it would be incredible to see just how different times looked like between those groups really, not just compare them to our times now. This is one of the things I find really hard to fathom, because it mixes several areas, domains of study. Other hard things I barely managed to fathom so far are: the chances, the mathematics at play in all of these (that we exist right now because someone a long time ago was able to purely just live, survive; the huge number of ancestors that might have had a great past, but died in mundane hunting accidents and didn't live to literally tell the tale; the very slow, agonizing, small steps that had to be taken during our evolution (that it didn't happen fast and had many dead-ends); and really the timescale all of the humanoid groups are situated on. I remember learning during history class in 5th grade about our evolution and our teacher described it being very linear, when in reality, it is much more complicated. 15 Reply 1 reply JP G JP G 1 year ago Hey Milo this one was remarkable. I can say you were inspired. Specially with that proof at the end when you felt to finish with something profound. I’ll tell you the process, content and editing was all profound by itself. The fact you had no words makes sense because how can someone reach the deep bottom of something truly profound? It’s either too dark or too bright to see. Our evolution is like that. Thank you so much. 9 Reply Karen Phinney Karen Phinney 1 year ago Fascinating. There are more “Homo” spp. being found, recently, one in China. They may be side branches, but require more investigation. Thanks for doing these videos! Once again, I love the iconic plastic spoon, a holdover from when the microphone was clipped to it! 9 Reply Damián Anthony Damián Anthony 1 year ago I love how modern humans generally make up some warm, romantic stories when imagining the purpose of archaeological discoveries like the Sima de Los Huesos. This could have also been a Cueva de Sacrificios as well. LOL I also wonder what caused the many group splits that occurred. Were they due to some family/tribal differences regarding food sources, religious/ceremonial practices or something more petty. So interesting. This was a fantastic video presented in a very detail oriented and factual manner, sprinkled with the perfect amount of humor.. Bravo! Fantastic work! Thank you for posting. 20 Reply Dyadica Dyadica 1 year ago I think most people imagine a long continuous trek when we talk about hominid migrations. But the average speed of movement to go 5000 kilometers in, say, 10,000 years is very slow. If each day, when they woke up, they moved their campfire over a meter or two, that would do it. I suspect long term migrations are more a once a generation relocation of the next generation to a fresh spot, ten or twenty kilometers away. Perhaps punctuated with longer journeys lasting a few days. 347 Reply 55 replies Elevate with Maryanne Elevate with Maryanne 1 year ago This is the first time I see someone explain evolution so well. Thank you for revealing what books won’t. 8 Reply Olivier Malinur Olivier Malinur 1 year ago A masterpiece, Stefan. Some ideas for your future videos: - the origins of aborigonal groups in Asia (Adaman, Negrito, Australian aborigens, New Guinea...), - the birth of art, when, why and who - the birth of maths, when, why and who - The other inventions of writing (for example, there are multiple cases in subsaharan Africa, if you are interested in mysteries, type Alok stones in Nigeria) - A fascinating subject: the great migrations: the Polynesians, the Bantu, the Indo Europeans... - The Dark Age of Bronze Age in the Mediterranean sphere. ...... 22 Reply James Burgon James Burgon 7 months ago great stuff! I love your enthusiasm for your subject and the presentation is great! Any great teacher can make a complex subject accessible and worthy of further exploration by simply being entertaining and insightful. Nice work. 4 Reply Matias Rondan Matias Rondan 1 year ago Dear Stefan I've been following your channel since the beginning, and I must say you've come a long way. This video is really really good in all aspects, very informative and well done. It has been a long and amazing journey from Lake Turkana to Youtube, and you're making a great job documenting it! Thank you for sharing, congratulations and keep rocking! 6 Reply 1 reply Ingrid Ollintzihuatl Moctezuma Ingrid Ollintzihuatl Moctezuma 1 year ago A Biological anthropology final brought me here! Love this! As an anthro student I also like to collect skulls and I find them fascinating. I also have to answer the skull question when people come visit. Hehe. Great video! Congrats! 6 Reply Yehoshua Dalven Yehoshua Dalven 1 year ago (edited) Absolutely loved it. One Observation: in the beginning you put a question mark on whether early hominids loved each other. I see no reason to doubt that they did so in the very profound way that we do. Probably they had less sophisticated social structure (which is a fascinating issue), but everything indicates that our emotional and behavioral structures were quite similar. If we can see so much similarities with chimps, imagine what emotion you would see in the eyes of a mother Neanderthal toward her boy: nothing other than LOVE. I have no doubt. 494 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 26 replies Jub-Jub Bouvier Jub-Jub Bouvier 1 year ago What an amazing source of information (and inspiration) this channel is! Thank you for providing high quality educational content that can't be found anywhere else! 3 Reply Lou B Lou B 1 year ago (edited) Hi Stefan, Really enjoy your great channel! Are there any theories about that initial (pre-70,000 years ago) group that suffered a possible die-off as a result of a weakness/insufficiency in the gut biome as the move out progressed? Say 250,000 years ago, a migration encountered a new toxic 'bug' of some kind in the new regions. This initial immigration out of Africa for the most part dies en masse, but there's enough 'two-way traffic' between home and the first wave out to transfer back the biome genetics which enable survival in the new regions. Africa Group 2 then gives it another try at about 70,000 years ago, and is successful. We're still walking around because the first Microbiome Expedition (ME) adapted and gave the second ME the needed gut chemistry for success. Sapiens were just the mutualistic vehicle. Of course, there is zero chance any this is true, mainly because I don't know what I'm talking about. 7 Reply Pritesh S Pritesh S 2 weeks ago Amazing video !! just hooked to this channel since I discovered it for the passion that Stefan has for human evolution and the amount of research efforts and attention to detail that goes into making these videos !!! Reply Classified Information Classified Information 1 year ago I cannot begin to say how thankful I am for the information I just received from this video. So many questions have been answered and so many new questions have surfaced. And, I cannot resist acknowledging my joy in seeing that squirrel. Thanks Stefan. John 2 Reply Viviana Valenzuela Viviana Valenzuela 2 months ago I absolutely enjoyed this documentary. I'm trying to learn more about this topic, and luckily I found this very entertaining and informative video to teach me a lot. Loved the quotes as well. Thank you!! 😁 Reply JexsamX JexsamX 1 year ago "Everyone coming into my house always asks about the skulls." That's a hell of a sentence. 542 Reply 13 replies Alex P Alex P 2 weeks ago Just stumbled across your channel and after this video, I'm not going back. I love anything human evolution and you just hit the spot that I was looking for! Thank you for your work, and I'll be perusing it for weeks to come =) Reply Olivia Olivia 7 months ago The amount of research that goes into these videos must be insane. Thank you for this amazing content 👏👏👏 2 Reply Bryan Hikes Bryan Hikes 10 months ago I've always loved archeology and anthropology and you really inspire me to learn as much as I can and keep up with the goings on in ancient discoveries when it comes to early humans and our ancestors. 1 Reply Merch Grows Merch Grows 1 year ago Man awesome job on the videos, just stumbled across your channel, in my recommendation feed, congratulations on being promoted by YT, that’s huge. I enjoy all the thought out points you bring up, much better than other “history” channels, I’ll most definitely be tuned in for future vids. Nice work 👍 1 Reply Mialonnet Mialonnet 11 months ago I’ve just come across your channel and I LOVE it here 🥰 thanks for making this such a fun and interesting place to be! 2 Reply moxiebombshell moxiebombshell 1 year ago I can't begin to properly capture the joy I feel when I get a notification that you've got a new video up. Cheers! 546 Reply 12 replies OptimistToday OptimistToday 1 year ago This is one of the best educational channels on youtube and I'm glad I stumbled upon it 4 Stefan Milo Reply Stephen Hughes Stephen Hughes 1 year ago I've now binged watched all of Stefan's videos over about 2 weeks of spare time. Phenomenal work. Really really good. Bravo Stefan; would love to see more. Reply SB Fab Design Consulting SB Fab Design Consulting 7 months ago I didn’t know there was so much information available today on the evolution of our species. Thank you for providing this to the public can’t stop watching your content👍🏼 1 Reply Norm L. Hugh-Mann Norm L. Hugh-Mann 1 month ago My gosh you make the best content! Congratulations on your level of lecture mastery. Loved every second of it!! Reply The Perambulant Peasant The Perambulant Peasant 10 months ago Recently discovered your channel and finding every video fascinating! Love your style and humour too 👌I'd love to see you do a video about the "stoned ape theory". I'll make a wild assumption and say you don't think it holds much water but I'd still love to hear your take on it! ✌️ Reply House of History House of History 1 year ago The quality of this video and its attention to detail is fantastic. Loved it. 649 Stefan Milo Reply 18 replies DenZel OnyanGoD DenZel OnyanGoD 1 year ago Would be cool to touch on how climate had an impact on our adaptation in Afrika, considering how long we've spent there. Afrika is not all plains and savannahs. Back then there were countless river networks along with mega lakes the size of in land seas, there was no Sahara to be sub of. Not to mention the sunken land masses that connected continents and the natural disasters that occurred. We adapted to the world and continue to do so further expanding our minds into the globes they came to be. Your vid came at the right time, many thanks for your work 4 Reply Tara Hoover Tara Hoover 1 year ago I love your videos! Where else can you get the history you love and laugh while doing so? Thanks for the hard work you put into your content. Reply J. Curtis J. Curtis 3 months ago Lovely work! I hope you will be able to revist these topics with appropriately selected updates as they develop...we need you now to help us spot the next big reveals! Reply Karen Benning Karen Benning 1 year ago This guy has great videos. Always learn a lot from them. The fact that he is a funny guy is also a plus. 1 Reply koozdorah koozdorah 1 year ago I have a massive massive problem. I’m a big fan and feel immense joy and excitement like it’s Christmas when Stefan does a new video. My problem is that as much as I love the videos and content, I also find Stefan’s voice sooo soothing. I always sleep during the videos and can’t finish them. And the last few videos I haven’t actually finished because I always sleep during. It’s taking me ages to try and finish the video because I fall asleep. It’s still good because I sleep happy. This is like the 12th time I try watching this particular video in bed, and I know what will happen. I won’t finish this tonight. 1 Stefan Milo Reply 1 reply silviac221 silviac221 1 year ago Stefan, I've watched many of your videos but I don't usually leave comments. I'm a researcher, clearly older than you, not in History or Anthropology. This is you at your best. Clear, honest, complete account of the state of the art, easily understandable to lay people like me. Keep it up! 67 Reply Erin Mac Erin Mac 1 year ago (edited) Seeing those particular skulls from Morocco and Ethiopia side by side was amazing. I pictured Freddy Mercury hanging out with sultry, chonky brow...what a duo that would be. You really captured the diversity of species coexisting back then, a veritable Tolkien universe! Just when I thought I couldn't be more fascinated with prehistory!!! Btw love the skulls!!! I'm sure my new goal of acquiring a complete collection will work well with my budding cat lady tendencies!!! 💚🌎☠️🧝✌️😸 Reply Halley Low Halley Low 2 months ago you are an artist, but more so you are a scholar and an excellent lecturer. i admire the depth and breadth of your work. Reply Queen of Marine ⚓️ Queen of Marine ⚓️ 7 months ago (edited) I just found your channel and I really love your content, Stefan. I learn so much, they are engaging and thoughtful, I very much appreciate that your information comes from academic papers and peer reviewed science, and I really enjoy your sense of humor. Your videos are great and I'm happy I found them! P.s. The art work for each video is also really great! Is it your art?? 1 Reply 1 reply Chris Taylor Chris Taylor 1 year ago I'm glad you mentioned at 36:05 about the origins of the bow and arrow because many people believe it was developed independently on each continent, when the evidence suggest it was spread out of Africa by homo sapiens to different continents as they were migrating around the world. I wouldn't mind seeing a short video on just that and how impactful the bow & arrow has been on societies and civilization as a whole. From hunting for survival to eventually archery and warfare. 1 Reply 1 reply zeroethics zeroethics 10 months ago This has definitely been one of my favorite videos of yours so far. I loved the editing of the closing credits. Any chance we can get some of the music info? 1 Reply Art by Jeremy Maya Robinson Art by Jeremy Maya Robinson 1 year ago (edited) As an artist, I am quite globby. The highest development of human consciousness manifests itself as a plastic spoon. 286 Reply 23 replies Dylan Williams Dylan Williams 1 year ago You make a lot of points about human creativity -reminds me of the book "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" by Yuval Noah Harari, who argued that the reason mankind went farther than the others was because of our ability to make believe 8 Reply Suleyman Kaya Suleyman Kaya 1 year ago Man you've really worked a lot to make this video. Content and editing is amazing. Nice video 1 Reply Dr10Jeeps Dr10Jeeps 1 year ago An absolutely fascinating video. I found it while searching for evolution documentaries and have now subscribed. Your presentation is both clear and factual. A true scientific approach to a very complicated topic. Thank you. 1 Reply Sea Gypsy Sea Gypsy 1 year ago Your art is appreciated. DNA testing is an ongoing trend. At some point it would be nice to hear your speak about mothers and the contributions of the father. My brother and I have proof that we have the same parents, yet we have different percentages of various regions in Europe and the Mediterranean. We used to say that we're half this or a quarter that. Humans like me are actually 33% this and 18% that, and so on. Adding into that, the region like my Sicily was tromped on quite a bit. No wonder there are so many types of African continental people. Ancient mothers also probably had multiple mates. It is all just so interesting! Reply Gooner 72 Gooner 72 4 months ago Absolutely fascinating video Stefan, top job mate!! Human evolution is one of the most interesting subjects to learn about, in my opinion everyone should be interested in their own evolution........ it's so important. 1 Reply Joscha Finger Joscha Finger 1 year ago I've been wanting to say so since the first time I saw the change, but never got around to it: I simply adore the idea of keeping the spoon despite the way better mic. Love it. Otherwise: your videos are highly addictive, Stefan, quite apart from the more scientific merits. You're definitely one of my favourite science communicators ever. 65 Reply Holiday Armadillo Holiday Armadillo 9 months ago Absolutely fantastic video 👌🏽. This man deserves and should have—and I think most definitely will have—ten times as many subscribers one day! Reply susie pattinson susie pattinson 7 months ago Thank Stefan, that was profoundly interesting, and i will be watching this video multiple times as it is an aera i find fascinating, WELL DONE!!!😊😊 1 Reply WebX WebX 3 months ago Great video! I'll have to check out your others now! One thing I did want to point out is your emphasis on what regions of the brain expanded or shrunk based on changing skull shape. The issue here is that brain size and lobe size don't really correlate with capacity in these regions. I'd say we would have to see the cortex surface area, if anything, since that's what determines the raw processing capability of these regions of the brain. The deeper white matter is mostly connective interfacing, while the raw processing happens on the surface. But I think most of this is a rearrangement than a rescale of those specific areas. A lot of our skull shape change was related to switching from part-time knuckle walking to full-time bipedalism. The spine attaches to the skull more vertically than horizontally, and in the process the skull gains some vertical orientation and loses some horizontal orientation. Reply Bur Yang Bur Yang 1 year ago great video! I hope more people would be interested with these type of topics. 4 Reply Marcos Abraão Marcos Abraão 5 months ago Really really amazing! Thanks for putting all this together! Reply Regards Regards 1 year ago When you take all these numbers in consideration, the difference in time between the home sapiens fossil in morocco, and the later ones as homo sapiens leaves Africa, you can't help but think just how close we are to the times of the early Paleolithic. Can't help but to think we are just very high tech (but artistic!) cavemen 164 Stefan Milo Reply 5 replies Mihailo Gacic Mihailo Gacic 10 months ago Stefan, that was great as always, beautiful forest ambient. Folk dance and Manasija monastery was a nice touch, made me feel as an piece of a big and beautiful puzzle of homo sapiens journey through time. Thanks 1 Reply Dreamer Literary Productions, LLC Dreamer Literary Productions, LLC 1 year ago Another great video! (I don't know how I missed this one, but glad I belatedly watched it!) Thank you for your presentations! Reply El Bow El Bow 1 year ago I loved this video. It condensed such complicated theories into easily digestible segments. Thank you. 1 Reply KobraKing KobraKing 8 months ago Great video as usual. Brilliant stuff man, and i studied geoarchaeology! You really do it justice. I wrote a masters thesis about climate change and human evolution & dispersals during the last 600k years and i really think you've done a great job! Reply Lord Petex Lord Petex 9 months ago Stefan...good on you for making a quid with the opening. I was really impressed by the bones collection and might buy myself. And your videos are fantastic. You are a natural presenter. Well researched. Always interesting. Reply Nathan Souza Nathan Souza 1 year ago (edited) Stefan, I really, really love your videos. I've always been fascinated by anthropology and in my amateur way, keep up with the latest scholarship. Over the past couple of years since discovering your channel, you've been both the physical manifestation of the voice in my head that always wants to talk about it (we seem to seek out and agree on almost everything) but also an amazing teacher. From one anthro enthusiast (me) to an amazing amateur professor (you) a huge thank you and keep going! This is your best stuff yet! 22 Stefan Milo Reply Sosa Sosa 1 year ago Great video Stefan! Love the longer form videos. Keep up the great work dude! 1 Reply eveningstar1968 eveningstar1968 1 year ago Brilliant video! Love it! As good as any documentary from the BBC. Well done! 3 Reply Big Ben's Outdoor Channel Big Ben's Outdoor Channel 1 year ago I appreciate that you find the beauty and love in all cultures. Your channel is fantastic, brother. Well done. Carry on. 1 Reply Pedro S Pedro S 1 year ago Crazily deep, interesting insights into our shared history. Many thanks for sharing and hugs from a fellow human in the Brazilian mountainous regions (yeah the coffee land). 1 Reply wsdoin wsdoin 10 months ago I’m totally geeking out on your videos! They’re fascinating and I’m digging the way your making this information accessible to simple humans like myself. One question…..the plastic spoon. Is that in case you get hungry in the forest? Is it so that no one steals your microphone (similar to the plastic spoon or fake flower taped to the pens at the doctor’s office)? Yes, after watching all of that fascinating information and all the questions posed, this is the one nagging at me….. 1 Reply aidan 5 aidan 5 1 year ago Gotta love the quality of your content, you’re a godly anthropologist 126 Reply 12 replies Martin Cotterill Martin Cotterill 10 months ago Fantastic video, very interesting and thought provoking! Cheers Stefan! 1 Reply Bill Lyons Bill Lyons 2 months ago I'm curious about these lineages! Do you have a video that explains the most populous mitchochondrial lineages and what we know about them? Reply Jordan Sparks Jordan Sparks 6 months ago I love how excited you are to share this information, I am completely involved lol. I learned so much! Reply Gobor Bobor Gobor Bobor 9 months ago I can’t say how grateful I am for these videos. Such a clarity, deep knowledge and precise facts explained in a most sympathetic manner. It is almost like chatting with a friend about human evolution. Thank you ever so much for sharing these documentaries!! Reply English Iguana English Iguana 11 months ago This video got me to insta-subscribe. Amazing job, im probably going to binge your channel now! Fascinating info and amazing presentation. 3 Reply wolfgang thiele wolfgang thiele 1 year ago A crazy theory popped up in my head: when our direct ancesters left Africa about 65000 years ago, they might have carried some new pathology with them, beeing immune to it. But all the other Homo sapiens out of Africa where not immune and died.Just another speculation. Like your videos, great work! 31 Reply 4 replies Ion Fyr Ion Fyr 6 months ago Beautiful video, man. Keep them coming:) 2 Reply Lost Fan Lost Fan 1 year ago LOVE THIS CONTENT. Man, more people need to see this kind of stuff. Reply Gilgo of the Grove Gilgo of the Grove 8 months ago great opening =) i too think everyones culture is a beautiful expression of what it means to be human 4 Reply Dylan Etchells Dylan Etchells 1 year ago Great video, filled with information and just the right amount of art. 1 Reply Arthur Bodet Arthur Bodet 1 year ago This video is really mindblowing. I can't wait to see your other ones ! 1 Reply Charles Speaks The Truth Charles Speaks The Truth 1 year ago Great job Stefan. Learning about our ancient past is truly fascinating. Looking forward to more great content on this channel. 37 Reply 2 replies Robert Strobel Robert Strobel 6 months ago Your videos are just the right balance for the intellectual motivated and the regular guy... and gal. Thank you for your scientifically balance delivery and humble presentation. I always learn from you and also learn how to share knowledge without intimidating the layman. Reply Andrew Labat Andrew Labat 1 year ago Such a great explanation of the more likely possibilities, without having to commit to what we actually don't know as fact.. The unknown, it's both frustrating and beautifully mesmerizing at the same time.. Reply indi NSH indi NSH 3 months ago Awesome video find it interesting my ancestors here in south Africa could've been some of the first to use bows glad I discovered this channel not so long ago awesome content Reply Ag Ag 6 months ago Absolutely loved the churchill quote, Winston was a leader of men, not always correct but he made the tough decisions along with Roosevelt. Great video. 👍 Reply Glory Beleke Glory Beleke 4 months ago Awesome freaking video. When entertainment and humour meet thorough, well researched information, it’s just a beautiful thing. Instant like and subscribe. 1 Reply Adventures in the Mundane Adventures in the Mundane 1 year ago I like the fact you mentioned the lack west African examples of early humans due this region being largely overlooked by archeologists. 67 Reply 20 replies When shovels were shovels When shovels were shovels 1 year ago Doing my weights while the predator cut scene came on was extremely hazardous to my rotator cuffs! 🤣🤣 so good having these little humorous bits in such informative videos, well met Stefan 👍 1 Reply Aleanbh Aleanbh 11 months ago Just to note that recent results of an argon-dating analysis, which estimated the age of a layer of tuff that overlays Omo 1, suggest that its remains date to at least 233kya - not 190kya. Exciting stuff. (and I LOVE all your "nuance!" notes) 1 Reply Jay T Jay T 1 year ago What an amazing presentation. Love it. Can anyone tell me... what is the primary process in determining the age of these bones? Reply Billie Keck Billie Keck 1 year ago I've been following The Dresden Files, written by Jim Butcher (which I strongly recommend!) Harry Dresden is a modern wizard/detective who lives in Chicago and has adventures. One of his "companions" he calls "Bob," is sort of a demon who lives in a skull. While watching your video, it occurred to me that it would be really cool if "Bob" were a proto-human skull & crtiiter/ Reply Matej Petelin Matej Petelin 1 year ago I know I'm late, but thank for the video. Lots of interesting angles and new perspectives for me. Love the channel, please keep it up! 1 Reply Tim Lewis Tim Lewis 1 year ago The production quality and content are top notch. Unbelievably consistent Stefan! 11 Reply brunogens brunogens 1 year ago Hat tip to you @stefanmilo : all of your videos are very good; this one is GREAT. I trust it must have taken you ages to script 😀 1 Reply History Junkie History Junkie 1 year ago Thank you for putting such effort in your content. Incredibly Informative! 1 Reply Pablo José Ponce Pablo José Ponce 1 year ago You make thousands of years feel like only 40m... Love it! 1 Reply Geraldine Gaynor Geraldine Gaynor 11 months ago I really appreciated this talk Stefan. Thanks. 4 Reply Origami Swami Origami Swami 1 year ago Given the extensive amount of reading I've done in the areas of archeology and anthropology, I find it somewhat surprising that this is the first time I've encountered the term, "globby globby glob glob." 3 Reply UncleHank UncleHank 1 year ago Thank you. I took physical and cultural anthropology in college and I consider your videos to be my continuing education. 19 Reply 1 reply Adam Malec Adam Malec 1 year ago thank you stephan. I loved this episode and I love all your episodes cuz I've been watching u for years, however, this one compelled me to write to you about that. U're so good 1 Reply Matt Stan Matt Stan 1 year ago (edited) I have just stumbled onto your channel, very enjoyable to watch and learn from you. I don't know if you may have covered this previously, but do you know when and why our skin pigment started to change and get lighter? We would have had quite dark skin it seems for hundred's of thousands of years, how and why would our pigment have changed? Thanks for your content! 1 Reply 2 replies Ozymandias Ozymandias 11 months ago This was excellent - you are a terrific communicator, and a congenial companion. 1 Reply l'Adrià l'Adrià 1 year ago I loved this video I love everything you said, how you explained it... everything! Keep up doing these videos❤️ I appreciate them and they make me learn so much about myself, about my past, about what makes me... be me hahaha XD I watched it entirely UwU Stefan Milo Reply 3 replies dean smith dean smith 1 year ago Absolutely enjoying your videos, as always 🙏 1 Reply Seamus Klingsporn Seamus Klingsporn 1 year ago Just started at University pursuing Archaeology. I want to do what you do. Love this channel. Thank you!! 17 Reply 3 replies Mark Blackwood Mark Blackwood 1 year ago I so much enjoy your first person relation of all that is fascinating to you. Keep up the great work Reply Mary Lou Miller Mary Lou Miller 1 year ago One of the best videos I have seen on this subject, I am a new subscriber and catching up on previous videos, all in my interest range. Love your PNW backgrounds as a 74 yr old hippie lady in Newport, OR trying to keep learning. Thanks again. 1 Stefan Milo Reply Kip May Kip May 9 months ago Keep ‘em coming. Absolutely fascinating video Stefan Milosavljevich. Reply Ralwor Ralwor 1 year ago you appear to be getting a lot more confident in expressing yourself in your videos too, you made me laugh, it was awesome! Reply marcus11394 marcus11394 7 months ago I think I saw an article recently about finding a Denisova remains in a cave in Laos that's pretty old. Cool stuff 3 Reply Misty Haney Misty Haney 1 year ago I love the fact that you explose how complex evolution is and are willing to explore that complexity. 24 Reply 5 replies Old and Cranky Old and Cranky 1 year ago Such great content, I learn so much from your videos thank you 2 Reply Neema Jamani Neema Jamani 10 months ago Wow! Fantastic educational video and very well presented. Thank you! 1 Reply andrew ryan andrew ryan 1 year ago That was absolutely fantastic. Well done and thank you 1 Reply Lucky the Lemur Lucky the Lemur 1 year ago Great video! Anyone interested in a full run down on monophyletic taxonomy and the entire line of our evolution may like to check out the 50 part series 'Systematic Classification of Life' by Aron Ra Reply Brandy Steele Brandy Steele 2 months ago When it comes to the 13,000 year old skull with archaic features has anyone wondered if the different shape was the result of a birth defect? Just a thought. Great video! Reply Sonja van den Ende Sonja van den Ende 1 year ago Thanks for another amazing vid. Each one excels! There's the thrill of absorbing and learning new things while watching, then the satisfaction of reading further about things you've introduced me to, like L3 haplogroup and the iwo eleru fossil to name just two out of many. The human journey keeps getting more fascinating! 31 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 2 replies Jake L Jake L 1 year ago This was awesome. Very well done dude ! Reply Japspeed girl Japspeed girl 6 months ago Stefan, your videos are awesome! I’m just on day 3 of binging on them. I have one suggestion regarding the editing: please keep the images of the specimens and examples on for longer. As handsome as Stefan is, most of us are watching those videos for the skulls of ancient humans, not for the face of the knowledgeable HS that is telling us the story. The majority of what Stefan is saying could be the voiceover. Reply LostBoy LostBoy 11 months ago I’m glad you explain what we know and why most people don’t Reply OOWILMINGTON OOWILMINGTON 1 year ago Thank you so much for the video. Well put together. Great information. 1 Reply cdgmemevideo cdgmemevideo 1 year ago very interesting, actual content and well produced!! 1 Reply Amber s Amber s 1 year ago I've only been subscribed for a few months but your content is absolutely wonderful! Your attention to details and research is incredible! Thanks for the great video! 😊 9 Reply Lucas Inglez Lucas Inglez 1 year ago Thank you Stefan for another excelent video. Reply Ice Cream Ice Cream 10 months ago Thank you. You are very easy to watch. I love to think about our history. Reply David Canetti David Canetti 1 year ago fantastic fabulous , I love all your video's on human evolution, as a famous actor once said " I am not a clever person" but i appreciate the knowledge you have given to me . 2 Reply Michael Sheehan Michael Sheehan 1 year ago Another excellent, compelling video. And I really want to start a skull collection now. Reply antonio torcoli antonio torcoli 1 year ago Thank you for your excellent video. You are an outstanding scholar and a very cool person as well. Reply Isancic Ramón Isancic Ramón 1 year ago I'm especially touched by the section on helicobacter pylori (24:20—25:18). Having lost a dear one to stomach cancer some time ago, i find a weird comfort in knowing the likely culprit at least helps us understand the big picture. 35 Reply 4 replies Tadeusz Cienski Tadeusz Cienski 1 year ago Thank you Steve, always fascinating to watch and to listen to you 1 Reply Johalal Johalal 2 months ago After reading the Brief history of mankind (Sapiens) by Yuval Noah harari, I've really gotten interested into the human evolution Reply Peter Williamson Peter Williamson 5 months ago CA$13.99 Thanks! Excellent video, the story of us, from a scientific, historical, and non-biased prospective. 3 Reply 2 replies MarieR MarieR 3 months ago Are you doing these videos professionally? If not, you should! Amazing content and amazing presentation 👏 😁😍 Reply 08ubik 08ubik 1 year ago Hi Stefan, thanks for this fascinating pod which I'll have to watch a few times. In another of your pods Stefan, a guest expert identifies that evolution has to happen in isolation. All the homo species were hunter gatherers and several were around at the same time as homo sapiens possible early evolution, we know they all 'got jiggy' when encoutering different groups and sometimes forced together by following changing migration of prey species due to climate change. So perhaps there isn't a smoking gun of a single definite ante-cessor to Homo Sapiens? I've learned all, perhaps until fairly recently, time wise remains identified as early Homo Sapiens also had archaic features in their skulls or skeletons. It seems Homo Sapiens evolutionary edge may have been imagination, attributed to longer infant play and learning time than Neanderthal's for example. So perhaps a cultural change to child rearing by homo sapiens groups led to this change? I put this forward after watching a BBC film about Neanderthal's which identifed from Neanderthal child remains showed tooth wear that suggests they were put to domestic work like preparing animal pelts as young as 3 years old? Reply David Ian Howe David Ian Howe 1 year ago 1) Squirrel shot 🤌🏽🤌🏽🤌🏽 2) repping the Patagucci 3) those transitions are sick 4) You explained human evolution and our lineage possibly better than any professor or TA I’ve had. 5) I’m only 15 minutes in so I’m gonna stop listing and watch now The squirrel tho 👌🏽👌🏽👌🏽 84 Stefan Milo Reply 7 replies Psychonaut Psychonaut 1 year ago Great job mate. Love your channel ! 1 Reply nick fletcher nick fletcher 1 year ago Just a big thank-you Stefan, good work 1 Reply SaltyChip SaltyChip 1 year ago I can tell in the first 45 seconds that I’m going to be subscribing to your channel. Well done mate! 1 Reply Hazem Gheith Hazem Gheith 1 year ago Loved it. Thank You fir this very educational piece and you have good talent conveying knowledge. 1 Reply Wodanaz Wodanaz 1 year ago Thanks for this video, it was incredibly informative. Reply NickyNockyKnackyNoo NickyNockyKnackyNoo 1 year ago Wonderful - you are one of only a handful of YouTubers that I think are truly well above average communicator-teachers. You get the level 'bang on' for me. I have learned so much. Thanks Stefan ! 5 Reply Maud Maud 10 months ago (edited) Ironically.. the more human a species became, the less fossils you will find because humans tend to bury their dead while mourning them. Less chance of fossilisation. edit: I wonder why Stefan is holding a plastic spoon in this video :D 4 Reply Elektero Elektero 1 year ago Stefan, do you think that the rapid spread of the last out of Africa could be also due to development of language, on top of new technology? Reply Imminent Extinction Imminent Extinction 1 year ago Great channel for everyone wishing to listen and learn. So very much to learn. More!!! Please!! Reply Gareth Mason Gareth Mason 5 months ago Mate you are the most interesting person. Absolutely love your videos and will probably watch all of them in time.. I wish I could ask you so many questions.. regards Gareth 1 Reply Michael Slattery Michael Slattery 1 year ago You have obviously have a serious passion for the subject matter given what appears to be a vast and deep research behind your commentary. Thank you for saving me some time with your summaries. You have now joined my inner circle of "trusted sources". Don't do me wrong.🤔 I'd like a little speculation into the minds and daily lives for intellectual consideration and maybe spice it up a little with what was without doubt a brutal existence. 1 Reply malkomalkavian malkomalkavian 1 year ago That was really excellent, Stefan. Glad to see you chasing your ambitions with these high-quality videos :) 4 Stefan Milo Reply Michael Macdonald Michael Macdonald 1 year ago You keep reminding me that - an absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. You also help keep my availability bias from squeezing my mind shut. Good lookin' out. . . . Great artistic videos 1 Reply curbroadshow curbroadshow 1 year ago Fascinating video, thanks. Is it possible to tell if the earlier European Homo sapiens had the same genetic make up as the later migration? Reply Kingg Kena Kingg Kena 9 months ago Just discovered your channel, I am so happy I did your content is AMAZING 1 Reply MNforager MNforager 1 year ago Great video Stefan. Love your work and your sponsor was a really class act. P.s. mad spoon love 🥄💚 1 Reply Matthew Moore Matthew Moore 1 year ago This is such an interesting video! I just wrote a long essay on the extinction of Neanderthals and I’m still not sick of it. Thanks! Reply Petya Shalamanova Petya Shalamanova 1 year ago Obsessed with your content,can’t get enough. 53 Reply Rodney Tidwell Rodney Tidwell 1 year ago This was an excellent video. Well done. Even handed. Enjoyable. 1 Reply Harvey Herrera Harvey Herrera 1 year ago Outstanding video, Stefan! 1 Reply Rob Johnston Rob Johnston 2 months ago Wonderful stuff Milo! Truly informative AND entertaining! Just a TINY, TINY, quibble ... pronunciation of "mitichondria". It is NOT a "soft" 'I' as in "lift", but a "HARD" 'I' as in "site". Thanks again for the excellent series on Homonins/Humans & evolution. The subject has mystified me for years, but NOW -- I feel I am beginning to understand. Just one more run through of about 8 of your progs and I think I WILL have it locked down! Reply Gooner 72 Gooner 72 1 year ago (edited) The story of human evolution has always fascinated me, what's truly amazing is that, although we have massively developed our intellect over this vast amount of time, we still keep our natural basic instincts and behaviours that we have always had but we all display these subconsciously. So, apart from becoming much more intelligent, we're still the same animal as we've always been from year dot........ and we cannot change this, ever. Reply G Stephenson G Stephenson 9 months ago Even though you're a fellow Brit I could just tell you're living in the Pacific Northwest and after confirming that it's freaking me out a bit. The moustache, the slight accent change, the cheerful disposition, they were all suspicious. Oh and the giant luscious forest behind you, that was a clue too. Reply Andy Cutright Andy Cutright 1 year ago Imagine stumbling upon Stefan making this video, somewhere deep in the forest, happily chatting next to a dozen human skulls lined up for display, as though discussing his sports trophies .. #SerialKiller #Run #YouGonnaBeTheNextTrophy 55 Reply 7 replies Proxima Centaur1 Proxima Centaur1 1 year ago Excellent content. Very illuminating. Thank you. 1 Reply Betty Gagnon Betty Gagnon 1 year ago Love this video very instructive and your skull collection look so real really great Reply Billie Keck Billie Keck 1 year ago (edited) Watching this a second time. Your skulls remind me of the Wizard, Harry Dresden, who has a skull in his basement where a spirit, named Bob, lives who helps him. Harry is sort of a hard boiled detective & wizard, who lives in modern Chicago. See The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher. I've been following it on Audible books. Reply 1 reply Cyler Cyler 7 months ago This is absolutely amazing I love learning more about human roots and evolution l 😮😁 1 Reply TaelanaPJ TaelanaPJ 6 months ago I am from Sri Lanka and found this very interesting! Was the picture you showed actual early Sri Lankans ? 1 Reply Morcoroni Morcoroni 1 year ago i'm only a few minutes into this one and i'm already enjoying it immensely. love your work! thank you for your wonderfully interesting and passionate content! 💖💜💙💜💖 3 Reply Sunny Island Sunny Island 10 months ago Yes truly. I majored in Cultural Anthropology and a Spiritual Something moves me to the core of my being when my thoughts reach out to grasp Human Existence. 1 Reply jelletje8 jelletje8 1 year ago The fact he still has that spoon is art. 3 Reply Karen Conti Karen Conti 1 year ago Very interesting. Thank you for explaining this!! Reply S L S L 1 year ago i love that you're easily chilling with a cool 3 grand worth of those skulls. i went and looked at them and damn lmao there's no way i could reasonably afford that but they are so beautiful 1 Reply Ignacy Moczulski Ignacy Moczulski 6 months ago Great. Very detailed, very educative but it is not a problem to understand even if you are not a scientist. Thank you. Reply Grey Ocean Grey Ocean 1 year ago Truly beautiful graphics and visual content throughout this video, Stefan. You've really outdone yourself. 7 Reply Jake L Jake L 1 year ago I think this is one of my favourite vids you've ever done. 1 Reply Ray C Ray C 1 year ago Thank you! Wonderful information. Your knowledge and entheusiasm on the topic is uplifting! [Quick question: Why do you hold a spoon with your microphone?] 1 Reply Drew Shourd Drew Shourd 9 months ago Very good video, extensive research was needed and I respect your passion in n this field. Q: Do you feel as though extraterrestrials had anything to do with the evolution of Homo sapiens? Reply William Philbin William Philbin 1 year ago This was really great... I hope more people become interested in this kind of content. I'm tired of meeting people who either talk about human evolution with virtually no understanding of it... Or reject it completely because they've been taught that the earth is 6,000 years old, and that evolution is just a lie perpetuated by globby headed scientists... Lol 8 Reply 1 reply Queen of Scots Queen of Scots 4 months ago Your so darn interesting and an excellent film maker!!💯🙌🏻 Reply fishy paw fishy paw 1 year ago Fascinating. I love learning about our early ancestors, and I really like watching your videos to learn about the latest evidence and theories. I like the implication that our brains took that next step to producing complex tools and weapons, and that was the stepping stone to us being able to a spread out and adapt to the different environments and challenges we found along the way. 3 Reply Pup Pup 2 months ago I think a profound quote should go something like, " We spread around the world absorbing our distance cousins, seemingly choking out their existence. However, we infact gave them life. We are them. We all are the melting pot of genetics. They didn't die, and we wouldn't be close to who we are if we didn't have the mixture of genetics, that have shoved us to the top of the food chain." 1 Reply Hank Houseman Hank Houseman 1 year ago You are what the discussion of evolution needs. Thank you! Why do almost all animals fear us? I have some thoughts, but I think your insight might have impact. Might be a good video. 3 Reply 2 replies Philip Hawker Philip Hawker 8 months ago Thank you, Milo for producing these videos that combine the highest level of academic rigour with visuals that are as engaging as they are informative. We are deeply indebted to you. I have a little difficulty however with your observations at about 7.20(ish) where you conclude that on the balance of the evidence we have, H. heidelbergensis was unlikely to have been the last common ancestor of ourselves, Neanderthals and Denisovans. While studying for my MSc, I wrote a termly paper on just this hypothesis. I concluded that it might with justification hold such a place in our family tree. Your view to the contrary has left me with renewed uncertainty. So much so that I didn't complete the purchase of the H. heidelbergensis skull from "Boneclones.Inc" and as I speak, my cursor remains suspended over the purchasing button. I have held H. heidelbergensis in special regard as the last common ancestor which possessed such a suit of critically modern behaviours. I was wondering if your position on this species has changed since you made the video or if you are now more assured of your original appraisal. ( I might still make a purchase from Boneclone whatever the outcome of my query! :) ) Reply Crafty Spirit Crafty Spirit 1 year ago It is really comforting that you shoot much of your footage in the woods 🌳 1 Reply LeoniYUG LeoniYUG 1 year ago Thanks, Stefan, for your attempt to explain “the end of the beginning”. I want now to ask you to link the sources of your work, i.e. authors, titles, possible web links of the papers you use in your channel… also, your suggestions of further studies is certainly good for us… thanks again for your ideas and attention… 1 Reply dersitzpinkler dersitzpinkler 1 year ago Dear lord man, from 5 minute videos with plastic spoon mic to pro level feature length films. You are a legend sir 3 Stefan Milo Reply Jason Stire Jason Stire 8 months ago The music at the end is an absolute banger . You’ve hit Another one out of the park Stefan 🤝 Reply Bravehorn Bravehorn 1 year ago Most of my YouTube subscriptions have a narrator whose voice I don't like but their content is awesome. You're part of that club now stefan lol. Happy new year Reply Kindred Kindred 3 months ago Wonderful thank you for your time making this video❤️ Reply Savanah Strever Savanah Strever 2 months ago brilliant! You made me press "buy" on the Kabwe skull from the UK. Excelent video - thank you Stefan! Reply brian worthy brian worthy 1 year ago Educational and fun to watch. 2 Reply Joe Shmoe Joe Shmoe 1 year ago Really great and I appreciate the long length. Love watching these stevie 8 Reply CoastalBBQ CoastalBBQ 4 weeks ago Very nice presentation. Enjoyed watching on a quiet rainy afternoon after relatives left post Xmas. Good work, Thank you. Reply kreles kreles 1 year ago I don't know why, but knowing we descend from one person really affected me... Like I got anxiety from it, knowing we are all related (outside of Africa and someparts of Africa) and that we still have wars and that sort of things and idk, has made me reflect a ton. Thx Reply 1 reply HaveYouEverDoneDMT HaveYouEverDoneDMT 3 days ago This is one of the best mini documentaries I've ever seen!! Reply Silver Sun Astrology Silver Sun Astrology 9 months ago What equipment are you using? Your sound quality is so good. Also, thank you so much for the video! Very well done. 1 Reply 2 replies History Time History Time 11 months ago I had some time to kill so thought I’d watch your latest video. It’s now an hour later and I’m still here 👌 Your editing is soooo good man 1 Reply Eric Venema Eric Venema 1 year ago Great video again Stefan. The out of Africa moment 55000 - 70000 years ago, is quite nicely in line with the Toba explosion. 56 Reply 11 replies chickenassasintk chickenassasintk 1 year ago I love Stefans ay of talking its very calming. A i love his "ewww im an artist" bit, that made me laugh Reply Aidan of California Aidan of California 1 year ago Just in time for my biological anthropology class! 1 Reply oesypum oesypum 8 months ago (edited) There is such a thing as "genetic regression", even today it isn't understood why this happens, but it does. Look around at the faces you seee every day, and you will notice these regressive traits. Thank you for these uploads, which by dint of the subject, often throw up more questions than answers, I doubt we will ever know the whole picture, but as our knowledge advances, we are likely to arrive at a hypothesis reaching majority concensus. Reply 1 reply OptimistToday OptimistToday 1 year ago 30:00 I think the fact that we have homo sapiens in Eurasia earlier than the L3 group can also explain the limited genetic diversity of people outside of Africa. Maybe this was caused by a variety of catastrophes from the Toba Eruption (which occurred at around this time) and it's consequences, to the arrival of a new plague that may probably be tolerable in this day and age... my guess 1 Reply Javier Fifteen Javier Fifteen 11 months ago Each culture has a beautiful unique expression of what it means to be human........unless you're an American. We treat other people's culture like the Europeans treated the spices "MINE!!! ALL OF IT!!" 6 Reply 1 reply Kid Mohair Kid Mohair 1 year ago okay, how far can a person walk in 10 years? It is entirely possible for someone to walk from anywhere in Eurasia/Africa to anywhere else on those landmasses, within the span of their own life, particularly if that person is in a family group. And even if the span of their life is around 25-30 years, as it was in early humans. We are distinguished by our curiosity; we have a penchant towards a "what's over the next hill" attitude. It makes perfect sense that there have been multiple migrations out of Mother Africa. It also makes perfect sense that these human migrations are ongoing. The evidence is right there before our eyes. 15 Reply Erno Vegh Erno Vegh 1 year ago great video, you are a great summarizer:) Reply xiKUDx xiKUDx 1 year ago Another great video Stefan! 1 Reply M.T.G M.T.G 7 months ago Great video... I feel a fraction smarter after watching this... Also, the replica craniums are awesome... Reply Mentor Depret Mentor Depret 1 year ago thx Stefan, this is high quality work! Reply Arlene Katz Arlene Katz 1 year ago Well done Stefan! 1 Reply Walter Wiebe Walter Wiebe 1 year ago One of the few channels I eagerly await new content on. Thanks Stefan, interesting as always 10 Reply 2 replies Dan Levene Dan Levene 1 year ago Cheers mate. I thoroughly enjoyed that. I recently read a book called “Fire, A brief History” by a dude called Pyne. If you haven’t read it it might interest you and add a dimension for consideration. Dan 1 Reply Lobster Eleven Lobster Eleven 1 year ago What a beast of a video, well done! 1 Reply Ekaterina Sveshnikova Ekaterina Sveshnikova 6 months ago Awesome content! Thank you ! Reply Paskeros Paskeros 3 months ago 19:29 "No archaic human ever quite reached the level of creativity and symbolism that we see produced by modern humans." - The modern human about himself Reply Joe Joe 1 year ago I like how you upgraded your mic, but still kept the spoon on it. Sort of like a throwback, or like paying homage to your old videos. 1 Reply Peter Griffin Peter Griffin 1 year ago You should next do a video on the "Ghost DNA" of some West African populations. 19 Reply Ancient Chart Music and Art Ancient Chart Music and Art 1 year ago This is a wonderful video!! And your sense of humor is very refreshing. "There are always coconuts." 1 Stefan Milo Reply M Harth M Harth 1 year ago If I had $$ I’d be a patron. Excellent videos. 1 Reply John Bedson John Bedson 1 year ago He can talk and smile at the same time. I wish I could do that. Reply cleba76 cleba76 1 year ago I love your content, man. I doubt you'll see this comment, but could you ever do a episode on indo-european "conquest" of europe and replacement of it's Neolithic peoples? The indigenous peoples of europe have always interested me, and I've wondered what all went down around that time, and if any Neolithic folk remained. Reply Crystal Crystal 11 months ago Glad to find your channel. Interesting stuff 2 Reply Larrian Larrian 1 year ago i feel like arnold schwarzenegger is more integral to this tale than one might expect 63 Reply 4 replies Serguei Larionov Serguei Larionov 6 months ago Great video. Thanks. It start making sense for me now. Different hominids are roaming the world , disappearing , dying out until some group got something special may be technology like arrows or fire or may be new brain wiring , may be language which give them advantage to populate the world in layman’s terms Reply 1 reply Mike Drop Mike Drop 8 months ago You know I watched a fascinating video about humans heads shrinking as we evolved. Apparently it's believed to likely be domestication syndrome according to the video. He is a bit of a goober (he can't say a big word that sounds funny without stopping to say it over and over again lol) but I definitely believe he knows what he's talking about. Reply omfg!Strid omfg!Strid 10 months ago Can’t believe this app is free. The quality I just witnessed…this is the first time I’ve seriously looked into patreon 2 Reply Susie Stockton-Link Susie Stockton-Link 1 year ago Very interesting. Thanks, Stefan. 1 Reply andy shelly andy shelly 1 year ago great work , love this subject , thanks . 1 Reply ޓކހރ-ލއއބޚ ޓކހރ-ލއއބޚ 1 year ago consider my interest officially tickled...yet again. this is by far the best channel on YouTube. keep up the good work spoon bud! 15 Reply James Archer James Archer 3 months ago Sick video really good to get a in depth perspective of human evolution Reply Hin Håle Hin Håle 1 year ago "There are always coconuts" A valuable lesson to carry with you as you navigate life. Reply 1 reply Brian Freeman Brian Freeman 1 year ago First time I've found one of your vids. Consider me subscribed. Brilliant ! Reply Tom Tom 1 year ago Dr. Ligma’s contribution to this video was amazing!!! I’m glad she was rightly credited at the end. 1 Reply Nad Do Nad Do 7 months ago I think there must be more studies especially in Arabia region because I don't think there's enough research in this area. there's a myth about one city my Arabian friend told me the city called Jeddah which means grandmother and the reason it called that because they believed it's the place where great grandmother of all humans was buried (I known it's not remotely scientific but I found it fascinating after you mentioned genetic group L3) I mean think about it a small group of humans travel alongside the red sea shore and their grandmother died so they buried her there and told their kids there's your great grandmother grave, and every generation tell next generations about great grandmother grave. I think it's poetic ☺️ Reply 2 replies NinjaDestroyeroSouls NinjaDestroyeroSouls 1 year ago This Channel is just so wholesome and accepting. Love it 🧬 8 Reply Ruth Thinking, Outside. Ruth Thinking, Outside. 1 year ago That squirrel 🐿 is an absolute legend.. so are you.. thanks for quality info-tainment as ALWAYS.. 1 Reply David Briggs David Briggs 5 months ago Advanced Calculus is much easier to understand. This is really cool stuff. It is a sort of never ending real life detective story. Reply Reed Kellner Reed Kellner 1 year ago I liked that thumbnail. That was profound. Man, considering himself, and how he came to be... Reply B Y B Y 1 year ago Great video. The spoon deserves its own channel:) 1 Reply Savin’ Cajun Savin’ Cajun 1 year ago I’ve wondered this before, but could it be possible that the reason certain cultures did head binding to create these elongated homo sapien skulls that have been found did so because it was passed down from whenever there was a genetic mutation in a baby that created the round skull. Maybe they even killed those children with flat faces because they thought they were inferior due to the changing structures of the face, but as time passed and more children were born with this they had to allow some to live and see if they were normal or not and as they progressed and the brains changed and more genetic mutations or perhaps just parts of the genes that had not been expressed before became more and more prevalent. I mean that is obviously what evolution is. I’m just curious if maybe there is a connection between the babies with flat faces being cannibalized, the later ritual binding of skulls for a perceived beauty, and to the so-called missing link. I’ve never heard or seen it mentioned, although I am sure academics have considered the connection and probably have the answer and I just didn’t know, just not taught in regular schools or even college classes unless you’re studying anthropology or archeology. Reply Peter Peter 1 year ago I've been periodically checking your channel for weeks waiting on a new video. Love your work man. Thanks for the hard work 3 Reply Humble Kek-Fearing Man Humble Kek-Fearing Man 1 year ago Good on you for being honest man, a lot of people wouldn't have admitted the OoA theory was still heavily disputed and would have instead presented it as a kind of solved science. Reply TuAFFalcon TuAFFalcon 9 months ago Police: What's with the skulls buddy? Stefan: I am an Archeologist! Police: Sure you are buddy, why don't you step on outside so we can talk. 2 Reply Robson Romano Robson Romano 11 months ago Gostei demais! Comentando pro YouTube me recomendar mais haha 1 Reply Rick Daughenbaugh Rick Daughenbaugh 1 year ago Another great video Thank you very much! 1 Reply Dajodadaro Dajodo Dajodadaro Dajodo 3 months ago fantastic !! Thank you Stefan !! Reply Willa L'amour Willa L'amour 1 year ago Stefan, that's one of your best. Thank you for this. 8 Reply Khepri Neteru Khepri Neteru 1 year ago Great quality and informative 1 Reply Mychal West Mychal West 1 year ago Great vid! Please keep them coming 1 Reply Diego Ferreyra Diego Ferreyra 10 months ago You absolutely nailed it 1 Reply J-Mo J-Mo 1 year ago The skull replicas are very cool to me. I think they should place a little synthetic dna in each tooth for us to analyze. Lol Reply Muad'Dib Muad'Dib 1 year ago So good I came back and watched the entire thing again 2 Stefan Milo Reply Abraham Rovansek Abraham Rovansek 1 year ago This is a strange thing to comment, but that was an actually good and relative sponsor that actually, in someway added to the video. 309 Reply 4 replies LudosErgoSum LudosErgoSum 1 year ago You can say that inferring a evolutionary relationship just by looking at skulls alone, have given plenty of paleontologists a headache. 3 Reply Charles Mouse Charles Mouse 2 months ago (edited) Excellent as always, thank you. To likely oversimplify one assumes a couple of hundred thousand years ago 'H. Sapiens' was a fairly new species doing well enough to be widespread but low enough in numbers to be mostly split in to isolated populations - local genetic drift and adaptation leading to the morphological differences we see early on ...then as 'we' became more successful leading to less isolation as a species 'we' took on a more homogeneous form.* *Possibly the flat-faced globular skull we mostly have now is no more than happenstance, maybe there is a competitive advantage, or maybe today's form is the most attractive to other humans; 'neoteny'..? *In such a scenario there would be every reason to expect 'more archaic' groups, some with potentially very long lineages, to be around doing their own thing... They would only die out through coming in to competition with a growing H. Sapiens population, or be adsorbed though interbreeding with 'our' much larger genetic pool - I'm thinking specifically of the seeming very recent 'archaic' contribution in West Africa. Reply Laith Alkhalili Laith Alkhalili 9 months ago Such nice production and holding a plastic spoon as a microphone.. Legend 1 Reply Ds s1311 Ds s1311 1 year ago If I had one wish it would be to jump forward 100 years and get answers to all the mysteries of science. But then of course, I would undoubtedly learn of thousands of new mysteries that would be equally frustrating 1 Reply 1 reply Karl Notyourbusiness Karl Notyourbusiness 3 months ago Absolutely marvellous. Reply Elis Canfield Elis Canfield 1 year ago Your kid's friends are going to be either fascinated or really weirded out by your skull collection when they're older, lol. 11 Reply Michael Weskamp Michael Weskamp 3 months ago Very nice presentation. I heard some people calculated the one woman all today people go back to according to the mitochondrial lineages lived about 150000 years ago. But some years ago a population of people was found with another lineage that moves the one woman, mother of all today people back to 300000 years ago. Can you confirm that? Reply Gunter Becker Gunter Becker 6 months ago I followed u right to the end,very fascinating our evolution, thank you ! 1 Reply Debora Weksler Debora Weksler 3 months ago Okay I want to say thank you for making all of your videos including this video it's fascinating I love it but I do have to mention something that's kind of bothering me and maybe you will answer the question later on in the video but it's really bothering me. I haven't finished your video but I can't get out of my head that you show these bone clone skulls and you purport to have a denisovan skull?! As you're saying that you're trying to be as authentic as possible?! No one's ever found it then Sylvan skull then I know of. Are you saying that now we have denisovan skulls or is this a I don't know if they have a piece of a finger a couple of Bones and m a piece of a mandible. That does not amount to a skull! Okay so my question is is that denisovan bone clone skull an estimation considering it's genetic similarity to neanderthal or are you saying that we now have a dennisovan to have worked off of to make a replica? 1 Reply Dani Dani 1 year ago plot twist: stefan milo is the missing link to our common ancestors, and he is trolling homo sapiens 2 Reply Brian Bell Brian Bell 1 year ago Magnificent video. Thank you. 🙏 Reply Giuachino Giuachino 1 year ago Great video as always Stefan! I've been following you since your tenth video or something, can't even remember how I found you but I am glad I did. I wanted to ask you about the possible genetic bottleneck that occured around 70.000 years ago, did it come up in the research for this video? The Toba theory has gained some popularity and fame, do you have an opinion on it? Maybe this genetic bottleneck could be a video on it self. 5 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 5 replies Jacob Par Jacob Par 2 months ago I like your videos. I like media from those with an unending curiosity. Reply Josh Woolf Josh Woolf 1 year ago Really cool to see an ad that I'm genuinely interested in and so well linked to the channels topic 1 Reply SUZANNE SUZANNE 9 months ago Hello Sefan Great videos and research, TYVM. However, when you put up these timeline charts e.g. they are packed with great info that you give your views not enough time to digest i.e. you quickly return to your face shot with your mic in hand. Why? Reply mirrorblue100 mirrorblue100 1 year ago Another thoughtful program - thanks. Reply Beano N Daddy Beano N Daddy 9 months ago (edited) If you all noticed the spoon 🥄, way back when this channel was younger, the creator used to clip the microphone to the spoon 🥄 for better sound. Hope it explains a lot. Check this video from Stefan from a few years ago. https://youtu.be/JuwfsVNNqUU 1 Reply Chris Conway Chris Conway 1 year ago Good content dude, well delivered, fun to listen to. You just sold a crap load of skulls. 7 Reply John Brasher John Brasher 1 year ago (edited) Stefan, you are a peerless describer. The science is important, but the communication is just as important. 1 Reply Landlubber Landlubber 4 months ago Stefan,, did you film this near Mt Hood as well? I really enjoy your videos, so if you live in the area give me a ping. I lived in London for a year, go back once in awhile, but PDX is home now. Anyway, well done...again. Reply Good Baleada Good Baleada 1 year ago Someone should computer generate a face and then print it out on a silky textile and then generate like 10 faces per skull that you can just like drape over each skull. Reply Sean Brown Sean Brown 1 year ago (edited) I now have this image of humans 30,000 years ago just running and screaming into Eurasia and the Americas blasting away mammoths and giant rhinos with machine guns and miniguns all yoked like Carl Weathers. 3 Reply Russ Martin Russ Martin 1 year ago That was a good ending! You are right, what could you say that would not sound hoaky. Reply MartinPantovic MartinPantovic 1 year ago Literally the first time ever I've seen such a good ad placement on YouTube. 90 Reply 3 replies Rocke Robertson Rocke Robertson 2 months ago Well done. Very interesting. Nice skulls btw. Reply Mary Miah Mary Miah 1 month ago Throughly enjoyed this. 👏 1 Reply Eamon Ahern Eamon Ahern 7 months ago That morroccan human resembles an aboriginal Australian to me. There was also a boxer from Russia who fought David Haye called Valuev who had a very prominent brow ridge. So we haven't completely lost archaic features as a species. Reply Stefan Schneider Stefan Schneider 4 months ago I am just blown away! My hobby is astrophotography and I was looking for some information about how the earth was like when the light of some faint objects in the sky was sent out. And then I found this! What depth, what detail, great video! But I also like how humble you stay repeating several times that this is what we think TODAY of how things evolved, knowing it all might be seen differently 20, 50 or 100 years from now. Just think what we thought was „reality“ about our solar system or space in general some 300 years ago … and yes, here TECHNOLOGY has allowed us all this new insight, we are not smarter than people living then. But also being able to keep track of our knowledge and pass it on the next generation like this video made homo sapiens sapiens probably so succesful. But is being „sapiens“ a good treat in the long term? Only time will tell, a lot of time … Greetings from Switzerland in the center of Europe. Reply 4 replies Future Top G Future Top G 5 months ago Go and read, "Sapiens: A brief history of mankind" after watching this equally incredible video. Reply DingbatToast DingbatToast 1 year ago absolutely fabulous video mate. engaging fascinating topic covered with a casual yet highly professional style. such a refreshing channel big fan look forward to wherever you take us next 🙏🏼🤘🏼 3 Reply Jennifer Noonan Jennifer Noonan 11 months ago Can you do a documentary of Sámi people please and other arctic circle tribal communities. Reply Jacob C Jacob C 1 year ago Armchair anthropologist here but: What if the majority of our common ancestor lived under the sea? The ice-age had so much more land to work with and we've proven ourselves to be a species that organizes itself around coastal water-ways, floodplains, rivers. Is it crazy to think we had a massive cohort living somewhere under the North Sea, Black Sea or even Persian Gulf/Red Sea (flood myths galore!) Is this an area being actively explored by archeologists? 1 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 1 reply Trygveblacktiger Trygveblacktiger 1 year ago Very nice and informative video. 1 Reply Lewis M. Henderson Lewis M. Henderson 1 year ago 'So was this child a direct ancestor of ours?' One would hope not. Reply Laza Laza 8 months ago Amazing video , thank you. :) Reply Isancic Ramón Isancic Ramón 1 year ago Masterpiece. Not even ironic—how can i “like” a video twice? 6 Reply 1 reply Ben MacDui Ben MacDui 4 months ago Excellent video , brilliant channel !!!!! Reply Andrés Isaza Andrés Isaza 1 year ago 17:58 I'm an artist. I give you a 10/10 for artistic quality and creativity 2 Reply will johnson will johnson 1 year ago My brain: this is an extremely interesting topic Also my brain: why is he holding a spoon? 1 Reply Interstellar Grooves Interstellar Grooves 1 year ago This video took me nearly a week to watch ..Thank you again . 1 Reply PurpleSkull Desing PurpleSkull Desing 1 year ago Just discovered your chanel, great content! Reply FILLIÈRE FILLIÈRE 1 year ago Excellent content, but Stefan, an evolutionary question I never hear addressed that is happening just underneath the brain case rather than inside it: elongated skulls must surely, out of just pure weight-balancing mechanisms, need to exist on short, thick, heavily muscled necks that have robust muscle attachment sites; conversely the rounder the skull the more easily balanced is the head, transferring less weight stress to neck and shoulder muscles, consequently the neck appears longer, less “ancient” and with an ever more “poised” homo sapiens' stance. 3 Reply 1 reply Grim Lore Grim Lore 1 year ago Congratulations smart man, you've earned a subscriber. 1 Reply Cryptonic Cryptonic 9 months ago this is probably the best educational video i've ever seen Reply 1 reply Poppy Lisa Saunders Poppy Lisa Saunders 1 year ago I'm so fussy with these types of vids. But you are top notch, cheers 😊😊😊 Reply The Destroyer The Destroyer 3 weeks ago Really enjoy your videos Stefan. Just want to provide some feedback. The transitions and the editing style in general for this video was a miss for me. It takes focus away from the subject and the beautiful artwork being displayed. I know you're trying new things and feedback like this is valuable so I thought I would share. Reply C SH C SH 8 months ago I have a friend who has a veeeeeerrrry pronounced brow ridge His forehead slopes a bit, too. He's a musician, and he wrote a book. Reply Dennis Dillweight Dennis Dillweight 1 year ago Was wondering where you went, stuff like this really shows the true value of this platform 3 Reply 1 reply David MacSwayne David MacSwayne 9 months ago Great Video highlighting what we don't know and the areas for debate. Isn't it a pity ancient DNA can't show us the subtle change in the brain (re-organisation) that creates tools. 1 Reply Michael Watkins Michael Watkins 1 year ago A long one! Yes! Keep em coming SpoonMan. 1 Reply Director_T Director_T 1 year ago Awesome content 👌 1 Reply Lea Castori Lea Castori 1 year ago Quite interesting and enjoyable indeed. Most likely the garden of Eden in Africa or perhaps the Middle East…We will know many answers soon enough due to the time we are living in… Since apparently we arriving @ the end of the age… Reply xuedi zhang xuedi zhang 1 year ago (edited) Amazing video, kind of a summery off all the in-detail ones ... love it, keep talking to the spoon :-) 1 Reply ABitOfTheUniverse ABitOfTheUniverse 1 year ago You've leveled up your production quality. Congratulations, every time, you perfect, tennis ball, head. 16 Reply 3 replies Shawna Dyment Shawna Dyment 1 year ago Dear future time travelers, Come find me, and let's go explore and meet ancient peoples. I am ready for adventure. Thanks Stefan for another great video ! Reply Weylumplayz Weylumplayz 1 year ago I think the earlier migration of homo sapiens might've survived but their lineages could've died out during the agricultural revolution due to famine or disease or they could've got killed by the new migration of homo sapiens Reply Gabe H Gabe H 1 year ago This is the first video I've seen of yours. The spoon. I figure it's gotta be a running gag or something. Whatever it is, I like it. 1 Reply ninja393 ninja393 1 year ago The Spoon lives on! It's grown from its juvenile form into its adult form. Fascinating biology in action right here on youtube. 1 Reply Leslie Porter Leslie Porter 6 months ago I like your logic. Great video. 1 Reply Gustav Svärd Gustav Svärd 1 year ago Excellent video. High quality in its discussion of how we know more than before but also how we now know that there's so much we don't know. And the artwork is, as always, top notch. I like other channels who do 10-15 min vids on the evolution of other species too, but the way you focus on human evolution and go for the longer, calmer, more in-depth format - that makes this one of my absolute favourite channel. This video is easily up there with (if not beyond) something made by science TV shows on channels like the BBC. 3 Stefan Milo Reply 1 reply Becky Rodgerson Becky Rodgerson 1 year ago It was indeed well interesting and well good - onya mate! Thanks for making 🙂👍🙌🍆 Reply Robin Woolner Robin Woolner 1 year ago Excellent video, thank you 1 Reply Jade Ishimura Jade Ishimura 6 months ago Research the "Fuyan Cave" on Wikipedia and read the cited sources for some of the statements. The teeth were dated based on the stalagmites found in the cave, but under DNA testing "results suggest that, together, the maximum age of the Yangjiapo and Fuyan samples is less than 15,600 years ago". Reply Rob Johnston Rob Johnston 2 months ago PS: I was born & brought up in Papua New Guinea -- far, far, from Africa but VERY African-like people! A prog about the settlement of PNG, hominid migrations, DNA, etc would be REALLY INTERESTING! Reply Lily Strong Lily Strong 1 year ago I stumbled across a living fossil in the flesh in Brunei. Seriously, if I had a camera you'd believe me. Reply Science Geek Grandpa Science Geek Grandpa 1 year ago Really fine, as always. Maybe you or your audience could comment on this thought: Perhaps the evolution of the globular cranium of which you speak was not driven by the brain. Could it be that the elongated skull of archaic ancestors was harder to deliver through a pelvis increasingly adapted for a cursorial lifestyle? Perhaps the brain changes were an effect rather than a cause of changes to skull morphology. Cheers! 4 Reply 1 reply Setemkia FallingTree Setemkia FallingTree 1 year ago Milo, I have to argue with you on the issue of whether earlier versions of homo spread to varied environments. We know that Denisovans in Northern Siberia, up high in the Himalayas, and settled widely in Oceania where the degree Denisovan at DNA is quite high relative to other areas of the world. Though the high altitudes and Siberia are probably equally cold is Tibetan plateau is radically different environment. Reply KryoTronic KryoTronic 1 year ago God I love science and historty. 2 Reply Kate Parlee Kate Parlee 1 year ago Speaking of globular... I think one of the problems with that "muddle" is that we can't get the image of a "tree of life" out of our heads. When you think of evolution as a web much of that confusion disappears. The details are no clearer, it's just that we expect there to be times of great diversity, often followed by consolidation, and what that consolidation looks like is determined by environmental factors. 1 Reply CJ Gust CJ Gust 1 year ago I speculate that the thumbs down come predominantly from those Religious fundamentalists that believe the world is 6,000 years old. 13 Reply GsmackJoeypads GsmackJoeypads 1 year ago there's a duality there. the more creative they got with tools the more efficiently they could hunt and gather supplies and the thus the more time they would have to just be creative. Reply JS Tex Renner JS Tex Renner 1 year ago (edited) Did the artificial cranial deformation practiced by some of our ancestors affect their brain development? 6 Reply warren osborne warren osborne 10 months ago Earlier thinking was that we had a family tree, with nice linear, well linage. As it turns out, we have more of a family bush. 1 Reply Dani Dani 1 year ago plot twist: stefan milo is the missing link to our common ancestors, and he is trolling homo sapiens 1 Reply African Holocaust Society African Holocaust Society 3 months ago The serial effect is also used in archeological linguistics Reply kurmaft kurmaft 1 year ago Great as usual! 1 Reply signoguns signoguns 1 month ago (edited) The ancient world really was like middle earth lol. All these strange humanoid creatures interacting with each other. 2 Reply Ben Ghazi Ben Ghazi 1 year ago The timeline of the invention of high powered range weapons coupled with us being the most violent among the great apes explains so much. Of course everything and everyone died out around us. If they weren't close to the edge of extinction for other reasons before, we surely made sure they were. 5 Reply MeeraS MeeraS 9 months ago (edited) I don’t know whether this is a big thing but about the south Asian part, I’m unaware if 23 and me is a truly reliable source but it did mention that I, of course, descended from L3 but then the haplogroups changed over thousands of years until my ancestors reached india and became R5 like 30,000 years ago. So I am guessing that she was probably from Africa and lived around maybe eastern or the northern parts. In conclusion, I doubt L3 was South Asian. 1 Reply 1 reply Street Cat Street Cat 1 year ago Brilliant Stefan, Thanks. 1 Reply Michael Cleveland Michael Cleveland 9 months ago I Love that I have found this channel. 1 Reply Venkata Ponnaganti Venkata Ponnaganti 1 year ago A wonderful video. Thanks. 1 Reply Brian Colwill Brian Colwill 3 months ago Love this channel!!! Reply kwakaman555 kwakaman555 1 year ago Stefan, this is a full on documentary and what a masterclass! 5 Reply 2 replies Patrick Aalfs Patrick Aalfs 11 months ago (edited) The Variability Selection Hypothesis always seemed a likely candidate for answering a lot of these questions. A selection process that allowed Homo sapiens to have adequate success in multiple environments as opposed to specializing with great success to a single environment. If we survived because we were the "jack of all environments" while archaic humans mastered a single environment, archaic humans would face would be ill suited every time climate change adversely affected their single prefered environment. Reply Richard Lucas Richard Lucas 2 weeks ago I mean, I belong to the I1 haplogroup, and the evidence suggests it didn't even emerge until 2600 BC, then fanned out quickly in a star pattern, surfing to relatively high frequency in a short period of time. So that was a new mutation (evolution didn't stop 30kya) and what ever novel thing my line introduced conferred some advantage. The ball hasn't stopped rolling, yet. Reply Arugula Ryan Arugula Ryan 6 months ago The advent of archery lining up with humans leaving Africa and taking over the world can’t be a coincidence. Ranged weapons are just that big of a game-changer Reply Jay Whoisit Jay Whoisit 7 months ago (edited) I live in East Africa. There are still people here with brow ridges. The faces and head shapes of many Africans are nowhere near the globular skull,flat brow, flat face, defined chin specimens that are supposedly defining features of Homo Sapien. I met a guy last year that had such a pronounced brow that I struggled to not embarrass myself by staring at his forehead!! 1 Reply 2 replies John Mellon John Mellon 1 year ago Quality content 2 Reply Murilo Bernardes Murilo Bernardes 1 year ago more likes than views. the power of being consistently creating good content. 20 Reply 1 reply B B 2 months ago (edited) I think the key moment of expansion happened when we invented Kendal mintcake. Reply BD-one BD-one 3 weeks ago So excited to get a set of hominin skull replicas, then saw the price and spat out my spoon Reply Larry Paris Larry Paris 8 months ago (edited) The discussion of modern human adaptive radiation beginning at 29:22 is fascinating, as are the subsequent discussions of the discrepancies that need to be resolved between archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, and the role of "genetic legacy". It is intriguing that there is the possibility that modern H. sapiens migrated out of Africa to distant areas of India, Australia, and Oceania, only to be replaced by other modern H. sapiens of a later migration; i.e., "population turnover" 33:24 . The role that technology may have played in this adaptive radiation and population turnover begins at 34:12 . I would add that, since this involved not only technology, but language and social structure, this involved a multiple pathway feedback system within the brain - a cognitive issue within various ecological contexts. 1 Reply Ted Pro Ted Pro 1 year ago (edited) Whoever has given this video a 👎has really got to take a good look in the mirror.. Thanks again Stef… awesome stuff For a Globby Globby Headed artist 2 Reply 1 reply Big Jash Big Jash 9 months ago Best way ive ever seen someone tie their sponsor into their videos 1 Reply Welcome to Nebalia Welcome to Nebalia 1 year ago "Hi, 911? I'd like to report, there's this weird guy hanging in the forest with FUCKING HUMAN SKULLS!" Great video, thanks. 34 Reply 1 reply Thor Thorsen Thor Thorsen 1 year ago I had to restart the video a couple of times because I keep laughing at the spoon. Best Youtube easter egg ever. 1 Reply Robert Starte Robert Starte 9 months ago Thank mate, really nice videos and..amazing to collect human history. 2 questions: 1) Is it right that humans settle in australia (65.000yrs ago) before they settled in western europe (45.000 yrs ago)? 2) What's up with the spoon on the mic? Reply 2 replies SandyRiverBlue SandyRiverBlue 1 year ago 17:05 Apparently Milo's got John Cleese, or someone who sounds like him, on speed dial. Well on you, sir. Or kudos on the impression. Reply A. May A. May 1 year ago When you think how old the earth is, humans aren't that old of a species. Makes one wonder where the heck we will be in another short 500-1,000 years, let alone 100,000...300,000! It's literally unimaginable (if we aren't extinct) especially when you realize how far civilization has come since lets say the vikings...or even the last 100 years! Reply Devon W Devon W 9 months ago Image walking thru the woods and seeing this guy with a bunch of skulls behind him .imagine . 1 Reply Arthas Menethil Arthas Menethil 1 year ago 14:15 I love seeing Milo speaking into a spoon. I know hes using it because the mike isn't clearly visible and I don't care. I love the speaking spoon and think more lecturers should use them 8 Reply Shinobi-No-Bueno Shinobi-No-Bueno 1 year ago It would be really interesting to see those skull reproductions offered with masks you could put on to see what a neanderthal looked like Reply Donna Gray Donna Gray 7 months ago I don't usually care about the promotions,but, a copy of a homonid skull is actually an interesting product to me. 1 Reply Cheetahtastic Cheetahtastic 10 months ago I love your channel! 1 Reply Richard Williams Richard Williams 1 year ago Excellent video thoroughly enjoyed. I’m new to the channel so I have one question… what’s with the spoon?!!!😂 1 Reply study with me channel study with me channel 8 months ago Imagine that we never evolved into the human that we knew it Reply Deven Reilly Deven Reilly 1 year ago 40 minute Stefan Milo video? Best Bday present ever 3 Reply roxammon roxammon 10 months ago With sea levels much higher than they were in the past i wonder what human remains exist in the lost river valleys and submerged caves in the oceans around the continent? Reply yossarian MNichols yossarian MNichols 3 months ago In ancient times, when I was in college; species was defined as a group of organisms that can mate and product fertile offspring. Doesn't matter how how many millenniums they lived apart. Reply The Fist Lawyer. The Fist Lawyer. 8 months ago Excellent well done Reply Laughing Man Laughing Man 1 year ago Over $400 for an average full size skull.... I'd love to own one but damn. Can't really afford one :( 1 Reply Krishna Krishna 11 months ago Should the family descendents of the individual whose skull was cloned get a royalty on their distribution and use? 1 Reply Chareidos Chareidos 1 year ago Again a great video from Milo. But I missed him mentioning several mayor events, that could have contributed to the success (or near demise) of our ancestors. One is the bottleneck within humans and other species, that is contorversially linked to the Toba supervolcanic eruption around 70k BC. Some scientiest suggests, that 42k BC when a magnetic shift occured, it also had a huge impact on climate around. Then there are signs of either a comet impact and also a cosmic event leading to high radiation around 12k BC. Not sure how much of a consense exist within the science community regarding that, but there are a lot of intriguing hints, that earths history in geological recent times was more wild, than one might have expected. 9 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 3 replies GenghisVern GenghisVern 1 year ago "The heads... you're looking at the heads.. sometimes he goes too far... but man, if you could hear him speak... and you're gonna call him crazy?" -- Dennis Hopper in Apocalypse Now Reply Dale St. Louis Dale St. Louis 1 year ago It seems possible, even likely, that the cannibalism of the children was carried out by someone outside their group or tribe or family. Of the hundreds of examples of cannibalism we know about in documented history, stemming from desperation, political hatred, or mental illness, I don't believe there are any examples of children being killed and eaten by their own family or community. I suspect that, in a time of desperate famine, someone came across an undefended group of children from another group. Reply Steve C Steve C 10 months ago Nicely Done! Reply Miguel Angel Miguel Angel 3 months ago Amazing video thanks. I have a question so did all the ancestors that came out of African eventually become Indians? Like for example the Aztec etc? Reply 1 reply LibertyMatrix LibertyMatrix 1 year ago "Humanity, just another failed mutation." ~George Carlin 1 Reply Pete Bensen Pete Bensen 1 year ago (edited) “There are ALWAYS coconuts” -Stefan Milo, 2021 11 Reply Phil Jackson Phil Jackson 1 year ago Stefan is going to have a lot of explaining to do if he gets pulled over with a pile of skulls in his back seat. Reply ANDROLOMA ANDROLOMA 6 months ago Scientists at the University of Oxford have applied computer modelling to thousands of ancient and modern genomes to create a vast family tree showing how individuals across the world are related to each other, and from where they originated. It suggests that everyone is partially related to a group of hominids who lived in north-east Africa more than a million years ago. It even points to a grid reference: 19.4N, 33.7E, a small area of Sudan. 1 Reply 4 replies Mohammad Ibrahim Mohammad Ibrahim 9 months ago He used to have a small microphone attached to a plastic spoon. He now has a plastic spoon attached to a large microphone. Reply Abraxas Jinx Abraxas Jinx 1 year ago I love hearing you say smart things into a plastic spoon. 1 Reply Paul White Paul White 7 months ago Hey Stefan, your fantastic mate! I love your work. Bruv, what’s the plastic spoon about? I had to ask. Reply Cas Salamon Cas Salamon 1 year ago 40:20 imagine being those people walking in the background and coming across a random man in the middle of the forest talking to a camera besides a large collection of human skulls 6 Reply Patrick Kirby Patrick Kirby 1 year ago Thank you. You're a beautiful human being bru Reply Jerry Miller Jerry Miller 7 months ago Our human prehistory is so fascinating, and it fills me with wonder precisely because of the unknowns and loose ends. Your summary seems to conclude that modern humans succeeded and spread despite different climates, not because of certain climates. This adaptability is encouraging in the face of climate change. We must also keep in mind that 60 thousand years ago, indeed even 8 thousand years ago, there were relatively few humans on earth. It might have been easy for one migrating human group to accidentally cut off, disrupt, kill off; or to assimilate and numerically overwhelm the existing small populations they encountered. In historical times and even today we see groups and ethnicities migrate, die out, expand, assimilate, outbreed, come and go. Since archaic humans are a small part of our DNA, then the children of that first mating between the two populations must have had fully HALF of their DNA from their "archaic" parent. But most of it was eventually purged out over the generations presumably because it was maladaptive to survival. And what about the "ghost" lineages: patterns in modern DNA of long-lost populations for whom there is no archaeological evidence of their past existence yet discovered, e.g. bones and tools, but their DNA is part of ours today. Reply Pixxel Ze Catto Pixxel Ze Catto 10 months ago Kinda off topic but imagine stealing someone’s package and getting like 20 skulls 2 Reply Michael Watkins Michael Watkins 1 year ago In an alternate universe Bone Clones is a line of sex dolls for lonely housewives. 1 Reply Ziko FJ Ziko FJ 1 year ago Glad to find this channel 1 Reply Wendy Warski Wendy Warski 1 year ago Stefan posting at any point going forward: gems of knowledge My brain: globby globby glob glob 6 Reply 1 reply Eric Robertson Eric Robertson 1 year ago Being a lover of all Creatures Felines it is true that some Hominids proved their adaptability in spades, they--and we--weren't the only Creatures. Felines proved highly adaptable too. Meow!! Reply Roland Scull Roland Scull 8 months ago Great video! Still, one question remains: What about the plastic spoon? Why are you holding it, along with the microphone? Reply Ag Ag 4 months ago The Habsburg dynasty is a cautionary tale to leave relatives alone 😔. 2 Reply 1 reply Randall Ridnour Randall Ridnour 1 year ago It would interesting to wonder whether the diet of humans and therefore the state of their digestive tract environment/Biome as the so called 'Second Brain', with organisms that influence thought and responses by producing analogues of neurotransmitters and sending them to our brain, influenced such things as our overall development and changing brain functionality of our species. Reply John Howell John Howell 2 months ago Stunning!👍👍 Reply PalimpsestProd PalimpsestProd 1 year ago (edited) 30:00 speaking of swimming, are you aware of any work regarding aquatic ape theory and maintaining mating ability with multiple migration routs? i.e. coastal migration of ancient more aquatic hominids meeting up with a land dispersing tribe. Homo Floresiensis might be a stranded version of the coastal peoples. 13 Reply Pellpeehhh Pellpeehhh 1 year ago Well this is a deserved sub if I've ever seen one 1 Reply Muad'Dib Muad'Dib 1 year ago It's wild how the picture gets more complex as we peel the onion 1 Reply 2 replies Kristijan Pualić Kristijan Pualić 4 months ago Jako zanimljiv kanal. Tek sam ga sad našao. Reply Bohdan Burban Bohdan Burban 1 year ago Around 17,000 years ago (and in all probability in previous glacial maxima), world ocean levels were about 400 ft (~120 metres) lower than they are today. Reply Kristof Wynants Kristof Wynants 1 year ago thank you Stefan! 1 Reply David Pierce David Pierce 1 year ago (edited) Stefan Milo & Anton Petrov - two of the most wonderful globby-glob-globs on YouTube 🥰👍🏼 8 Reply 1 reply LudosErgoSum LudosErgoSum 1 year ago After shopping at boneclones, my new pick-up line is: "Do you want to see my skull collection?" 1 Reply Hypatia Stanhope Hypatia Stanhope 1 year ago Great show , thanks 1 Reply G B G B 1 year ago But but but but um, the earth is only 6,000 years old and Noah led a T. Rex couple aboard his ark. 3 Reply Allen Ferry Allen Ferry 11 months ago We are trying to tell the story of all species of humans with almost no information. Is like trying to give a synopsis of a book when you've read a few words of some chapters. 1 Reply 2 replies Dale Caruso Dale Caruso 1 month ago I was born a human but evolved into a cyborg. Reply Luis Aldamiz Luis Aldamiz 1 year ago 23:05 - This was such a great video, almost perfect, everything so well explained, and then you had to come back from the future with fake coconuts? Man! L3 has seven basal branches: five are exclusively African and two correspond to the out-of-Africa migration. It's absolutely clear that c. 125-90,000 years ago, in the Abbassia Pluvial (one of those "green Sahara" periods) the L3 clan (surely living between Sudan and Eritrea approx.) experienced a major expansion (as evidenced by the star-like structure, i.e. many branches stemming from a single ancestral node, one of the most notable in the phylogeny until then): five branches expanded in Africa and two branches spread to Asia (but do not show immediate expansion, only after the African L3 branches at least if we count mutations from L3-root as "time", which roughly should be correct). L3 (root): > L3a > L3b'f > L3c'd'j > L3e'i'k'x > > L3i > > L3h > > > M > > > > > N Clarification: each ">" represents one coding region mutation between the L3 root and the node when each "daughter" branches again, indicating further expansion. This means that not just L3 must have originated in Africa (where all precursors and "sister" and "cousin" branches lived and still live almost exclusively today) but that even the "daughters" of L3 "mum" were expanding in Africa before the adventurous two which went to Asia could find occasion to successfully expand (although when they did, they did massively, especially M, the largest star-like node in the human mitochondrial genealogy, surely signalling arrival to South Asia around 95,000 years ago). Disclaimer: they must not be understood as individual women ("mum", "daughters" and "sisters" are just analogies) as each mutation took thousands of years to either happen or at least get consolidated (widespread, common). 9 Reply Heyward Hollis Heyward Hollis 1 year ago "Burst onto the world like an... invasive species" Gray squirrel intensifies Reply Freedom Born Freedom Born 3 months ago Lol i just googled the King himself - awesome stuff Stef. Jah Rastafari Reply Mentestnot Daniel Mentestnot Daniel 10 months ago Great information. Reply Mike Drop Mike Drop 1 year ago Hahaha. The spoon is even funnier when it's attached to that huge microphone than when it was the handle for a lapel mic. 2 Reply 1 reply mil wil mil wil 9 months ago great video! Reply Adrian Fort Movie Reviews, Books, and Vlogs Adrian Fort Movie Reviews, Books, and Vlogs 1 year ago Watched, liked, commented, and by god I even sat through half the commercials on this globby headed artist's work so MAYBE he'll make more videos... 3 Reply 1 reply café au lait café au lait 1 year ago the missing link turned into the muddle in the middle. love how science evolves. Reply Hyrum Tanner Hyrum Tanner 3 months ago One question regarding haplogroups: How is it possible to identify ancestry back to a single individual? Wouldn't it make more sense to identify a pair of individuals? Or is it implied that the descendants of this single individual have differing ancestry on the opposite side. IE If the haplogroup is descended from a single woman, how many men can be identified as unique ancestors of that particular group? If they cannot be identified, why not? Reply 2 replies Mdebacle Mdebacle 1 year ago If we observe the original genetic chart of mtDNA (called Simplified Human mitochondrial phylogeny) in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve, we see that haplogroups M and N are not descended from haplogroup L or L3. We also see how the expanded genetic chart was revised (in about 2009) to look like L3 is the ancestor of M and N, to support out-of-Africa. In reality, the three haplogroups of mtDNA migrated out of Mesopotamia. Reply 1 year ago A date for latest information would be good. Didn’t see live. Reply All Glory To YHWH All Glory To YHWH 10 months ago Theres a book thats been around a while that explains where we came from. The Holy Bible Reply 2 replies L Kd L Kd 4 months ago Scientific account of neanderthal interbreeding with humans: "it may have been what people do a lot of now: bumping into people and saying "you look quite nice"". This is taking ethnography to a banal extreme. Why not say they might have met in the neanderthal equivalent of the pub? By this reasoning, I could say they didn't complain so much as you english, so they had no reason to go there. Reply Npc 24 Npc 24 1 year ago So in essence, the people closest to the location of the origin of humans are the least evolved? Reply Peter Rees The Discovery Of The Earliest Human Ancestor | First Human | Timeline Timeline - World History Documentaries 4.61M subscribers Subscribe 56K Share 8,412,219 views Aug 16, 2017 “Science doesn’t proceed or get better with established ideas. You have to challenge” Recently a team of fossil hunters working in Kenya came upon a set of fossilised teeth and a series of bones. Their find set in motion a chain of events that ignited excitement across the scientific world, for if they were correct in their findings, not only would they have found the oldest human ancestor, but much of the received wisdom humankind’s evolution would have to be rewritten. This programme is the story of their discovery and the implications it has for understanding of how we split from the apes. Dubbed “Millennium Man” by the press, he is twice as old as the most famous skeleton in the world “Lucy”. The remarkable link between Millennium Man and humans is his ability to walk on two legs, overturning previously accepted scientific opinion on why, how and when humans began to walk. As Professor Senut who worked on the project points out, “Science doesn’t proceed or get better with established ideas. You have to challenge” and Millennium Man seems to be challenging an awful lot of accepted science. Documentary first broadcast in 2001. It's like Netflix for history... Sign up to History Hit, the world's best history documentary service, at a huge discount using the code 'TIMELINE' ---ᐳ http://bit.ly/3a7ambu You can find more from us on: https://www.facebook.com/timelineWH https://www.instagram.com/timelineWH This channel is part of the History Hit Network. Any queries, please contact owned-enquiries@littledotstudios.com Chapters View all Shop the Timeline - World History Documentaries store Timeline White Logo Tee Classic Tee $24.99 Spring Timeline Black Logo Tee Classic Tee $24.99 Spring Timeline White Small Logo Tee Classic Tee $24.99 Spring Timeline White Logo Tee Classic Long Sleeve Tee $27.99 Spring Timeline Black Logo Tee Classic Long Sleeve Tee $27.99 Spring Timeline White Small Logo Tee Classic Long Sleeve Tee $27.99 Spring 16,159 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Timeline - World History Documentaries Pinned by Timeline - World History Documentaries Timeline - World History Documentaries 1 year ago "It's like Netflix, but for history documentaries" -----> Sign up to History Hit with code 'timeline' for a huge discount! https://bit.ly/3rs2w3k 182 Reply 177 replies Owais Ahmad Owais Ahmad 1 month ago Incredible documentary. Watching and Following good science is pure bliss. 15 Reply 1 reply maurice green maurice green 8 months ago From 00:07 Lost In The Depths Of Prehistoric Time From 01:32 The Discovery From 09:59 Evolutionary timeline From 25:07 How the fossils were analysed From 28:21 A look at ancient teeth From 31:27 Stone Tools From 37:35 New advanced robots From 39:59 How Did Our Ancestors Learn to Balance? From 42:49 How did it happen? From 43:35 The Orangutan 80 Reply 4 replies Sharon Willing Sharon Willing 10 months ago This is extremely thought-provoking. I watched this in its entirety, rather much in awe of the expertise and knowledge of so many individuals who have chosen their scientific field of study, and who are sharing their findings with us. Fascinating! I'm so thankful for the opportunity to be a student again, to be able to absorb the immense knowledge of others. Their work is so important and it is appreciated. 130 Reply 9 replies Storm Cloud Storm Cloud 10 months ago (edited) “Science doesn’t proceed or get better with established ideas. You have to challenge”... what an excellent statement. It is just amazing how many clues could be found on a single piece of bone that shows how it moved when it was alive. A huge thank you to all scientists for all the amazing work they do to move humanity forward. 59 Reply 6 replies kokolanza kokolanza 1 year ago Love the line-up of hominin generations. Definitely aids in visualizing the immense age. AND the extreme rarity of these fossils is amazing. A couple hominin fossils per million years until we get to about 3mya - and then a little bit more frequent. Not much. 98 Reply 8 replies N.G.H. Calmarena N.G.H. Calmarena 10 months ago Looking at my foot, I understand immediately that such a contraption takes time to develop from, I suppose, something like a normal paw. Probably our foot gave us possibilities to survive during periods of extreme weather, i.e. periods of drought. I once visited a flood estuary with mangrove trees in west Africa and was surprised of the enormous amount of easily caught food in the form of crabs, fish, mussels and a variety of crustaceans. I became convinced if an ape learned to live here, he would have good chances to survive the severest of times, provided he could stand still and steady on his feet. 30 Reply 9 replies Quade Carter Quade Carter 3 years ago Super cool. I loved seeing the part about the generations and the branching. I’ve seen diagrams on this but really mapping it out and explaining was very eye-opening. This is an incredible documentary 29 Reply 1 reply Daniel Zhukovin Daniel Zhukovin 1 year ago I'd never thought I'd see a TV show about one of my own family members. 1.1K Reply 148 replies Leila Luginbill Leila Luginbill 1 year ago After watching the segment of the video on orangutans, I was struck how similar in structure their young are to our own babies. The legs of both very young human babies and orangutans splay at the hips allowing each to be carried on an adult hip. When our babies learn to stand upright, their legs still splay with knees pointing more toward the sides. As human babies develop, the their knees become more oriented toward the front and the arms are used to allow independent movement by clutching at chairs, coffee tables, or a convenient adult leg, rather than a convenient branch. 165 Reply 22 replies Snazhound Snazhound 1 year ago (edited) This research into this fascinating discovery is just so exciting and leads to who knows how many other correlated lines of thought. I can well understand as a layperson why paleontologists are so excited. I just cannot understand why so many people in this world find science and history as boring. So many fields of study and areas of research all come to together to give us glimpses of humanity here. Cheers from Canada. 36 Reply Robert Beerbohm Robert Beerbohm 11 months ago You guys & gals are making a lot of sense. Thank you for the illumination of our more actual history. 5 Reply Arthur Trauer Arthur Trauer 3 years ago I appreciate documentaries where scientists explain how they came to various conclusions. These aren’t wild guesses - they’re bits and pieces of information gleaned from many years of fastidious research done by thousands of experts. Thumbs up. 488 Reply 145 replies 1WithTheFlow 1WithTheFlow 1 year ago Our relationship with the trees is something sacred. Think about how most kids instinctively love to climb trees or play on monkey bars. It's been in our DNA for millions of years. 288 Reply 42 replies Christi Shields Christi Shields 1 year ago I thank all anthropologists, and our ancestors and the dedication of humanity to exist. What you say moves me so...I have not the vocabulary to express how much I appreciate your efforts! 154 Reply 8 replies George Hugh George Hugh 9 months ago Interesting stuff. It would be more instructional to show the bones and CT scans of modern apes to contrast the indications of bipedalism. Also, it's misleading to imply that this one bone set (sitting in a 2 million year window) is a direct ancestor given the MANY diverting branches this animal could have ultimately come from - they KNOW this but imply it nonetheless (TV "Hook"?) 3 Reply 1 reply Parag Pandit Parag Pandit 1 year ago (edited) Astounding. Always thought that an adaptation evolves before the need for it. E.g. Birds had wings before they learnt to fly. Animals developed lungs before they moved on land. Human ancestors too were upright before they began walking on land. 41 Reply 23 replies Carolyn Reynolds Carolyn Reynolds 7 months ago A wonderful education of our earliest ancestors. 5 Reply 1 reply Samantha Wall Samantha Wall 3 years ago Excellent video! I learned so many new things, my mind was blown over the connection they saw in the bone groove left by the muscle on the leg/pelvis. Great lesson in close observation and critical thinking for myself and my students. 47 Reply 2 replies Patrick Noveski Patrick Noveski 1 year ago It's so amazing to me, how our scientist's can put together what went on with these animals from So long ago. Intriguing to look so far back. Mind blowing. 12 Reply 1 reply Welingkar Tr Welingkar Tr 2 years ago Good work by the team, and it illustrates how different specialists ned to work together to help us understand ourselves and our environment better. However, t I disagree with the specialist's rather quick dismissal of the idea (with this discovery) that a quadraped ancestor may have evolved into bipedal forms that led to us. True this discovery places bipedalism even further out in time, but if we go back further in time, it is possible (if we are lucky) we may find quadraped ancestors of this species. Also, we do not know if we descended directly from them or they led to some other bipedal forms or an evolutionary dead end. Either way, a truly remarkable discovery! 3 Reply Simone Z Simone Z 10 months ago What a fascinating story. I learn something I didn't know everyday. Excellent documentary. 3 Reply Wire Tamer Wire Tamer 1 year ago It occurred to me as a teenager in the 1980s that bipedalism had to come BEFORE our ancestors left the trees for good. Two things supported this idea: watching video of various monkeys living in trees, and climbing trees myself as a child. Not only are tree branches an excellent environment in which to develop heightened sense of balance and dexterity, standing on two legs is frequently a necessity when climbing trees. Monkey’s frequently stand on branches, and rely on their ability to support their entire body mass through their legs. When reaching out for objects, or manoeuvring around obstacles. The environment is made even more challenging when branches are too thin to fully support your weight, or are in motion. 7 Reply 12 replies Dennis Dennis 2 weeks ago Amazing, and very, very informative....and absolutely true! 1 Reply M Seeling M Seeling 2 years ago Thanks for this video. In the 1970s, I took several elective classes in human evolution and anthropology. At the time, the conventional wisdom asserted that upright posture and bipedalism arose out of necessity when apes moved out of the trees into the savanna. I disputed that paradigm, and wrote a thesis arguing that upright posture and bipedalism probably developed in the trees, using gibbon locomotion and anatomy as my examples. Needless to say, I was thrilled to hear others have reached the same assumption. 117 Reply 30 replies Smrt Homer Smrt Homer 9 months ago (edited) I love watching videos on ancient history and ancient human ancestors to learn how we became what we are now. I find it very interesting to think what we might look like in the distant future with this modern digital society. 39 Reply 13 replies Roy Cspary Roy Cspary 1 year ago as someone who was an obsessive tree climber from the age of 5 until disabled in my 50's in my 40's I was still so good that a friend of mine who ran a live performance company, most famously in a forest used me as specialist scaffolding erector reaching up into the canopy, which was quite low at about 40 feet, and I can testify that being bipedal is a huge advantage up in the trees. actually more so in terms of moving around than in the task i was performing. for a start it enabled me to walk along branches wit my arms spread wide which acted like a ballance pole as used by tightrope walkers. it also improved my reach to nearby branches. I believe that Orangutan behavior also shows this and the first time i came across that theory, I knew from experience that it was correct so I think we were walking upright in the trees and this by luck proved superior on the ground for many reasons 33 Reply 3 replies jason bowman jason bowman 2 years ago Humans as a whole are such a new species and live such short life spans that mother nature rarely had to answer the question: " What happens when humans lose their second set of teeth?" It was something few humans had to deal with because they were long dead before that happened. 13 Reply 3 replies Victor Contreras Victor Contreras 3 months ago Where I love videos of cars, now I find the subject of human origins so interesting! I really appreciate the various ways and methods used to get detail facts. I mean like bone angle, thickness and marks where tendons joined is a real science. My friend said "what's gotten into you? Your new interest is man origins, what about cars? I said, well MAN is the one who made cars"⚠️ Reply Alex Jacobson Alex Jacobson 2 years ago This is one of the best documentaries of its kind that I've seen in a long time. Very nice work. Bravo, bravo. 39 Reply Ali Z. Ali Z. 8 months ago At 3-years-old, my eldest would climb thin trees and poles by gripping with his toes and hands. At the time I didn't appreciate the link; I was just fascinated with the way in which he did it. He would get up really high. Then one day I watched a documentary with baby chimps and my jaw dropped because baby chimps and baby humans are SO similar!! 1 Reply 2 replies Dolfo13 Dolfo13 2 years ago Marvellous documentary! So simple to understand, yet so profound! 48 Reply Valerie Leonard Valerie Leonard 1 year ago I learned quite a bit here. Thank you for this video. My question is: As you see on the split in African lands map when it rose up and started saharan environs: dried out landscapes with trees still available; was this how bipedalism became a necessity? They showed histories wild cat's eating millennium man. Did they use their hind legs as a more stable means of escape and use their curved fingers to escape into the trees that were becoming fewer and further betwixt? 11 Reply 1 reply F M F M 1 year ago This is the closest we'll ever come to time travel back to where we came from and our evaluation. Truly fortunate to live in a time where knowledge is free to those who are curious. Imagine how exciting these discoveries are for anthropologists/archeologists, etc! 8 Reply N K [Nate] Wood N K [Nate] Wood 5 days ago (edited) Timeline - World History Documentaries++ : Quite well done/presented. Really good! This program, typical of Timeline , is given both the YT and 'Old Curmudgeon' 👍🏻; however the esteemed OC award is 👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻'thumbs-up!' Reply Kevin Ashley Kevin Ashley 1 year ago Thank you to all the anthropologist's who have and are doing some amazing work, and a moment of silence to the people who disliked this video, you will never understand! 12 Reply K C K C 10 months ago Also makes sense we learned to walk in the trees as it would also have freed up our hands for other purposes within those trees. monkeys you often see holding with their feet or sitting whilst doing other more intricate tasks with their fingers. Reply Kat can doo Kat can doo 3 years ago If I had jumped for joy I would have hit the sky. Love that enthusiasm on the incredible find. 224 Reply 9 replies Ben V Ben V 1 year ago And after 6 million years, we still haven't evolved to the point where we can walk upright without the accompanying back pain. 102 Reply 25 replies Michael McBroom Michael McBroom 1 year ago Thank you, thank you very much for finally coming to the correct conclusion. My research, which I conducted over 20 years ago, showed that bipedalism emerged before our ancestors descended from the trees. Finally, paleoanthropology is catching up. 30 Reply 11 replies Manuel Rodriguez Manuel Rodriguez 5 months ago Subtítulos en español, por favor. Gracias! Reply Roy Tonkin Roy Tonkin 1 year ago Would love to go on digs like this and discover my ancestors. 2 Reply Matthew Sheeran Matthew Sheeran 6 months ago (edited) There is a mistake here when they say that the species did not use tools: by this they can only mean stone tools as it is quite possible that they could have started using sharpened wooden spears and clubs etc. which would not show up in the fossil record. Even chimpanzees use sticks and stones so clearly this species would have as well. Although it seems fire came later timber clubs and spears are still quite possible. Remember these things happen and progress in slow iterative stages so before there were stone tipped spears and clubs (axes) there must have been untipped ones!! 1 Reply kcburrows kcburrows 2 years ago That old fossil has been more places within a short space of time than I've been my whole life 377 Reply 31 replies Dale Andrews Dale Andrews 2 years ago All this - especially in the beginning of the video, where miles and miles of generations are illustrated to help the viewer develop a mental "picture" of how long ago we're talking about here - is truly mind boggling. 71 Reply 14 replies Francesca Mansfield Francesca Mansfield 1 year ago Great video, and wonderful that they rightly conclude that an orthograde posture evolved in early ape ancestors in the trees, rather than being exclusively a definition for hominins. But they should note all great and lesser apes descend from an orthograde (upright) ancestor from the early Miocene, eg. Morotopithecus, 21 Ma. However, the almost universal blindsight that exists regarding the environmental motivating factors that probably made all apes since the Miocene at least partial bipedal is frustrating. The video makers and the discoverers of Orrorin say it themselves. Water was everywhere. The fossils were discovered in an ancient river bed, surrounded by turtles, hippos, crocs and waterdeer fossils. Wading in water would force an orthograde ape to stand upright, relieving the pressure of gravitational forces, tensions, aches and pains, and making it easier to forage for aquatic herbaceous vegetation. Dental calculus shows they ate C4 plants. Not indigestible savannah grasses and sedges, as claimed, but cattails, waterlilies, etc., just as many lowland gorilla feed today. Maybe then they'll also see that Orrorin was not a human ancestor, but closer in divergence to Gorilla. To say "if it walked on two legs it must be human" is grossly misleading and has pulled paleoanthropology in the wrong direction for over a century. 7 Reply 2 replies Habib Rehman Habib Rehman 11 months ago Excellent work by Archeologists & thanks for sharing documentary 2 Reply Keith Davison Keith Davison 2 years ago It’s an amazing find and also showcases how bones and other fossils can only go back so far and let’s be honest we don’t know enough to say this is the earliest 26 Reply 6 replies ryublueblanka ryublueblanka 10 months ago Imagine finding a handful of my bones and then telling people who I was and how I lived and what I looked like. Science! 6 Reply 1 reply Jason Hurley Jason Hurley 3 years ago (edited) I respect the integrity of the scientists in this field. The graphics of this video are amazing, the line of ancestors stretching back in time for instance. I also love the details and explanations of the evidence. 116 Reply 19 replies Madelyn Madelyn 1 year ago Do you keep a source list anywhere for public view?? I would be super interested in doing my own further research! Reply 1 reply Michael Falciglia Michael Falciglia 1 year ago 12:37 "with so much at stake it's crucial..." While I love learning about the past and watching documentaries like this, I could not help but think to myself "what is really at stake?" Outside of interesting information to learn about in school or to put in a museum, I don't think nothing is actually at stake. 1 Reply M P M P 6 months ago Tremendous video. Very informative and enlightening. 3 Reply rimckd rimckd 2 years ago (edited) One of the very best docs of its type. Thank you so very much. Did this hominid use weapons of any sort to protect itself from predators - sticks and stones for instance? Or was it the silence of the lambs that ruled? Those damned cats.... lol. 2 Reply June Stanich June Stanich 8 months ago Thanks for filming the Kenyan who actually found the fossil, he’s gotten forgotten as things moved on. 14 Reply Rugose Texture Rugose Texture 5 years ago Very interesting. It's great to see a 'post-Lucy' update on the state of current knowledge in the field. Thank you! 167 Reply 22 replies Phil Copeland Phil Copeland 1 year ago Fascinating detective work from 6,000,000 years ago. Thanks for explaing it clearly to us laymen. One question which interested me was "How did our ancestors learn to walk?" Just watch a modern baby....one faltering step at a time, and probably a good few bumps and grazes enroute. 14 Reply 9 replies Gloria Hohman Gloria Hohman 1 year ago So fascinating and amazing. I love archeology and in general sciences. 15 Reply 5 replies Ste MacLean Ste MacLean 11 months ago Wouldn’t climbing itself, given the use of arms, enhance reliance on forelimbs, which would lead to partial bipedalism, which would then lead to other advantages, like seeing further when they leave the tree, which would bolster curiosity as the brain got bigger. From there, tools would be adopted, etc. makes sense to me that way, anyhow. Reply Helene Papageorge Helene Papageorge 1 year ago (edited) Except that there were many types of austrolapithicus afarensis hominids & they were ALL bipedal and Lucy is another great nearly in-tact example of this. Not ALL of them could survive because some of them either had different diets or could not compete for the same food sources so they went other places by following the animals. This might explain how and why hominid remains are found all over at roughly the same era. 1 Reply Phier554 Phier554 2 days ago (edited) I do have two points of contention with the conclusion that these are the most likely direct ancestors of humans. It could be convergent evolution or this could be an offshoot of the group that we actually originated from. Just walking upright and human-like molars is intriguing and a possibility but not settled just the best we have right now. Added the robotics section was kind of silly otherwise I would expect a lot of mammals to be bipedal. My personal idea and it is just an idea, is that tool use led to bipedalism. Having your hands-free would obviously greatly facilitate this. The issue would be if these early hominids used tools extensively so far back. Reply Doodelay Doodelay 4 years ago (edited) 9:47 to 12:20 is such an awesome, very fleshed out visualization of evolution. Man that is incredible 11 Reply Hartleymolly Hartleymolly 1 year ago Different blood types and how they formed is something I would like to know more about. 39 Reply 5 replies William William 1 year ago After watching this, I remember how I loved climbing trees as a child. Now I realize how instinctive that was. 214 Reply 18 replies Joseph Smith Joseph Smith 5 months ago It's amazing at just how close we are related Reply Dedra Hall Dedra Hall 2 years ago I thoroughly enjoyed watching this. As a scientist I definitely appreciate the process in discovery. 16 Reply 3 replies Bulbul Waberi Bulbul Waberi 9 months ago Pass the knowledge very interesting anything is possible maybe someday you guys will find something we all agree on keep on working thanks for sharing with this little history and good luck if we find where we comes from maybe we can find where we going too Reply Eddie King Eddie King 4 years ago Human origins is so fascinating. Great video. 51 Reply Sheila chambers Sheila chambers 1 year ago Not just the knee joint points towards bipedality, the foramin magnum is also diagnostic. If the foramin magnum is under the skull instead of at the rear of the skull, that also points towards bipedality. 8 Reply 2 replies swimmingmantis22 swimmingmantis22 1 year ago I always wonder what’s to dislike about a video like this when you get so many dislikes. This is a really good video. 23 Reply 18 replies Ronald Zincone Ronald Zincone 9 months ago Excellent documentary! Reply GN77340 GN77340 1 year ago 20 years flies by so fast 61 Reply AbbyFaye77 AbbyFaye77 11 months ago I’m surprised I haven’t read a comment about Ardipithecus yet- I had believed them to be the origin of human bipedalism. Was this documentary released before the Ardi discovery was released? Reply Search Search 1 year ago I think the right question is not why we walk in two legs, because many primates do it at some point. The right question is when and how we developed our unique feet, not similar to any other primates, so we became not only able to walk upright and use our hands (many primates do that, even tool using and tool making) but do it all the time to the extent of modify our feet. Reply 1 reply Candy Cat Candy Cat 2 years ago As a Christian who grew up being taught the creation story, this video is causing me an existential crisis 71 Reply 112 replies Franko Robinson Franko Robinson 10 months ago I would bet my life that our ancestors might not being highly intelligent, but quite intelligent enough, to be formidable opponents, with strong arm and leg muscles and the ability to climb trees in a more graceful athletic fashion and also have the ability to walk and run on land gave them some needed edge against predators and prey ,they would have to be with all the monsters that walked and flew the earth back in there time ,nevermind attempts to gather food from the oceans and other waterways. Being frightened by a creature you can see is scary enough nevermind a monster you don't even see coming from the dark depths. Lol.I am sure survival was a 24 hour a day event ,tiring even the most robust brains of that era,can you imagine being hunted everyday everywhere you try to settle down with family and friends ❤ but I guess it wouldn't be as frightening if you were born into that environment 😉 but damm lol .can you imagine the nightmare 😳 stories these people would have around the nightly campfires. Thank God they could climb trees and such for escape from hungry predators i am sure we were on most predators list of tasty items on the daily menu 😋 But I bet the views of such a wonderful world absolutely beautiful 😍 just don't know if you could enjoy them and have your head on a 24 7 swivel watching for monsters that can destroy you.these were some very robust people, maybe this is why some people are very scared of the dark,cause our ancestors DNA is in use reminding 🤔 us of monsters of the past,lol Reply Gloria Riccio Gloria Riccio 1 year ago The pronounciation is ‘oroo’ri’n …which means “not too distant past” in Tugen,a dialect of the kalenjin tribe,who are a part of the highland nilotes,one of the 3 divisions of the Nilotic peoples of Eastern Africa.there are plain nilotes(like the Maasai),highland the kalenjins) and lake nilotes “(the luos ) Reply Sunny Island Sunny Island 10 months ago Because my College Studies involved Cultural Anthropology when I studied Human Evolution (B.A. Cultural Anthropology)... When Lucy turned and looked backwards 12:15... My skin became covered in goosebumps and I was actually really spooked. Reply blvany blvany 3 years ago Outstanding, informative video! This is why YouTube is such a great media platform. If you choose to do so, you can learn so much on a wide variety of topics, including recent developments in science and technology. 223 Reply 28 replies carlos alberto andrade silva carlos alberto andrade silva 1 year ago Very well done, congratulations! 3 Reply Kamelhaj Kamelhaj 1 year ago Peter Rees 1 year ago