Biology of: Humans

The Insane Biology of: Humans Real Science 1.1M subscribers Subscribe 42K Share 760,677 views Jan 14, 2023 Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-... Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesa... Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1 ) Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com/ ) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations ) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/ ) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net ) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel ) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realenginee...) References [1] https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi... [2] https://scholar.harvard.edu/ntroach/e... [3] https://www.nature.com/articles/s4159... [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... [5] https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8... [6] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/a... [7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas... [8] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/art... [9] https://theaquaticape.org/human-evolu... [10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... [11] https://www.science.org/content/artic... [12] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... [13] https://humgenomics.biomedcentral.com... – [10] https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0... [11] https://www.nature.com/articles/d4158... [12] https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg20... 3,376 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Bok Bok 12 days ago (edited) People don't believe me when I say humans are 'designed' to run. We are amazing runners, and everyone has the ability to if they trained. Humans were able to catch prey due to our endurance and ability to span difficult terrain. 8.3K Reply 464 replies Kenneth Lacewell Kenneth Lacewell 12 days ago We think of animals that have freakishly extreme adaptations; like cheetahs and giraffes; but we've taken brains to that extreme level of adaptation. One of the reasons human childbirth is so difficult is the size of babies brains. And they're still born so early they are utterly helpless. We literally have 'bet the farm' on brains. 1K Reply 26 replies Bill Nye Bill Nye 10 days ago One of the biggest takeaways I got from my studies of the human body are that we are the single greatest organism for exploring, adapting to, and manipulating the environment around us. If you are ever feeling down, just know that you are the pinnacle of evolution. Go humans! 483 Reply 19 replies 0rbital_ Nugget 0rbital_ Nugget 8 days ago The very concept is what got me obsessed with HFY stories. 'Humanity, F*ck Yeah!' stories are generally about aliens or some extraterrestrial species (sometimes fantasy one's) meeting humanity and coming to terms with our strange physiologies. Throwing, sweating, multi-tasking, even that strange thing where we can feel something looking at us. If you like Sci-Fi I highly recommend checking them out. 170 Reply 8 replies Jah Breed Jah Breed 11 days ago Run everyday for two weeks. The first 5 days, you'll feel like you're dying. It'll get easier after that. By the two week point, you'll likely be able to do the same run that made your lungs burn while just straining above resting heart rate. It's an amazing feeling. 753 Reply 44 replies Mistah Fox Mistah Fox 9 days ago I live in Colorado at 6,000 ft above sea level, where the oxygen is just 16 percent but I've never felt physically strained or short of breath because of it. I only realized how different it was when my friends from Missouri couldn't keep up when we went running the first day before they adjusted. It just goes to show how incredibly adaptable our bodies are for different environments! 20 Reply 1 reply Kiv Kiv 12 days ago It's so rare nowadays to find content that makes you feel proud of being a human, instead of shaming you for being one 4.6K Reply 131 replies Jessica Brauman Jessica Brauman 11 days ago (edited) 6:16 This dive reflex is also very effective at interrupting panic attacks. Because the dive reflex slows the heart rate and reduces oxygen usage, it counteracts a racing heart and hyperventilation. This works because panic attacks are usually self-perpetuating; the symptoms of it, like racing heart, lightheadedness, palpitations, shortness of breath, tingling in the extremities, etc, can cause the person experiencing them to feel even more anxious. 290 Reply 3 replies Zoey Deu Zoey Deu 12 days ago Tbh I think it's our brains & our ability to learn & be creative/inventive that makes us so incredible. That's what helped us adapt, survive & be able to live on all corners of the world. Without the ability to learn & nurture our young, we wouldn't be where we are: humans aren't born with innate ability to know to speak a language, how to use tools, how to function in society, how to build structures etc. 359 Reply 11 replies Sirith915 Sirith915 8 days ago The whole thing about breathing is fascinating to me because I have a GSD V. I always thought I was weak due to short breath and muscle pain in almost any activity. And yeah, in my teenage years and in consequence my rebellion period. I was walking a lot outside of my house. Yes, it was exhausting at the begging but I realised that my muscles weren't all shrunken and didn't coused me pain. So I pushed with it... A lot. Like 10 kilometers daily. Day by day I was less and less exhausted by just walking, then i started running, and my god. Was this trully terryfing. I couldn't just run from the house like 20 meters before my organism stared choking like I was underwater. And thank to God my father is a musician because somewhere during that time he started to teach me play on brass instruments. For those who are unaware - they require both great breathing habit and using diaphragm instead of lungs. Basically lower part of your body instead of upper part. It was so weird that I could play like 3 hours without a sweat, but not run. I couldn't hold my lungs in place, but I could use my diaphragm. I was breathing slowly, like one breath per 20 meters. I pushed to the point where I could spend much more time doing slow exhales and being breathless that inhaling. I'm 27 right now and both this desease and constant fatigue are almost not existing to me because of this. Just breathing. Yeah, my doctor was shocked as well when he found out that I'm just going out in kilemeters long walks and runs like it's nothing, working 8 hours like normal person without fainting and just living a normal life. For anyone having it as well, I hope you will find strength to push through this 21 Reply 1 reply Alternator Alternator 11 days ago The spear thrower like the one used at 4:35 was probably developed as soon as we started throwing spears at animals, as a way to extend our reach, and it was probably the reason we evolved a better throwing physiology. It was the premiere hunting weapon for thousands of year until we eradicated the woolly mammoth and started using a more accurate weapon, the bow and arrow, for smaller and faster animals. 84 Reply 1 reply Benson Ninan Benson Ninan 9 days ago Made me really proud and happy to be human for once which I think everybody is in lack of these days. Another thing that I love about humans is our ability to not only care for ourselves or our species but also care for other species and even befriend them and become one of them which is truly unique and amazing. 28 Reply CantingMoss0 CantingMoss0 12 days ago (edited) I'm surprised you didn't mention the benefits (especially as they pertain to our origins in Africa) of humans' ability to sweat! We are perhaps the best sweaters of the animal kingdom–if I remember correctly, horses are the closest competitors to us in this field. It's sweating that truly makes us elite runners (although obviously bipedalism, foot shape/joint setup, and other factors contribute). The ability of a human to run 26.2 miles in under two hours is perhaps one of the greatest distance feats in natural history! 4.1K Reply 87 replies Attempted Unkindness Attempted Unkindness 11 days ago I always tell people long long treks to not be afraid of the woods. "You are a human, you are one of the biggest and scariest animals walking on the planet right now. Unless there is a bear around, in which case you got to just lie a bit and make the bear think you are bigger." 52 Reply 10 replies Esvie Esvie 11 days ago I wish you touched down on the population of Kenya's village of Itan! Located 2,400m above sea level in Rift Valley, this small village is where the world's best distance runners come from. They have the longest leg to torso ratio. Also their legs are oval shaped rather than circle shaped if seen from a cross section from above. This makes them more aerodynamic! I studied them for years while I was ultra-running for Nike! 28 Reply Perseus Love Perseus Love 9 days ago I’m actually so excited they made one on humans. I just started picking up languages, learning new hobbies, mastering and discovering myself, so I’m excited to watch this. 16 Reply Arthur Hsu Arthur Hsu 11 days ago (edited) We have ridiculous stamina compared to most species, partly because we can regenerate stamina while burning it (another species that can do this are horses). Training plays a big part of course but unless you have some birth defect impacting this we can outlast most animals with even just moderate levels of training. 77 Reply 5 replies Rusty .Thebanite Rusty .Thebanite 5 days ago I always love when human biology is discussed, so this is a video I have been waiting for! 3 Reply Daehawk Daehawk 12 days ago (edited) Almost drowned twice in my life. Once I jumped into a place called Blue Hole in a local river. It was a large deep clear spot in an otherwise dry river. I decided to go to the bottom as it looked close. It wasn't. I was fit then too and could hold my breath underwater across a large public pool at the time. But this was deeper than it looked and near the bottom I realized my breath was gone and started up. On the way I was forced to release my breath and I was only half way up. I wanted SO bad to breath in and almost did but would have drowned so I just kept going and calmed myself and started a better faster yet easier non panic way of swimming up. Made it ...barely. Scared the crap out of me. Never tried that again. 2K Reply 41 replies the flying dutchguy the flying dutchguy 12 days ago our combination of dexterity and intelligents very much make up for our lack of "super powers" we see around the planet. we are also incredibly adaptable. wich sure doesnt make us very specialized in a certain niche. but it has given us the ability to survive pretty much anywhere. we might not be as good in one thing as other animals are, but we are better in a lot of things at the same time. 17 Reply 1 reply G M P G M P 8 days ago Body: "Hey Brain, here are all the amazing tools (organs) at your disposal to do stuff". Brain: "Thank you. Rest them all well, I think I will do all the work myself and I have this computer thing to help me." 7 Reply DropkicktheDecepticon DropkicktheDecepticon 10 days ago Man, I'll always appreciate being human. We are so unique, so cool, and so good at overcoming basically everything. It's why I'm sad that we've become so lazy, because people seem to forget just how amazing we actually are. We are perhaps the animals that specialize in the most different lifestyles of every animal. It's fascinating. 44 Reply 4 replies Mr. Murder Mr. Murder 11 days ago I would add in muscle training to the list. The fact that we can increase our physical mass and strength beyond our base level is incredible 61 Reply 20 replies DrunkenHowler DrunkenHowler 9 days ago Something I came to appreciate as a particularly unique trait of our species is our capacity for language, adapting it and creating new terms with sounds to go with them. The FOXP2 gene if i remember right is considered the culprit for our ability to just create a new vocabulary, which is apparently quite unique to us, I believe arguments have been made for other species but the debates ongoing. They've apparently even found our intelligence is tied to language, they evolved alongside each other. Its all really, really cool. : D 6 Reply Juan Pablo Martínez Saravia Juan Pablo Martínez Saravia 12 days ago I work at a lithium mining project in the Andes at 4500 m of altitude. I've been doing it for years and still get some headaches the first day when I get there. It's amazing all the hard work the locals can do without even sweating, when I try doing half of what they do I end up panting like a race dog in a heat wave. But if I go to Buenos Aires at sea level and play a football game felt like I had the endurance of a semi pro. That's neat. 2K Reply 27 replies Avanguard Avanguard 11 days ago (edited) Real Science is one of those few YouTube channels one can afford to watch a video to the very end. Excellent job you guys. 33 Reply Dusan Bursac Dusan Bursac 12 days ago I am amazed of how well this channel is presenting informations. Few years ago I used to watch BBC and other science channels documentaries on TV all the time and learn a lot. But after watching it for so long you start noticing the repeating of info since each expedition needs year or 2 to come back and present what they have filmed. I am glad channel like yours is here to bring me back to those days of watching documentaries and learn new thing. Well done guys. 22 Real Science Reply 1 reply Gas Mask Gas Mask 10 days ago That water thing is very fun to do. Anyone can do it, get a heavy rock an a pool and hold your breath longer every time you go back down into the water. The time between needing to breath increases drastically and is pretty fun to do. 4 Reply Sidilicious Sidilicious 11 days ago Even if most of us are far from successfully diving for food, most humans love to swim a little and spend time in water. It is one of our elements. 17 Reply Jaguarstar Jaguarstar 5 days ago Ive been thinking of picking up swimming as something I can do alongside football. Hearing all the advantages this brings is so motivating 2 Reply phlezk phlezk 12 days ago Hello fellow humans. 5.5K Reply 287 replies *Steel Beam* *Steel Beam* 11 days ago "Let me tell you about humans, using something I'm familiar with in anthropology. When a Shoshone warrior wants a pony, he goes to a herd, picks one, and walks toward it. Naturally, the pony runs away. The Shonone follows, day and night just walking, usually for three full days. Pony runs away, man just keeps walking at a steady pace. Finally the pony simply collapses from exhaustion after running away for days, and the man walks up and puts a bridle on it. That is the kind of monster humans are". 17 Reply 3 replies BollyFan BollyFan 11 days ago Sherpa Tenzing not only climbed the summit but carried the lions share of the supplies up to the peak, which is much much more impressive. 9 Reply Klaus Teufel Klaus Teufel 5 days ago The ability to train at a task until we've amplified our ability at that task - become an athlete - is itself uniquely human. What other species dedicates itself to lifting weights, or expanding its physical repertoire beyond all practical purpose like gymnastics or dancing or the triple-jump or pole-vaulting? 3 Reply billybob01234567 billybob01234567 11 days ago (edited) Brilliant video. I would highly recommend looking into a friend of mine Alistair Sutcliffe who's time spent in low oxygen environments allowed him to survive an otherwise fetal brain aneurysm andsparked an entire branch of medical research 9 Reply T A T A 3 days ago To me all types of life forms are amazing, but humans never stop to blow my mind. 2 Reply Windhelm Guard Windhelm Guard 12 days ago one more thing to note about the swimming thing is that, out of most of the sports humans engage in, swimming seems to be the one least likely to cause injury. throwing, running, jumping, shot putting, weight lifting and so on all put strain on the body in ways it doesn't seem to be built to handle, often leading to injuries if performed incorrectly and even with proper technique, the risks persist. the act of swimming however almost never puts stresses on our bodies that we are not built to handle, so much so that swimming is often recommended as an exercise to people who are recovering from injuries, suffering from chronic ailments and the elderly, once someone has learned how to swim on even the most basic level, and they avoid exhaustion and hypothermia, there is almost no way to injure yourself doing it. 1K Reply 42 replies FLSH_BNG FLSH_BNG 11 days ago (edited) This episode needs to be shown in every classroom! People need to know what a human can do. Humans had to learn how to throw just to keep dangerous animals away that we couldn't take on alone. You come back later with some friends and hunt the dangerous creature to simultaneously collect necessary resources and help secure the region to make it a fit place to rest or maybe even settle. It's difficult to know if this sort of adaptation developed as either a response to, or a result of our being social animals. 2 Reply Gho Gho 11 days ago 3:35 the fastest motion the human body can create is actually snapping your fingers, not using your arm as a catapult. Blinking is also faster. 28 Reply dnnsmatthews dnnsmatthews 10 days ago The human body is amazing. I had a physiology professor talk at me and some friends once about how the human hand, wrist and arm have evolved with melee combat in mind. Hmm. 15 Reply 6 replies Braidin Purdy Braidin Purdy 11 days ago Absolutely love this series, I find myself eagerly waiting for more! 3 Reply FTATF FTATF 1 day ago Maybe there are subtle environmental differences not yet understood that are responsible for the differences in the way high alitute cultures adapt. In my experience, I hiked in the Himalayas to almost 20,000 feet and I felt great. Never had an indication of hypoxia. I obviously went through an acclimation process that clearly worked. I tried the same thing in Peru. It was way harder, even with the typically lower elevations when compared to the Himalayas (still over 12,000) I struggled big time. I was really really surprised by this. 1 Reply graceygrumble graceygrumble 12 days ago What staggered me about Peruvians was that while we were hiking and acclimatising along the Inca Trail, they were clearing up everything; packing our gear; striking camp; flying past us, carrying all the gear; getting to camp, setting up and preparing meals and then, while they were waiting for us, they were playing football! Different breed of people altogether! Superhuman! 311 Reply 7 replies 30dynamo 30dynamo 10 days ago Running and sweating which are the most impressive were left out. Hope there is a part 2 and also add on the ability of how our brain works and how fast it can process and interpret information. 18 Reply 6 replies Gamer_Kid_Naz Gamer_Kid_Naz 12 days ago On my summer trip to the Azores last year, I experienced an increase in my ability to hold my breath for longer periods of time under water over the 6 weeks I was there. I went swimming about 4-5 times a week. 7 Reply Jorge Pille Jorge Pille 1 day ago The way I see it, humans´ greatest strength comes in the form of community. We as individuals are capable of amazing things, but there always someone better at certain skills. In modern society, we would definitely struggle alone if some catastrophic event occurred that took away our modern comforts. We’d definitely up our chances of survival with companions. 1 Reply Logan Black Logan Black 10 days ago Great video! I was expecting you to include the Inuit ability to use their hands without gloves in the extreme cold of the artic. 🙂 4 Reply Kate Held Kate Held 9 days ago Medical anthropologist here: This is an excellent presentation. I wish I'd had it when I taught anthropology. Thank you! Reply duckpotat duckpotat 12 days ago Another ability just as if not more unique than these is lactose persistence i.e. the ability to digest milk in adulthood. Peoples from the British Isles, Northern and Central Europe, Indian states of Punjab and Haryana along with some pastoralist communities in the Middle East and Africa have the highest proportion of this adaptation. 459 Reply 15 replies Stefano Morandi Stefano Morandi 9 days ago (edited) Babu Chiri Sherpa spent 21hr on the summit without oxygen and without sleeping.... THATS INSANE! has to be in the top10 most impressive feats ever done by a human in all of history.... together with the 11 hour ascent by Lhakpa Gelu Sherpa, which is equally unbelievable. 3 Reply Threeman Threeman 10 days ago There are some really amazing biological traits that groups or individual humans have. Would be cool to catalog them along with the DNA of the person with them. Reply Fateful brawl Fateful brawl 10 days ago 0:00 - 1:39 Intro exposition 1:40 - 5:08 Overhead throwing 5:11 - 10:00 Aquatic apes 10:01 - 15:38 Life at high altitudes The rest is a good future take outro! 15 Reply Kirk Thompson Kirk Thompson 11 days ago Keep going with this series. Continue with humans for a few episodes. Then go on with different species and their adaptations/speciations. Reply The Last Roman The Last Roman 9 days ago I do have one “superhuman” ability that you might not expect. I can sit still for very long periods of time (thanks to my work). It may not seem like much (even laughable), but I often see other coworkers struggle with this. One of them is nearly driven nuts by it and he paces over and over again (which I find annoying). Reply Mujahid Mahmood Mujahid Mahmood 12 days ago You guys come up with the biggest of surprises. Wasn’t expecting to see an Insane Biology outlook on us. Kudos to you! 410 Reply Far too Critical Far too Critical 11 days ago Every one of your videos is absolutely fantastic but this one was exceptional. Who would’ve thought you’d do one on people Reply varun prakash varun prakash 10 days ago (edited) Humans are excellent Athelete because our ancient ancestors from stone age walking running hunting for food we travel for many places to hunt animals etc Humans are Best Athelete compare to other animals except cheetah and Human are excellent Javelin throw because of hunting skill of ancient ancestors from old age Thanks for information about Athelete human beings Insane biology the animation 👌 from Real science research analysis semma super mind-blowing Impressive research analysis from the real science 4 Reply Yvette Oluoch Yvette Oluoch 9 days ago This was awesome. Felt amazing to learn from it. Reply Rafael Peralta Rafael Peralta 11 days ago Insane indeed, especially the part where a Sherpa ascended the Everest in just 11 hours. 4 Reply J Mass J Mass 7 days ago Arguably our greatest trait is our capacity for communication and cooperation. It’s incredible how much of our physiology enables it too. Reply Fromulus Fromulus 12 days ago I use the divers reflex to help counteract episodes of tachycardia I sometimes experience. It truly does help, instantly reduces your heart rate upon the face submerging in water. That tends to help my heart retrigger normal electrical activity. 262 Reply 9 replies Kitty Kat Kitty Kat 12 days ago An amazing episode! I really enjoyed watching. 1 Reply dksd dksd 8 days ago This was a really good video! Keep up the good work🤘 Reply mctuble mctuble 10 days ago First video I've seen on this channel and I want to say... 1. New subscriber here 2. Great voice for the content 3. Video is cohesive and explained very well. Love it. Reply suprvideo suprvideo 7 days ago Bravo. Well researched, explained, and illustrated. Reply ReapersKeeper ReapersKeeper 9 days ago One of the best things we are blessed with as humans that not most other animals have is will power. 1 Reply lolll lolll lolll lolll 12 days ago (edited) Most people like to point at animals with 5 times our bodysize to argue that we humans are weak. Remember we were a threat to mother nature before discovering fire when we were just using toothpicks for spears. Just because we aren't the best species that doesn't mean we were harmless, housecats are a perfect example of how something small and cute can actually be an dangerous predator in the wild. 33 Reply 10 replies Mobbs Mobbs 9 days ago I've said for a few years now, we're a lot more powerful than we give ourselves credit for Our endurance, our throwing arm, heck even our legs are ridiculously long for our weight class giving us a strong kick. We've got about the same muscle mass as a cheetah. They put their explosive strength into speed, we put ours into spears 1 Reply PulseX10n PulseX10n 12 days ago (edited) Love this video, it was made for me. I've plan to acquire both these 2 adaptions for my progenies and I wonder what super athletes could be made if both were combined together. 2 Reply 2 replies Johanus Haidner Johanus Haidner 2 days ago I have a strange family trait... My pinky fingers bend in towards the centre, rather than being straight like other people's. As well, the first joint into the hand on my pinky moves more than other people's. I've been teased that I have two thumbs on each hand. I have noticed that I will use my pinky more actively than other people will, almost like it is an outside thumb. Makes some things easier, including crafts and sculpting, if you can use your fingers with a wider range of motion and higher strength on the outside digit. Reply Stephen Beres Stephen Beres 12 days ago Fascinating. I trained myself to hold my breath underwater for 4 minutes. This was before I saw this video and learned about the mammalian dive response. I can't do this lying in bed. Neato! And, surprise! I recently found out that my spleen is 10% larger than normal. I had no explanation before today. Also, swine have 6 tits. I'm happy with 2. 😃 Reply INDUWARA GANEPOLA INDUWARA GANEPOLA 1 day ago I am new to this channel and I just have to say I love the narrator's voice and the content of this channel 1 Reply robert black robert black 12 days ago What, no "the ability to run marathons and longer distances" or "the opposable thumb"? The two most significant evolutionary advantages that allowed the species to survive. 194 Reply 11 replies Markus Gorelli Markus Gorelli 11 days ago Thank You. When Cameron's Avatar came out I saw the 6-legged horses and went cool! A different body plan. Except that they ran exactly like their quadrupedal counterparts do. Then I began to wonder about shoulder blade congestion. lol. And then if this was a world where hexapodalism was common (I hope I am using the correct term), then how come the na'vi are tetrapods like us? So this aspect of Cameron's world building left me a bit disappointed. Although I can see that such a thing would have caused problems in the story for developing the avatar bodies. Could the human brain which is wired to run a 4-limbed body, be suddenly able to handle one with 6? And then the Na'vi hair pattern makes no sense to be the same as ours - or is it? For thinking about this recently, I wondered if being naked will encourage technology development. For being cold requires the need for making external clothing. This includes weaving, making thread and the most sophisticated bit of technology called needles. I was threading a needle recently and was marveling about the technical ability to make a tiny hole in a sliver of bone that would have comprised the earliest form of this that we know of. I know that a lot of sci-fi alien bodies may have superficial differences but are usually the same as ours. I know this is usually to permit people to fit into costumes haha, but maybe this is the best form for a technological species to take. It would be an interesting idea to explore. 5 Reply Gleichtritt Gleichtritt 7 days ago Its also very interesting what epigenetics can do and does. The research is still young, but I recently read, that if you were suffering from hunger, the following generation has a tendency to be overweight. Who knows what other factors can do. Would not be surprised if it only takes one generation of divers to get diver spleen, after all, the biology always tends to surprise us. Reply The Emperor of nefoli The Emperor of nefoli 9 days ago I am from one of those group of people that have the high altitude adaptation but back about 4th or 5th gen my relative left the mountains and came to more flatter and lower parts of country . I dont know why but i dont have the ability to climb with out altitude sickness . It kind of strange to me that i cant do that when most of my friends have the ability I am pretty sure there was not any type of mixing in my family . Idk the evolution kind of strange to me 1 Reply Therese Hopkins Therese Hopkins 11 days ago Excellent video!! Very interesting and informative!!! Thank you!!! 1 Reply alex carter alex carter 9 days ago The bit about throwing is interesting. Our near, pre-human ancestors like Homo habilis, erectus, etc., may have been master throwers. Human evolution is often traced through human-made tools like chipped spear heads, hand-axe heads, etc. But we could have gone a far way just being good at throwing. Since we're really good at persistence hunting and working as a group, our ancestor could have been really effective hunters early on. (I think it's been determined that to a great extent humans were often scavengers or prey-stealers. Say lions make a kill, the humans let the lions eat a bit so they're satisfied, then close in with lots of rocks to throw and persuade the lions to clear off. Reply X G X G 12 days ago We are incredible lucky. More so to be born and live in our current time. There's NEVER been a better time to be alive! I am incredibly grateful to be here with all of you! 172 Reply 16 replies The European Bee The European Bee 12 days ago (edited) Welp, good video as always, just wanted to say that people who can't run or swim like myself (I'm not joking, I actually can't) are quite likely just defective &/or underwhelming shells of a human body (yes, I did try to learn when I was younger but it just wouldn't work - okay, being asthmatic and overweight at the time didn't help). Anyhow, I guess the TLDR is that every human body has a different predisposition to the stresses of life (even if they are considered "healthy" while infants/kids) and understanding the why is always pretty damn important (understanding something is always preferable). 4 Reply 3 replies captainphoton captainphoton 6 days ago I never felt the lack oxygen in high altitudes while my entire family was talking about it. 1 Reply Psilo47 Psilo47 1 day ago This channel is an absolute gem! Reply Enceos Enceos 11 days ago The ability to sweat is also very rare in the animal kingdom. It helps us run huge distances and work hard for hours, when most animals quickly overheat after a short burst of activity. Reply Severin Hawkland Severin Hawkland 8 days ago We do definitely have so many abilities that most people don't know about or can't use (to their full extent) due to not using them. If a cheetah barely ran it's entire life it wouldn't be nearly as fast as others. The humans of the past had incredible abilities beacuse they used them all the time. Reply TheSkystrider TheSkystrider 12 days ago I watched this on Nebula. Amazing content! Her Becoming Human series on Nebula is so cool too!! Truly amazing to think about the evolution of our bodies and our tool making abilities. I think Culture and communication/teaching is probably the biggest factor to how we developed tool making. Not too many of our ancestors probably invented tools/techniques but as long as the few creators could teach and hand techniques down the generations, it allowed us (hominids) to slowly advance over millions of years. Once humans came on the scene, we were taught by the knowledge gained before us. Over millions of years the fact that enough hominids wanted to teach things (which gave those offspring higher chance of survival) it became a feedback loop to encourage invention of language and the brain capacity and desire to communicate/teach/cooperate.. phenomenal to imagine how this could have taken place over numerous generations. Those who knew something about making/using tools, taught others, which encouraged language which encouraged brains that could form complex sounds which encouraged desire to cooperate which encouraged fine tuning tools which encouraged.... = Feedback loop! 122 Real Science Reply 2 replies VAST VAST 10 days ago The spear is not just a throwing weapon. Its also a very capable melee weapon, one of the best in fact. 4 Reply 3 replies Birdie Lein Birdie Lein 9 days ago This was so cool! Thanks so much for doing it. Reply Patricio Silva Patricio Silva 8 days ago I'm from Perú and I lived in the coast al my life, its kinda shocking to me saying that people from around the globe could have heart failure over 3000 m when I'm from the coast and I remember going to a city called Huancayo (3200 meters oversea level) to have a intercollege basketball matchup in just the next day. I remember lacking oxigen but for us this is very normal, our country is just like that with sea, mountains and jungle and it kinda makes me feel proud for our roots because for most sports (that doesnt have to do with endurance) we kinda suck XD Reply David Thomson David Thomson 9 days ago Literally five days after I told my wife that my dad had grown bones in his ears from swimming so many years in cold water (I started not believing it even as I said it, even though my mother said it many times), this video says yes, it's a thing. Should have trusted Ma. Reply aj dileo aj dileo 8 days ago Just imagine after we have been in space for a few thousand years. Imagine the potential adaptations. Reply My Mom My Mom 12 days ago Finally you are covering the top-tier animal on this planet. 534 Reply 60 replies Hi LY Hi LY 7 days ago The narrator's voice and the writing are perfect! Thank you. Reply Vijay Balasundaram Vijay Balasundaram 6 days ago Proud to be human being , really the biology is insane 🔥🔥🔥 Reply John Tsai John Tsai 9 days ago I'm very grateful for the existence for such a high quality education-entertainment channel. Reply Noriel Sylvire Noriel Sylvire 8 days ago I'll add some more: Our hands. Without talking about how using our brains we devised and crafted stuff that allows us to walk on other worlds, human hands are just awesome. Even without being super smart, anyone can train their hands to pull off incredibly neat tricks of pure precision and grace. Juggling, spinning sticks around, there even exist people who juggle flaming sticks!! Butterfly knifes, zippos, drum sticks, all sorts of hypnotizing moves we can pull off. There are other animals who can hold stuff. Most mammals reptiles and birds can hold stuff with their mouths and beaks, but you already know how that always ends up. Some animals can hold objects with their feet, like parrots for instance. Have you seen a parrot handle an object? Yeah it's cool, but it's not awesome. Compared to the most incompetent healthy humans, parrots holding stuff with their feet are incredibly clumsy. Have you seen a chimp or an orangutan hold objects? I've seen a chimp use a stick to get termites from a colony and slurp them up. They too are incredibly clumsy, compared with a human. No offence intended. It's just the way it is. For a healthy human to maneuver their hands like a chimp, they need to be sedated, drunk or intoxicated in some other way. I believe it's because chimp's wrists aren't as versatile as ours. Walking. We may not be the fastest, but we are some of the most persistent walkers and joggers on the planet. We are on par with other land migrating animals. Yeah, most animals can run faster than us, but most animals can only run for a few seconds before they need to stop and rest for a a few more seconds before running again. Imagine an antelope or a zebra. They spot a couple of humans jogging towards them looking all dangerous. Hah. They're so slow. Losers. The antelope quickly runs away many times faster than the humans. But then the antelope gets tired. So it rests for a few seconds. And during that time the humans start catching up. Shit. The antelope runs again. Way faster than humans. Then rests again. The humans are still jogging. Have they even ever stopped? Their mouths are closed, are they even breathing? The antelope runs again. It'd muscles start to ache. It needs to rest again. Humans are still jogging. This has been going on for at least 20 minutes now. Fuck. Those damn hungry things keep chasing the antelope. Same pace. They don't even look fazed by the chase. An hour later, the antelope is demolished by running all the time. Although it has always been faster than the humans, they constantly chase it. Jogging. Not even sprinting. They are really not that fast. Those darn monsters. They aren't even panting. They look unfazed. The antelope collapses to the ground. The monsters constantly behind it catch up. Collapsed. Tired. Traumatized. The hopeless antelope accepts death from the relentless hunters. Always behind it. Always chasing. Always there. Dude, we humans are hecking terrifying. There are some humans that still hunt like this today. Obviously there's also our intelligence. We humans are like the wildcard of humanity. Yeah we're not the fastest. We're not the strongest. We're not the biggest. But hell, we're the smartest, and we're stronger than most. Bigger than most. Faster than most. And thanks to that, we have adapted to practically every environment on the surface of the planet. The only ones we haven't colonized yet are Antarctica and the bottom of the ocean, and I am absolutely sure that's just a matter of time until we reach those places and colonize them too. 1 Reply 1 reply RocketJo86 RocketJo86 2 days ago It's not only the power of human throws, but also their accuracy. While a lot of apes and monkeys can throw and hit at a short distance, it is far more "hit or miss" than humans. Even small children can be pretty accurate in their throws. Human hand-eye-coordination (is this how you say it in English?) is incredibly good and basically necessary for crafting early tools, too. Another point humans excel in - compared to other mammals at least - is communication. We are on par with (or even better than) song birds, with accurate means to give knowledge to other people around us. Humans do have an incredible voice range, both in tone and sound, but we almost never think about it. And given we've lost a lot of non-verbal communication (fur, tails, ears) we have evolved more nuanced facial expressions in turn - as dogs did, to, interestingly enough. Reply Kanmuru Kanmuru 12 days ago So humans are basically the personification of a 'jack of all trades' but in a weirdly good way. 146 Reply 21 replies Flo Hupfer Flo Hupfer 8 days ago Awesome video but i need to add a tiny detail: the throwing motion isn’t the fastest motion we can perform. It’s actually snapping our fingers, since through the friction between our fingers there is a lot more energy stored, that suddenly explodes in the snapping motion 1 Reply rejectfalseicons1920 rejectfalseicons1920 10 days ago People wonder how our ancestors spread so far in ancient times. Throughout the lockdown my overweight self walked the distance of the Sahara desert and am working my way to the planter's core. The human body is truly amazing 1 Reply Brandon Glauner Brandon Glauner 6 days ago I love that one ofour best skills is just being a little good at lots of things and very good at unique things like language and overhand throwing. Reply BariumCobaltNitrog3n BariumCobaltNitrog3n 12 days ago Two things, language and cooperation have allowed us to become who we are. We rely on hundreds of other people just to brush our teeth in the morning, and right now today, you could hire enough people to build rockets to go to Mars. Money is not the most important thing either, but our ability to communicate complex ideas to others. 2 Reply Live Physiology Live Physiology 8 days ago It's interesting to hear in this video that different high altitude communities have adaptations for high altitude living that are different adaptations from each group, yet accomplish the same physiological goal of increasing VO2max. Reply XanChan XanChan 12 days ago Yes we’re all humans here and definitely NOT ants in trench coats 95 Reply 3 replies flamencoprof flamencoprof 10 days ago When I was a schoolboy in the early Sixties, I had little interest in most competitive sport, games, etc, but I could do 25m underwater; a length of the main pool at the Baths where I had swimming lessons. IIRC I could only go as deep as 15 feet in a diving pool elsewhere. I don't know why I wanted to do it, I was only challenging myself. Reply CJay CJay 12 days ago Damn, I was hoping you'd bring up my peoples ability to laugh at cold temperatures. I've witnessed people going out into the freezing cold and they emit steam. Happens to my dad, uncles, neighbors. I'm the only one it doesn't happen too, the ability is there I just never exercise it. Reply Benjamin I. Smith Benjamin I. Smith 10 days ago 16:35 I love his little, "I was born a human and not any lesser animal" dance Reply Luca Pasch Luca Pasch 10 days ago I think the static Freediving record is close to 12 minutes, which is still very impressive. A 24 minute breathhold is only possible if the athlete inhales pure oxygen for quiet a few minutes before the breathhold. But like I said it is still very impressive Great video 👍🏽 Reply Zeithri Zeithri 4 days ago Throwing, an ancient human art. Be me: " Yes, I can hit my trashcan from here! " Partially joking x) My call to fame I guess is a pretty good throwing aim. Hitting a three-pointer in basketball ( across the playing field ) when I was 9-11 somewhere, impressing everyone momentarily until jealous people practiced harder just to take that away from me. 7:15 - So that's how it works! That's amazing!! Loved this video. Reply Justin Y With Mustache Access Justin Y With Mustache Access 12 days ago The throwing segment actually got me curious as well, not about human evolution leading up to that point, but about the evolution of prey and/or other competitive species as humans learned how to throw better and better. I don't know if this is only true for the dogs in my area or if maybe there was something else which scared them off (like maybe me standing back up straight from crouching), but it seems that even dogs which has never seen a human throwing anything before (I've seen this reflex occur with some puppies and with sheltered dogs whose owners I know have never thrown at them) will run at the sight of an unfamiliar/seemingly hostile human picking up something in front of them (I noticed this because we used to throw at the woody area near our house whenever a dog wandered by over there, I realized I didn't have to release the stone when the dog has seen me crouching, even when I don't actually pick up anything!) 85 Reply 11 replies Dru Nature Dru Nature 12 days ago Hell yeah, I was just telling my girlfriend this last night, we are all capable of super human things we're incredible, you just have to have the right mindset and training. Reply Aнтония Стойнова Aнтония Стойнова 11 days ago I am a submarine when it comes to the pool. I went to the public pool every summer before covid. Every day, for 1 to 3 hours , from june to 1st September. I would constantly dive to the bottom of the deep end (3+ meters down) and would look around and touch the bottom. I would also roam the bottom of the pool and search for trinkets, it was mostly trash but I have bought myself an ice cream by collecting cents fallen to the bottom 1 Reply Barry Family Barry Family 6 days ago It’s so good to finally here someone appreciating humans rather than criticising us 4 once Reply Markus Gorelli Markus Gorelli 11 days ago I would be interested in how much of this might be epigenetic changes - meaning that if one took a group of people with different ethnicity and they lived there, how many generations would it take before they took on either the tibetan or ethiopian strategy. Likewise, if some sherpas emigrated out of this area, how many generations would it take for them to lose this ability. (This is without intermarriage) Reply Caelesti Gladii Caelesti Gladii 7 days ago When I was a child, I lived at around less than 50m above sea level. Every summer, we go on vacation to a place 1600m above sea level. I have to say the difference in my endurance when playing is like night and day. I almost fainted once just playing arcade games. Reply Gabrielle Gabrielle 12 days ago Just want to make a correction! The fastest motion a human can make is not throwing but rather snapping. The kinetic energy stored before the sound creates the fastest motion that the human body can do. Sci Show has a fascinating video on it! 51 Reply 5 replies Mona N. Mona N. 10 days ago (edited) What an amazing documentary!! 🥰🥰🥰 I love it. ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️ Reply Dillon S Dillon S 5 days ago 7:43 Since this is an evolution that just helps us not die, I was thinking what if we were a sentient alien species that could not swim, but still developed all the technology today. I saw this and thought, a clip like this would be possible then, but it would be terrifying. Seeing someone fall into the water would be like watching someone doomed to die. Of course by the time they had a camera invented, they would have some safety equipment, but it would still raise some hairs Reply Chickenmonger Chickenmonger 9 days ago Neat to think of all of these advantages. We are definitely bound to water in some incredibly complex way. But it’s to breathe air that we are born for. It’s the complexity of our ability to adapt and maintain breathe that informs our endurance. Which is what our musculoskeletal adaptations are built on. What swimming instincts are built on. What our altitude abilities are built on. What our running abilities are built on. How we speak and communicate complexly. It’s air. Our eyes are adapted to perceive light through air. All of it’s built on that as far as I can tell. Reply Rusty .Thebanite Rusty .Thebanite 5 days ago I was NOT expecting the statistic of how many batters have died from baseballs to the head. Our capacity to throw has always fascinated me. I think the sneeze is a close second for the fastest motion the human body produces? Yes! I love swimming! I had no idea that the Dive Reflex had a name, or that it was so complex! That's wild! I knew Sherpas were remarkable, but I didn't know they were insane! XD Evolution will NEVER be done with us. I'm sure if we ever become semi-permanent residents of the larger cosmos we will also properly adapt to microgravity. Fantastic video! Reply Adon Diklon Adon Diklon 5 days ago These videos are always amazing! Reply Toxin 755 Toxin 755 12 days ago (edited) Incredible video! The human body is truly a marvel of nature, and it's fascinating to learn more about it. I would love to see a video on the topic of genetics from you. It's a subject that never fails to amaze me. Thanks for sharing your knowledge! 78 Reply Anil Chowdhury Anil Chowdhury 3 days ago I love your videos! Thank you! 1 Reply Tyler Baer Tyler Baer 9 days ago You could make a whole video just about the science of human running and sweating. And of course hundreds of videos on the uniqueness of the human mind Reply The Eternal E'lir The Eternal E'lir 11 hours ago This channel makes me appreciate life. And living in general, even though I don't want to anymore. Thanks Reply Robert Robert 11 days ago For people who say we're the best endurance runners, that's really only in warm places due to our ability to sweat. In cold temperatures other animals are far better. Dogs for instance can run just under 1000 miles in less than 8 days. No human will match that feat. 3 Reply Moepowerplant Moepowerplant 9 days ago Humans. The most meta-defining build in the entire game. 1 Reply niIIer1 niIIer1 12 days ago Keep in mind we only really evolve in a particular direction if there is a reproductive tendency towards something. Like people who don't have the trait die if they don't reproduce, or they reproduce more with a certain trait due to sexual selection. Also genetic drift is a thing but requires specific circumstances like mass dying or migration. You always see these "this is what humans would look like in a 1000 years". And their reasoning for never consider WHY that genetic trait would spread. 60 Reply 4 replies UnseenTreeClimber UnseenTreeClimber 9 days ago My first time in Mexico City made me realize how elevated it was, so for the first day I was a bit lethargic and short of breath—then it clicked why. Thankfully the day after I adjusted quickly and went about just fine. Reply abraham bowen abraham bowen 8 days ago It takes people 6 to 10 weeks to do this climb and this Sherpa man did it in under 11hrs. Wow just 👌 👏🏿 we are going in to the realm of super humans. Reply Ed P Ed P 9 days ago hey congrats on a million subs, thanks for sharing your knowledge. Reply MrJamesdryable MrJamesdryable 8 days ago "It is a shame for a man to grow old without seeing the beauty and strength of which his body is capable" - Socrates Reply Isaak van Daalen Isaak van Daalen 10 days ago Very interesting to learn about this very cool species. Reply Moritz Naujoks Moritz Naujoks 12 days ago (edited) €15.00 Just wanted to tell you, that over the last year you've become by far my most favourite channel on this website. I've been on youtube for over 13 years now, but not a single channel managed to grab my attention and curiosity in the way you do. I've watched every video on your channel several times and they are always a pleasure to experience. The way you narrate, the accompanying videos and the way you treat your audience are pretty much unrivaled for me. I truly hope you never stop. These videos made me so interested in biology and natural sciences that I've decided to study biology this year. Thank you. You rock! 66 Reply 3 replies Guayaquil Independiente Guayaquil Independiente 9 days ago I live at 2800m… that is over 9000ft… I love to run, and when I go down to sea level, I’m much less tired and my times and distance increase… it’s incredible! 2 Reply habibe-eddine mahmouche habibe-eddine mahmouche 1 day ago Goosebumps every time I watch a video of yours !!! Reply Jeremiah Kivi Jeremiah Kivi 9 days ago Came into this video like "meh, I probably know all this". Well you proved me wrong. Very interesting and informative. Thank you. Reply TheHolyDarkness TheHolyDarkness 8 days ago 4:30 - I concur. I don't need to move at 50 mph when the thing I'm going to kill you with already moves at 70 to 95+ mph. Not to mention, think of how calorie efficient that's going to be. A cheetah needs to make his entire body move to have his claws sink in his prey at 75 mph, and he might get donkey kicked for it. I just need to twist my body a bit to make my claw smack the target at 75 mph. No chance to retaliate. 1 Reply Happyfoam 9000 Happyfoam 9000 9 days ago You know, I wonder if proximity to humans is making our symbiotes (i.e. dogs/cats) smarter as well. Humans have been selectively being them for thousands of years to fulfill particular niches and traits. If dogs were ever able to achieve self-awareness because of this, I wonder what the dynamic would be with humans. Reply Lost Joshh Lost Joshh 12 days ago I’ve been wanting a video to cover these for a long time!! I’d tell others how interesting it was that there’s humans who are currently evolving slightly different that us under “normal” circumstances such as the divers with larger spleens and those who are able to thrive in low oxygen environments with no issues. I’m so happy that there’s finally a video covering both of these and diving a bit more in depth about them. Amazing video, really made my day to finally get a video like this 16 Reply Inguz Inguz 9 days ago About aquatic adaptations, when I started swimming as a 28 yo male it only took a few months of swimming 1km 2-3 times a week to build up enough core strength that push-ups and plank stopped feeling straining (from being very exhaustive). I just find it interesting that I've never felt as fit or strong, despite that I remained at only ~20 BMI. Need to start swimming again, I'm like a french fry atm, slim but fat. 1 Reply Edelyn Cordero Edelyn Cordero 11 days ago Could we explore the biology of pregnant women next? I've always found fascinating how the body of a female human changes since the first second they become pregnant. 1 Reply E Z E Z 9 days ago It feels like when the game thanks the player as part of the team 1 Reply Jona Jona 10 days ago This is.... Damn. A absolutely GREAT Video! I'm impressed Reply Hungry Dino Hungry Dino 4 days ago The question of 'where will evolution takes us next?' has always made me curious. For the most part I think genetic evolution has stopped occurring as reproductive success is not a measure of the strongest human specimens, and rates of reproduction are now pretty much random in developed countries. The evolution that happens the fastest and we see first is cultural evolution which may lead to some unexpected physical changes too Reply K Dizzy K Dizzy 12 days ago I've been making playlists with your videos to sleep to. I just keep replaying them until they're memorized. Very educational and also relaxing. 40 Reply 1 reply Netbase2000 Netbase2000 10 days ago Makes me wonder how many more adaptations the brain did we not yet know about Reply Hiro Hiro 7 days ago As an ultra endurance human with a high hgb to hct ratio, this video is so interesting to me. One thing left out however, is the human trait of perspiration. It's what gives us humans one of the best endurance capabilities in the animal kingdom, not a lot of mammals perspire like us humans. Reply Arrival Arrival 8 days ago I think the main reason we are different from other animals is simply bcoz of our brain ability to think beyond our own self cognitive ability Reply Edwin Edwin 8 days ago I just start exercise since new year... Just after 2 weeks, I can run twice my first time distance and almost twice my pace of jogging.... It really surprise me, with just moderate training you can basically be better than average people. Reply Storm Slyde Storm Slyde 12 days ago The fastest motion the human body can make is not the throwing arm, its the finger snap. 27 Reply ZodiacLeopard ZodiacLeopard 12 days ago I'm pretty sure the fastest motion the human body is capable of is to snap our fingers 2 Reply ikaiko ikaiko 7 days ago I don't have any ancestry from high altitude places, but I have a strangely good tolerance to altitude. I can run comfortably above 3000 meters, and the only difference I feel from altitude is the cleanliness of the air and my ears popping Reply Pittsburgh Flip Pittsburgh Flip 9 days ago We're not even getting into our ability to survive bodily injuries that would likely kill most other animals, or our endurance that allows us to practice pursuit predation... we're scary in a lot of ways. 1 Reply Florida Man Florida Man 7 days ago I used to work in the clubhouse of an MLB team. The top athletes have god-given talent. We are not all on their level Reply Stephen Bedford Stephen Bedford 5 days ago (edited) I had to give up running forty years ago when in my mid-twenties. The reason? Mother Nature kindly blessed me with weak high arched feet which places more strain on the forefeet and ankles than normal healthy arches. So when I was twenty-five, the transverse metatarsal arch under my left forefoot just collapsed and I started getting severe cramps when, at first running, but then later walking. So I had to see a podiatrist and get custom arch supports with a metatarsal dome which helped support my weak forefoot. But my forefoot just continued to weaken regardless and eventually developed a huge Morton's neuroma which I eventually had excised. The weakness in my left foot seemed to weaken my whole left leg and wore out my left knee which had to be replaced last year. Then when I was fifty-two, I developed sinus tarsi syndrome in my right ankle and suffered totally crippling pain in my right subtalar joint which led me to see an orthopaedic surgeon. He said that my high-arched feet were the cause as they had caused me to pronate when walking thus stressing the ankle. So I had arthroscopic surgery to fix it and in doing so he injured my sural nerve. So now I have chronic debilitating sural neuralgia in the back of my right ankle. The bottom line: if the human body is so frigging amazing and wonderful and mother Nature such a great architect of bodies, then why the hell couldn't she have given me normal healthy feet? Would have saved me a shitload of pain and suffering. Yes, human biology is insane... insanely BAD!!!!! Reply Livar G Livar G 12 days ago This video was great! 🎉 but there’s so much more to talk about I wouldn’t mind a part 2 12 Reply Daniel Wedio Vergara Daniel Wedio Vergara 7 days ago (edited) I have always lived in Veracruz, which is a coastern city and I thought I couldn't stand higher altitudes. I have been in Mexico City multiple times and never had difficulties with breathing and I never realized it was so high, so I think I might have a good natural response to higher altitudes... I guess. Reply 1 reply Brenden Fullmer Brenden Fullmer 12 days ago God, I love your channel. Best channel on Youtube! 1 Reply mehmet gurdal mehmet gurdal 10 days ago I spend my summers in mountais and I realized that while I'm there I feel less tired, I also can run for longer periods of time. but in more lower altitudes I feel suffocated. Reply Sevrono Sevrono 12 days ago i can hold my breath for over a minute, because i've practiced, and i'm a strong swimmer so i'm sure i could dive 3 meters at least shortly, but i'll never find out, because i have a fear of depths and any body of water where i CAN dive 3 metres is too deep for my comfort lol Reply TallGermanBoy TallGermanBoy 9 days ago This is amazing content! Reply Daniel Whitaker Daniel Whitaker 12 days ago Thank you for the focus on the overhead throw. Our ability to kill at distance is unique, seen nowhere else. This is the direct result of our over arm throw, again unique to us. 61 Reply 14 replies Maxwell Goldbas Maxwell Goldbas 10 days ago Small correction: the fastest motion we can make is not the throw, its the snap. A snap is significantly faster than a pitchers arm. Reply no fun no fun 7 days ago Humans are amazing. Humans themselves can’t even comprehend how incredible they are. Reply Lukas Brian Lukas Brian 5 days ago what if you combined the adaptations of those who live in the Andeas with those who live in Nepal, would you create a high altitude superhuman? Reply Vysair Vysair 8 days ago The short answer is the incredible adaptability of human not just in experience and training but also in our biology. Reply Arkansas Parrot Rescue Arkansas Parrot Rescue 9 days ago (edited) Our greatest adaptations are our hive behavior, deception, our stamina and coordination (identified in video), sweating to cool ourselves, and our capacity for language to teach each other and coordinate our actions. Strength and speed-wise, we are mediocre athletes at best. As runners, we're the best of the apes and worst as climbers. Reply Alexander Abildsten Alexander Abildsten 12 days ago (edited) Such an amazing video. Keep up the amazing work. 27 Reply Lilith Bertens Lilith Bertens 7 days ago Reminds me so much of humans are deathworlders, stories where humans are found by very much smaller and weaker aliens and they just consider us a massive threat Reply Paulie FinTechFit Paulie FinTechFit 12 days ago Incredible as usual. 1 Reply Tulkas Tulkas 6 days ago I agree, even the ones that are overweight, they can expand so much that people would say "don't eat more or you will become an athlete" Reply prfwrx249 prfwrx249 10 days ago The nitric oxide adaptation is also why professional mountaineers and guides working in the Himalayas are constantly taking Viagra during summits. Dilates the blood vessels. I wonder if mountain infantry does this too. Reply Tzinacan, the Aztec Bat God Tzinacan, the Aztec Bat God 9 days ago Literally the most overpowered build in the history of Earth. 3 Reply TMX 2099 TMX 2099 12 days ago (edited) I like these videos cus they're so chill and calm as well as informative I specifically really like studying zoology and these videos really solve earliest doubts 10 Reply Chucky Mafia Chucky Mafia 8 days ago I was from Mexico, Taxco Guerrero. I moved to Cuernavaca Morelos, Then the US as a young kid. I then moved back and visited a mountain in Taxco. I then traveled all over the US and parts of Mexico, I was never out of breath. I visited Florida once and I felt out of breathe for the first time in my life. I had visited Acapulco and felt warm but the humidity in Florida was outrages. I thought I was out of shape, I am used to the Texas Hot dry weather and when met with Florida's hot weather with moisture. I felt it in my lungs, two hours later I was fine. Being in the mountains of Mexico. My lungs felt cold, but I managed. I have been exposed to Heat, warmth and humidity. I can understand why we adapt. I do not understand how I adapted to Acapulcos super hot weather so easily as I am not your tyipical Mexican as I am light skin and look whiter than some white people in the US. My skin was not made to withstand that heat from the sun or humidity. Reply Unspoken Unspoken 8 days ago As a non-human I can say this is very informative. Reply carlos ignacio loria hernandez carlos ignacio loria hernandez 8 days ago What an amazing video, thanks!! Reply Toughen Up, Fluffy Toughen Up, Fluffy 10 days ago Before 2019, the fastest ascent of all 14 of the eight thousand meter peaks in the Himalayas took nearly eight years. In 2019, Nirmal Purja, from Nepal, did it in less than 7 months. Reply Parkman29 Parkman29 9 days ago The environments our ancestors grew up must have been crazy Reply Mushtaq Rasool Mushtaq Rasool 12 days ago I have lived 3700 m above sea level in the Himalayas and I felt absolutely nothing. Most of the tourists had to be hospitalized though. Never thought being part of a different ethnic group could help so much. 4 Reply 1 reply The Ethicist Philosophy Show The Ethicist Philosophy Show 12 days ago Martians and Belters will almost certainly develop similar adaptations as the Sherpas. In addition to other adaptations as well. Reply Fat Tracks Fat Tracks 9 days ago You totally spaced sweating and running, the most impressive parts! 1 Reply Joseph Soares Joseph Soares 10 days ago (edited) Aside from our massive motherboards, efficient operating system, and innovative mechanical adaptability, we also have a built-in, state-of-the-art water cooling system, unique symbiotic bio-defense system, and a surprisingly effective heat-sync. In other words, we have the ability to give any other computer (animal or actual) a very respectful middle finger. Which is why I’m gonna put my phone down, grab a celebratory glass of scotch or cognac (not sure which to choose, so I’ll force my phone do a coin flip for me), and once I finish my drink, I’ll go about my merry day while wishing everyone the best! :) 1 Reply Carlo Gaytan Carlo Gaytan 10 days ago (edited) I would say Our strongest qualities, are the uncanny ability we have at Teaching, Socializing, and Communicating with each other. Reply Eclipseslayer98 Eclipseslayer98 3 days ago I wouldn't mind a genetic catalogue of all the extreme adaptaions in humans, and then having the technology to give them to myself. Reply QBgarden QBgarden 12 days ago Holding your breath for 23-24 minutes is insane. I thought your brain started to die at 3-5. 4 Reply cowebb2327 cowebb2327 9 days ago Enjoying your channel immensely. Curious about a couple of claims made in this video. First, that nearly 200 people have been killed playing baseball. There's only 1 recorded death by a professional player so can you cite your reference for the other nearly 200? Second, the throwing motion produces the fastest motion the human body is capable of producing. I thought that was the blink. Thanks. Reply Nikolay Tonev Nikolay Tonev 7 days ago Great video! Evolution has surved its purpose well untill now, but I think it'll be too slow to account for how humans change in the future. Technology will play the main role in that, from now on we'll engineer our adaptations. Reply Laucron Laucron 9 days ago This is like those episodes where the opening changed as if it were the antagonist's show Reply Heathen That Heretic Heathen That Heretic 11 days ago It always baffles me when people get upset because I tell them we are animals as well! 1 Reply angeldude101 angeldude101 9 days ago I wonder if throwing also impacted other traits, like oposable thumbs being pretty much required for precise control, and as for our brains... Do you remember covering ballistic motion in physics class? All the complicated formulas that you need to use to plot the trajectory of a projectile? Ya, we can do a pretty damn good approximation of all that within a fraction of a second. Reply 1 reply Zeyad Awad Zeyad Awad 12 days ago For the first time in the insane biology series, I think she had a pretty easy time of finding b-roll. 😆 8 Reply Alioth Ancalagon Alioth Ancalagon 10 days ago I find it especially interesting how underestimated our ability to throw things is. If we were some kind of evolved sentient lion species and there was an animal that could, if angered, throw dozens of rocks with deadly speed into your face, then the danger of even being within 30m of this animal would be so legendary that every child knew about it. We can basically punch people from 30m away. And we act like its no big deal. Reply furyberserk furyberserk 4 days ago 200k years of archeology as shown the creation of not only spearheads but arrowheads. Considering the from throwing rocks, to the sling, to javalins and bow, we were always trying to make the gun. And from military use of 10 by 10 rows of archer with quivers of 30, our flurry of raining burning arrows tipped with poison reveals the desire of machine shotgun snipers. May the world tremble when we finally achieve our final weapon. Reply aj dileo aj dileo 8 days ago Holding our breath is a huge adaptation 1 Reply Rok Hamler Rok Hamler 11 days ago One thing almost EVERYONE forgets is our ability to find something to eat almost everywhere in the world within the same human's lifetime. It doesn't take evolution's slow mutation/selection/adaptation mechanism to our digestive tract to allow us to slowly spread to a new environment. We may not be able to digest all that food as well but we can compensate with cooking, fermenting and so on. Reply Arcane Arcane 6 days ago 16:30 that's simple, it's probably not a random spinning wheel but rather a intelligent design beyond our intellect, perception or imagination, but as mentioned in the video, this part starts getting into a more philosophical and anthropological area. 1 Reply 1 reply Ben Lister Ben Lister 12 days ago Really like this channel. The lady speaking has a great voice and tempo. Plus she dumbs it down enough for anyone to understand but still stickks to the scientific terms and facts. Even a perfect video length to make easy to watch between anything you have to do on the daily. Big thumbs up from me Keep it ip 5 Reply Adam Tucker Adam Tucker 7 days ago Eyelid closure iss approximately twice as rapid as eyelid opening (0.162 and 0.316 seconds, respectively), if someone was bored enough to calculate the velocity of an eyelid closing I reckon it it'd smash past the velocity of a knuckle being swung around, idk tho Reply Robert Arguello Robert Arguello 11 days ago We learn something everyday! ... And this video thanks to you showed that we have an ability to throw 🤽🏽‍♂️ things really well, because we have biologically improved. Thanks! Reply Mūn Man Mūn Man 8 days ago (edited) Finally, a video that doesn’t intend to make me feel like a piece of shit for being a human but happy to be one. I’m proud to be a member of the most formidable species on the planet. Reply rb70383 rb70383 9 days ago I imagine that our amazing abilities is in lieu of common sense. 😊 I fact I heard that snapping your fingers is the fastest movement a human can do. Reply Daelaenor Daelaenor 20 hours ago Dancing and elite gymnastics are good examples of our insane ability to train whole-body dexterity. 1 Reply Hiccup Hufflepuff Hiccup Hufflepuff 6 days ago Sci-fi always depict hostile aliens as having more advanced versions of guns that humans are no match for, but the reality is we invented projectile weapons because we evolved to throw objects as a form of attack. Unless they happened to do the same thing, throwing a rock at an alien or shooting a missile at their ship would most likely be completely unexpected, and might even give humans the advantage. Reply Gd Blaise Gd Blaise 12 days ago Hey, Great Video! By the way, "Sherpa" is not pronounced "Shirpa" but as "Sharepa". I am a Nepali Indian. 12 Reply Cruros Cruros 10 days ago (edited) One of the most underrated traits humans have is the capacity to store and utilize fat. Even the leanest humans typically have double the % body fat of other primates and its exceptionally useful for the feast vs famine times that humans evolved in. Reply Firstname Lastname Firstname Lastname 12 days ago I think the guy who holds the record for the fastest summit on Everest was the guy that landed a helicopter there. Reply Brendan Brendan 5 days ago (edited) Beyond physical abilities one thing that is pretty crazy to think about is our brains. Don’t get me wrong there are a lot of really smart animals out there, but we are just on another level. Our brains being freakish big allowed us to achieve so much as a species. We’re so advanced we’ve created orbital telescopes to observe things millions of light years away. It’s mind boggling to even consider something like that a possibility Reply Be-lal Alkad-imi Be-lal Alkad-imi 10 days ago Excellent 18 minutes, thank you Reply paskwawi2007 paskwawi2007 8 days ago I can't imagine opening my eyes in the ocean like that guy, just pool water makes my eyes burn, let alone sea water. Reply The real Speedwagon The real Speedwagon 12 days ago I was surprised you didn’t mention some of the other more niche adaptations for example. Like how we are among the few species on this planet to menstruate and the only species without a baculum. We are also the only species with a neck 48 Reply 15 replies ivy zhu ivy zhu 2 days ago (edited) Highly encourage everyone to watch 14 Peaks on Netflix about an amazing group of sherpas who set out to climb all 14 of the worlds tallest 8000m mountains in effin unbelievable time. Along the way you see them laugh, cry, save lives, get hammered, and face the very real possibility of their own deaths. Inspirational for any person to know what the human race is capable of. Reply Shan Shan 5 days ago Idk how many times I've rewatched this video already Reply Julian Eder Julian Eder 8 days ago our ability to look at seemingly random objects in the wild and manipulate/combine them to craft tools and weapons (with our extremely well refined hand/fingerstructure thats unprecedented in the animal kingdom) is our single biggest strenght. Combined with our unmatched ability to coordinate maneuvers with fellow humans this makes even the least experienced city dwellers a force to be reckoned with in the wild. You could drop a group of teenagers who lived their entire childhood up to that point survivin on door dash deliveries and central heating on a desolate island and within the first week they would start bashing rocks together to create sharp fragments sharpening sticks by rubbing them against stones recycling trash that washes up on the beach and potentially even starting fires with some dry grass and an old glass bottle they found alongside the shoreline and whatever else they may have seen in some rugged old australians 5 minute survival tip video years ago... all based on some knowledge they stored deep within the brain never to be recalled until needed. Reply YZM YZM 1 day ago This is one of the coolest videos ive ever seen. Reply Twisted Pivoter Twisted Pivoter 8 days ago fun fact, us humans can smell "wetness" or the smell of rain multiple times better than sharks can smell blood in water, which is weird but yeah we can do that Reply jaimejaime jaimejaime 12 days ago Very clear narrator - a rare treat! 7 Reply 2 replies Alex Highman Alex Highman 8 days ago The key ability of human beings which is enabled by our brains being the size they are as well as our bodies, and the many adaptations is that we can work together. Nothing that we have achieved as a race has been achieved without working together, most other animals on this planet or either small pack, or Solo independent animals. The only animals that work in any way like we do are ants, termites and bees. And what they can do collectively is also incredible. Reply xxxtentaciun xxxtentaciun 6 days ago My biology is so cool that I can stay up gaming for 72 hours just having 5 life-threatening strokes. 1 Reply Kromunos Kromunos 5 days ago Sometimes I'm not sure if I'm human or a sloth in disguise 1 Reply i am superb i am superb 8 days ago I live in 4000 M altitude. Somehow i feel the lack of oxygen after listening to it. 😊 I was born here. Reply Big Brian gaara Big Brian gaara 5 days ago We can achieve physically any thing if we just put our mind to it Reply BossMan BossMan 12 days ago This is why we should push ourselves to our limits, nature gave us this great gift, and we shouldn't let it waste away on the couch while we eat doritos. See what your body is capable of its never to late to Improve. 14 Reply 1 reply Ruben La Rochelle Ruben La Rochelle 8 days ago Additional note to consider: not only humans became so good at running, but did so using the terrible feet we happen to have. Ideally they should be similar to what we have designed artificial legs to be, but instead they're basically deformed hands full of many stupid small bones, an absolute engineering disaster, and yet here we are. Reply Kevo Kevo 2 days ago It hurts when I throw or run a lot, but I can walk and toss pretty damn good Reply THEO THEO 3 days ago Imagine if we train ourself throwing spear everyday like our esteemed forefathers instead of doing math like a flimsy nerd... Reply Garrison Walter Garrison Walter 8 days ago The diving segments are all reminding me how things must've worked in Avatar: Way Of The Water Reply Jimmy Limeskin Jimmy Limeskin 7 days ago That's crazy. Almost like we were intentionally made to be like this. Reply Wicke 2D Wicke 2D 12 days ago This episode missed a lot of interesting stuff about our physiology. 5 Reply Real Science · 2 replies Br Bart Br Bart 16 hours ago (edited) That sherpa that climbed Mt.Everest in 11 hours is just mind boggling. Reply Brian Nicholls Brian Nicholls 8 days ago Beautiful video - so much great content. You can call me naive - but this just point to me a loving creator. I know that many will disagree with me. Reply Jackie Tate Jackie Tate 7 days ago I think that humans are among the best climbers. It showed mountain goats, but there are humans that can climb even better than them. Very few animals can climb better than the best human climbers. 1 Reply Cat Mate Cat Mate 11 days ago Some people have an amazing adaptation, the ability to watch utoob videos all day long 😂 Reply Ur mom Ur mom 9 days ago We are all capable of amazing physical feats we just have to put in the deliberate work to improve. Go through the fight or flight and you’ll be able to do some crazy shit. Reply Shashwat Sagar Shashwat Sagar 12 days ago As a human i can confirm that we do have insane biology. 7 Reply 3 replies 🦍HonkeyKong🦧 🦍HonkeyKong🦧 11 days ago The dive reflex sounds like a healthy thing to do evoke once a month Reply Antonis Psiroukis Antonis Psiroukis 11 days ago The place at 4:48 "Sorolop" has the best ice cream in Athens. I would definitely recommend it to anyone who would like to try traditional Greek sweets with a twist. Reply Rainer Kinzinger Rainer Kinzinger 9 days ago now I know why I can hold my breath underwater longer than on land. Reply because reasons because reasons 5 days ago I would like to know how humans will adapt to space...wish I could be around to see it. Reply zoom by tim allen zoom by tim allen 9 days ago We are very good at throwing but I feel like throwing and brains is all we have. However, our brains let us train to become stronger and better at stuff and also we can use leverage and our body’s structure to our advantage to get more power out of less mass and strength Reply Ace Ace 12 days ago I'm so special and i didn't even know it. 🤧 Time to go back to lying on my bed and watching videos. 4 Reply 1 reply Dutch Van Der Linde Dutch Van Der Linde 6 days ago Top athletes have the ability to generate power within ourselves. Notice how batters can hit baseballs at 90+ MPH. They can swing Wooden bats at 90+ MPH. It’s amazing how powerful we really are, yet so many people, put their natural abilities aside. Reply ImBarryScottCSS ImBarryScottCSS 8 days ago Finally someone giving love to the most incredible animal this planet has ever created. People obsess over nature documentaries but miss the absolutely mind blowing biology literally right in front of them. Self deprecation is a disease, understand the incredible gifts evolution has blessed you with and the unprecedented opportunities offered to us by virtue of our membership of the human race. We can overcome all our problems and many more beside, we are the most capable, adaptable advanced lifeform Earth has ever created and we owe this planet our very best efforts. 1 Reply yeossimika yeossimika 8 days ago If if hadn't been for the human advantage, I wouldn't be able to move my hand from one end of my guitar fretboard to the other at such a speed. Reply Paul Kent Paul Kent 12 days ago We are the best long distance runners thanks to our ability to breath out of step (thanks to being bipedal, and able to rotate our torso) our ability to seat is also important. Reply Mr.Heller [#485] Mr.Heller [#485] 9 days ago "Improvise. Adapt. Overcome." - Humanity. Reply revenevan11 revenevan11 12 days ago Hopefully this will inspire me to start exercising again this year! 😅 12 Reply 2 replies Clint John Manuba Clint John Manuba 6 days ago The reason we lack super strength, super speed, super regeneration and other extraordinary abilities is that were so damn overpowered already that we practically destroy the natural order just by existing imagine if we have those abilities. 1 Reply 1 reply weediestbroom weediestbroom 11 days ago I want a green world where we live in harmony with nature. But I also love very human things like giant trucks! Sometimes humanity disappoints me, I feel we'll destroy this world. But I am in awe of what we can be. Reply Baltu Lielkungs Gunārs Miezis Baltu Lielkungs Gunārs Miezis 7 days ago I love how the chanel real science does not deny the existance of races but instead tells people that they are adapted to their enviroment. 2 Reply Maxum Maxum 8 days ago As a runner I'm proud to know I'm using our evolution to the fullest. Reply Kevin Stoneburner Kevin Stoneburner 10 days ago Humans are terrifying. By the metrics of every other animal, we just don’t get tired. We can hold peak performance longer than anything else. We can train our nervous system to perform ridiculous feats of dexterity, and relegate those feats to reflex. By the standards of others, we heal injuries almost instantly. We will eat ANYTHING! We can metabolize most poisons, and do so for fun. And throwing? We have neural pathways dedicated to ballistics, enabling us to throw, dodge, and freaking CATCH missile objects! We work well in groups, and have strong tribal instincts. We don’t have telepathy, but found a workaround called “language”. We created prosthetic memory, and called it “writing”. Even if we didn’t have opposable thumbs, we would be a nightmare, and this is why aliens will never talk to us. 3 Reply 1 reply Boris KOUKA Boris KOUKA 12 days ago Great video but.... Why didn't you speak about Stamina? The skill who make us hunt animals efficiency and escape predators to thrive. Their is this marathon between horses and human and sometimes humans win. 4 Reply Bad Samaritan Bad Samaritan 8 days ago @3:38 you said it produces the fastest motion the human body is capable of producing. I could be wrong, but I was under the impression that snapping our fingers, was the fastest. Reply mehmet gurdal mehmet gurdal 10 days ago In the past 2 years my legs have changed dramatically. back ib 2020 I had to walk long but straight paths frequently. this led my leg muscles to get bigger but also slower. I also wasnt able to sleep before I cooled my legs down by washing them with cold water. it was a chore to first cool and than warm my legs up for sleep. but back in last summer I've changed my routine with uphill and downhill paths. the result showed itself pretty fast. now my legs are thinner, but also faster. I walk and run with higher agility. I also have higher levels of flexibility. but as for downside Icant carry heavy weights for longer. Reply 2 replies Boom Bot Boom Bot 10 days ago Great channel, thank you🌹 Reply ___. ___. 9 days ago We evolved to be really good at something almost none of us do anymore. Wonder if this will have consequences. Reply Hypocritical Critic Hypocritical Critic 9 days ago Fuck, I'm gonna have to get Nebula now. I love learning about humans. Reply Rodri Ortega Rodri Ortega 12 days ago (edited) Quite dissapointing to not mention key points Intelligence The ability to speak Fine motor skill Hands and thumbs WIDE Adaptability to different physical demands at least strength and endurance Special mention to sweat and our ability to really do long endurance feats (obviously after training) Throwing is great High altitude adaptations are mildly interesting but that was it, there a lot of important things to mention 5 Reply 3 replies AWildBard AWildBard 11 days ago Great video, although you could have included the human ability to sweat and run long distances. Reply saltywalrus saltywalrus 12 days ago Wow this is the first positive video about the human bodies design every other video it seems like they're pointing out some sort of design disaster about the human body thank you Reply Creature Crazy Creature Crazy 9 days ago 3:30 I thought the fastest motion the human body can perform is a snap? Reply guizin the insect guizin the insect 4 days ago (edited) Yeah,i have a different theory about why the aquatic chimp hyphotesis is wrong(or atleast not entirely correct),if this was true,we'd have extremely webbed feet and hands(not that we don't have webbed fingers,it's just that it isn't big enough to prove that this is right(not even the bajau),and our chimp champs don't have extra webbed fingers nor a fish tail nor are legless(nor have fins or something resembling fins) Reply Sir Sir Sir Sir 7 days ago Ah this is why I always feel like a King. Remember humans are at the top and its the ultimate victory Reply Kaltag2278 Kaltag2278 12 days ago I like to say "I'm a human! I'm nothing without my tools!" 3 Reply Shadyn Mccord Shadyn Mccord 11 days ago Professionals may be able to throw the spears they found decently far. But just like with bows back in midevil times, we can't even compare to how they were. They would have thrown those spears all their lives, since they were young. And they would have to in order to survive and eat. They would be throwing them faster, with more power, for longer distances, and with greater accuracy. The best in the world today would be like half as good as them. Reply Professor Jay Tee Professor Jay Tee 4 days ago I hate when people claim "...best of any who have ever lived!" The written historical record is pretty darned SHORT, compared to the length of time humans have been around. Reply TomorrowLad TomorrowLad 3 days ago Glory to mankind! 2 Reply Mino Mino 10 days ago Completely forgot to mention humans ability to run for long distances without stopping due to sweat Reply Eq_NightGlider_ Eq_NightGlider_ 7 days ago “Adaptations that are unique to humans….. …..walking on 2 legs…..” Birds: “am I a joke to you?” Reply Mujahid Mahmood Mujahid Mahmood 12 days ago Also care to cover the different adaptations of different tribes and ethnic groups of Homo Sapiens in more detail? 6 Reply Henry Max Henry Max 8 days ago Bruh, didn't expect Nepal to be featured in such a depth. Made me feel so proud!🚩 Reply Ethribin Ethribin 7 days ago Our intelligence is so superior, and our strength/sprint capability is so limited that we forget how powerfull superevolutions we have. Reply Ricky Tan Ricky Tan 6 days ago I guess the majority of the human population with begin to evolve inline with our new digital, electronic age. Many of us live in loud, busy and bright concreted cities. I think these are contributing factors to the many societal/individual problems people have around the world. Whilst our lifestyles are not used to this way of living, at some point in the future we will learn to live with our new surroundings a lot better, it is worth asking whether the rest of nature can however. Reply Birinder Warraich Birinder Warraich 7 days ago My question is that if every human above the age of 18 started weight training, with high protein diet carbs fats vitamin etc and good quality of sleep. Will this trigger some sort of genetic evolution effect in years later Reply Benjamin Rosiek Benjamin Rosiek 9 days ago slight correction: the fastest motion a human body is capable of is the humble fingersnap. Reply oblivious kid oblivious kid 12 days ago I know, I always knew My biology is INSANE 4 Reply Bubatz Bubatz 9 days ago the fact that the Tibetans have mountaindonkeys to carry their gear, shows how loving nature can be Reply 1HeatWalk 1HeatWalk 10 days ago I am the example of peak performance of humanity. I can sit in front of a computer or TV none stop for 12 hours! 1 Reply Starz Starz 9 days ago Damn, these so called humans are pretty cool. 2 Reply VAST VAST 10 days ago Other things humans are great: long distance running/walking. Being omnivor, and thus more flexible with diet. Pretty good 3D vision. Not super great but decent climbing ability. Reply Isabel Oliveira Isabel Oliveira 9 days ago We are like the Eevees of the animal kingdom 3 Reply SergeantPsycho SergeantPsycho 12 days ago As a human, I'm glad I finally get my due on this channel. 8 Reply 2 replies HARI HARAN HARI HARAN 9 days ago "40,000 years of human evolution and we have barely even taped the vastness of human potential"-norman osborn Reply Anthony Ugarte Anthony Ugarte 11 days ago I enjoy being a person who has lived above 5,000ft for over 30 years. I can run and run and fight and play for hours without stopping when I come down off my mountain. 1 Reply W4WARRIORS W4WARRIORS 9 days ago 3:33 I thought the fastest motion the human body can create is clicking your fingers... Reply Jeffery Pinley Jeffery Pinley 9 days ago Many of the physical attributes talked about in this video I'd argue are required for a species to become technologically advanced. Therefore, if alien societies exist, they are almost certainly humanoid 1 Reply Platin 21 Platin 21 9 days ago The Human is one of a Heck of a Animal they are extremely adaptive. Reply Financial Shinanigan Financial Shinanigan 12 days ago It's true, my remote control skills are Olympic-status 8 Reply Back Yard r.c. Back Yard r.c. 8 days ago Makes me wonder what Giants are capable of. Reply Gerlach Sieders Gerlach Sieders 9 days ago Awesome to be a H.sapien, our closest ancestor Cro Magnon was extremely robust and athletic, so sad that many of us nowadays turn into complacent sacks of custard..... Reply Jão Disturbed Jão Disturbed 4 days ago Videos like this should have 100m views minimum. Reply WonderOfYou WonderOfYou 6 days ago You had me at "real science" Reply Dark Naio Dark Naio 10 days ago waits for the people over at r/HFY to find this video and IMMEDIATELY get story ideas 1 Reply Ardream Bystander Ardream Bystander 12 days ago This video is so positive. Like I’m proud to just be human…hell yea bro, go US!✊ 7 Reply 1 reply Mike Brant Mike Brant 10 days ago The paths leading Homo Sapiens out of Africa are along sea coasts, and all along these paths are immense human-created sell mounds or shell middens, often hundreds of feet in circumference. The middens also contain vast quantities of fish bones, and many are not reef or shore fish. Early mankind spent large amounts of time in the water wading and swimming. Reply Eren Jeagar Eren Jeagar 5 days ago strongest ones doesn't live for long ...but most adaptable ones sure does! 1 Reply Dana Coleman Dana Coleman 9 days ago Can we please have a citation for the statement at 2:03? Reply Space Lemur Space Lemur 9 days ago Especially George Santos. He won the 2008 Bejing Olympics in volleyball all by himself. Reply BlackMambo5 BlackMambo5 8 days ago Proud to be a human! Reply David golv David golv 12 days ago Today in church, my pastor said "do something crazy for the Lord" I went outside and off the Gen 🥱🥱🚶🏼‍♀️🚶🏼‍♀️🚶🏼‍♀️🚶🏼‍♀️ 4 Reply NaturoBasket NaturoBasket 6 days ago Running from last year, at start I couldn’t run for 2 minutes continuously, but now I can run faster for more than 30 minutes. Reply ssg3legssan ssg3legssan 6 days ago so proud to be a human Reply Marcus Pradas Marcus Pradas 6 days ago Excellent, beautiful video. I miss though, the capacity of humans (currently only a few humans) to outrun in the long term most mammals in hot environments; and possibly, resist dehydration like no other mammals (Persistence hunting). I suggest the book (freely online) "The Origin of Science", by Louis Liebenberg, which is very insightful and beautiful. Congrats on this fine work! Reply blamthekaboom blamthekaboom 8 days ago (edited) can you imagine telling somebody that were not like animals because we can throw things, swim and climb good? Reply Astrin Ymris Astrin Ymris 9 days ago Wow, humans really are space orcs! 😉 1 Reply Kaliss Kaliss 9 days ago Homo-erectus? I've seen a few of those on Grindr. 4 Reply Snarb Snarb 10 days ago Who knew being able to properly yeet things would be so critical Reply MSC MSC 6 days ago Adaptation can be really crazy and surreal wow Reply Ghabriel Melo Oliveira Ghabriel Melo Oliveira 9 hours ago So cool! Go humans! Reply Simon Gloutnez Simon Gloutnez 10 days ago Narrator : "I dont even think I could walk 11 hours straight" Me : come on anybody with proper shoes thats used to your feet can walk 11 hours. Its just a metter of deciding to do it. 1 Reply Nikk Carroll Nikk Carroll 7 days ago Surprised our running endurance didn't get mentioned. Every human is capable of persistence hunting with property training Reply Joe Shmoe Joe Shmoe 12 days ago Loved it. Humans are my favorite animal and it’s nice to see them considered as such 8 Reply 4 replies Scotty Wills Scotty Wills 11 days ago Perspiration is a legit superpower. I can downhill run all day on the hottest of days using that hike back up as my recovery. Water is are only obstacle. Reply Esi KS21 Esi KS21 10 days ago The human body is a miracle of microscopic design... Reply Cliff P. Cliff P. 7 days ago Great documentary Reply Just a skeleton Just a skeleton 10 days ago “all humans are athletes!” Im the exception to this one. 1 Reply DAplayerGAMES * DAplayerGAMES * 7 days ago humans are so designed to run, to endurece, that we actually have 3 "Hearts" the calf muscles have valves that pump the blood up back to the body when we run, thats why is so good for our circulatory system to practice exercises. Reply yeahitsme yeahitsme 10 days ago Cheetah:*can run at 120 km/h* Humans:*gun* 3 Reply 2 replies L. Palacio L. Palacio 8 days ago Ok, this just greatly increased my desire to play Subnautica again lol Reply Selwyn Clyde Alojipan Selwyn Clyde Alojipan 9 days ago Just watch any martial artist in action and you'll have no doubt that humans can beat many other animals in combat through: (1) a combination of hitting and striking with hands, feet, or head; (2) grappling, wrestling, subduing, and strangling; (3) holding, wielding, or throwing any sharp or blunt instrument; (4) targeting specific parts of an opponent's anatomy for rapid disablement; (5) delivering surprise debilitating strikes in rapid succession from different directions; (6) outlasting and outpacing an opponent until they run out of breath or become overheated and fatigued; (7) evading an opponent's attacks or overtaking prey by running, body contortion, maneuvering, climbing, leaping, or swimming depending on the terrain; (8) or any combination of the above by using their brains and muscle reflexes honed through practice. Watch any gymnast, acrobat, parkour expert, animal handler, and sportsmen, and you can see varied stunts that very few animals can do to the same range or extent. Reply Yousuf Yousuf 9 days ago I feel like we should get some of the ocean people and some of the mountain and people and make some super humans 1 Reply Kelleren Kelleren 10 days ago Humans are so OP, it's freaking insane. 1 Reply kidchaotic kidchaotic 9 days ago I signed up for Curiosity Stream because of this video Reply Moussa Moussa 9 days ago im a human hater until we are compared to other animals or i see movies against aliens, then i become the biggest human ultranationalist 3 Reply Gabe Yeah Gabe Yeah 10 days ago i wonder if humans r some of the most specialized athletes in the animal kingdom because we can think about long term goals and not only train but train in highly optimized conditions Reply phoauto Bia phoauto Bia 9 days ago Just gotta love the good ol human body. -👴 1 Reply Trappist-1 d Trappist-1 d 6 days ago Video thumbnail: "Why all humans are top athletes". Me who can't even do a bending without fainting: "Am I a joke to you?" 1 Reply BAKER BAKER 10 days ago Our bodies are made to move, they're perfectly adapted to our surroundings whether we want to climb, swing, run, grab, drop, throw and swim thats why we are the perfect predators but we are not only strong and fast, but we are intelligent, and wisdom is richer then silver and gold which explains why we are at the top of the food chain. Reply Mandi BlindGato Mandi BlindGato 10 days ago me clicking on this video while reaching for my shoes knowing this video bout to inspire me to go run or some shit Reply the great lumberjack King the great lumberjack King 11 days ago (edited) Yeah it’s just that most of us are lazy and technology makes us lazy 3 Reply Minegate Underground - Minecraft Metro Minegate Underground - Minecraft Metro 8 days ago One of the most overlooked features of us is what you are doing right now, reading this comment, and also our ability to write, read and create complex noises to speak Reply Tim Bomb Tim Bomb 9 days ago Cheetahs spend all this time fine tuning their running speed to the max and then humans come along and yeet a rock even faster than that. Reply Alexander Windh Alexander Windh 7 days ago Me: Wow, we are awesome. Also Me: Laying on my couch eating chips and can't do anything shown in this video. Reply Nyarlath_Hunters Nyarlath_Hunters 9 days ago One other very impressive feature of Humans, is that we also live for a very long time compared to any other ape or mammal on land. Pairing that with our intelligence, ability to adapt, and share/document information. Humans are truly the pinnacle of evolution on this earth Reply Confederate States of America Confederate States of America 7 days ago Thanks for the video. Will keep this in mind during planning for the invasion. You're spared. Reply Bitchslapper316 Bitchslapper316 11 days ago It's also worth noting that humans are the only apes that can swim. Apes and monkeys can't swim at all. A relatively shallow body of water or river can completely isolate a population of them. That is how chimps and bonobos split into different species. 4 Reply 3 replies Blubba818 Blubba818 9 days ago Heck yeah! Got some Salt Lake Bees action in there! Reply Frank Y Frank Y 8 days ago "We cannot hibernate..." My sleeping schedule in winter begs to differ Reply Bake-Kurage Bake-Kurage 8 days ago (edited) Meanwhile me: - Stumping over my legs while walking slowly. - Throwing the ball straight into the ground like an idiot. - Needing to use my Hand to close off my nostrils during diving. Reply Lucky Man X Lucky Man X 11 days ago Damn that's insane, I wish I was human Reply Omfghellokitty Omfghellokitty 8 days ago Me as I sip a beer: Yeah, that's what I thought. 1 Reply Leeaff Draws Leeaff Draws 9 days ago "Would our ape-like ancestors have imagined their descendants totally abandoning quadrupedal movement for an upright stance? Would they have imagined those liberated hands to start crafting complex tools, or for communities to create languages and systems so complex that they would one day travel amongst the stars?" That part, right there, made me tear up We tend to forget the potential we have, but then this kind of content, acknowledging what we really are, makes me believe we all have that ability to surpass ourselves 4 Reply 2 replies ExoticMarrow ExoticMarrow 9 days ago Funny story, the fastest motion a human can make is a snap, not throwing something Reply Orian Jamieson Orian Jamieson 9 days ago Loved this Reply HkayakH HkayakH 9 days ago Honestly I’d say our biggest ability is the ability to respawn Reply Findley Jackson Findley Jackson 12 days ago It's so weird to me that not exercising; not pushing our bodies to the point of near collapse on a regular basis is literally deadly. Who signed off on this design?! It wasn't the team that worked on cats that's for darn sure. Reply gaurav kumar gaurav kumar 8 days ago Ahh... Finally found something to be proud of in my low live. Reply Thomas Sienna Thomas Sienna 8 days ago Nice video!! Very engaging from the beginning to the End. Sometimes I really wonder how people make huge profit investing in the stock market, I know investing is a legitimate way to gain financial freedom but how is it done??.. 18 Reply 23 replies H Nalike H Nalike 4 days ago A beautiful presentation Reply Crowguy Crowguy 11 days ago imagine Sherpas and Andes people would meet , fall in love and create offspring with both independent high altitude adaptations. Someone should organize dating parties. Reply Redward Redward 8 days ago Our Ancestors must been badass. Reply Joshua Silva Joshua Silva 8 days ago Giving humans a huge clap on the back . When it's only a select few Reply SentinalSlice SentinalSlice 7 days ago This is the whole Humans are Space Orcs meme. Reply Zyansheep Zyansheep 12 days ago Insane Biology of Humans vs Back Pain 3 Reply 2 replies Will C Will C 11 days ago This was awesome 1 Reply Account that I'll use to comment Account that I'll use to comment 3 days ago My theory is that human evolution has stopped after we reached an average age of death above 50, since at that point most people will already have had kids and medicine has gotten good enough that even people with flaws that would've been serious 100,000 to even 500 years ago, (for example asthma, heart defects, and even some personality traits like psychopathy) can live long enough to have kids. Extreme physical adaptations like those from Tibet will likely become less common, but still exist in some people. Reply 1 reply Jorge Chávez Jorge Chávez 7 days ago It's insane how lucky we are Reply Aetriex Aetriex 7 days ago Bro this is such a confidence boost Reply Lucas Lucas 9 days ago (edited) Many Sherpas had resting heart rates around 35bpm… at 3000m… didn’t even think that was possible at sea level!?! Reply Mohammad Reza Mohammad Reza 12 days ago Ah, my least favourite animal 8 Reply Finlander66 Finlander66 8 days ago Combining the mountain people to have both of the high altitude adaptations? They can start living on the Everest peak xD Reply Matthew Sawczyn Matthew Sawczyn 9 days ago Humans have the makings of a varsity athlete 👌 Reply Bruva Ayamhyt Bruva Ayamhyt 7 days ago Me, 330lbs, watching this while eating chips: "Heheh, hell yeah, I'm a top athlete" Reply Barry B. Benson Barry B. Benson 8 days ago (edited) Isn’t the “fastest motion the human body is capable of producing” (3:36)making our fingers snap? Releasing the tension between your thumb and middle finger must be faster than throwing. Reply Jaryn Covell Jaryn Covell 7 days ago (edited) Thumbnail: you are a super athlete 1:30 "when properly trained" Reply Karebu Shmarebu Karebu Shmarebu 12 days ago The answer is way simpler than this video makes out. The reason humans are too athletes is because humans define what being an athlete means. If all athletic competitions were defined by the abilities of Tigers we would loose every time, but since we define them by the abilities specific to humans we are top dogs boyo 6 Reply 3 replies private karateka private karateka 8 days ago This backfired on couch potatoes since they are perfectly adapted to be useless and are unable to break the cycle. If you ever see a couch shaped butt in public, you know what's up😂 Reply GeoGemini GeoGemini 10 days ago I don't know, I was at a zoo once watching the chimps in the plastic enclosure. There was a 10yo boy there acting a fool and making noises and faces at a chimp chilling there. Soon as the kid turned his head to chuckle with his buddy the chimp grabbed a 2ft long 3 inch wide stick and just winged it at the kid. The stick slammed into the glass, if it weren't for the glass the kid was going to get nailed in the face. Seemed like a pretty good thrower to me. 1 Reply AManWithoutAName AManWithoutAName 9 days ago Damn a video that praises the human kind and not hating for any other reason, not only that but the comment section is very optimistic and positive too, that's nice. Reply Anthony PC Anthony PC 10 days ago (edited) 6:00 Oh yeah this is why people with PTSD or other anxiety conditions are taught the ice water technique of slowing their systems. Look it up of it could be useful to you. I even just benefit from regular cold showers to get myself in a good mood to start my day 😶‍🌫 Reply Meboy1000 Meboy1000 6 days ago 3:35 the throw isnt the fastest motion, the snap is, tension builds in the tendons connected to your fingers, and when released it takes only 7 milliseconds for your finger to go from your thumb to your palm, 20 times faster than a blink Reply cole cole 12 days ago YOO THAT'S US!!! 4 Reply Black Rasputin Black Rasputin 12 days ago I always thought sweating was our superpower. Reply Atoll 9001 Atoll 9001 7 days ago (edited) When you train yourself to dive and get decent at it, it's a pretty incredible feeling. Also, you're really going to make a video like this without mentioning sweating and endurance? Specifically as the earliest humans were thought to subsist via persistence hunting. 1 Reply Teyloos Teyloos 8 days ago The new meaning of Built Different Reply CreeperBoyGaming CreeperBoyGaming 7 days ago The humerus bone is very humorous. Reply Hyperdrive318 Hyperdrive318 7 days ago Actually it's very easy to imagine what humans can do because of the keyword "imagine" we are at the peak of evolution meaning we make our own evolution we manipulate evolution all we have to do is think about it and we'll figure out a way to do it that's why our next step is superhuman are already technically working on it that's why no other animal is like us they do not have the same type of imagination almost every animal works on instinct not intelligence ergo it's imagination that makes us so powerful and awesome Reply NoEcho NoEcho 12 days ago It's always interesting to objectively look at humans as animals 4 Reply 2 replies Tsephe Letseka Tsephe Letseka 6 days ago We don't think about it, but humans are literally the most unique animals on the planet. There is no other animal on earth that is built like humans. Reply Yingle Yingle 7 days ago Today I learned that I am in fact a Super Athlete. 2 Reply The Unlearned Mind The Unlearned Mind 9 days ago What a long strange trip it's been. Reply ZeeHero ZeeHero 5 days ago it makes sense for the humerus to have a twist. no one laughs at a joke they see coming! 😆 Reply Tim Seguine Tim Seguine 6 days ago Next do "The Biology of Insane Humans" Reply Cody Stempka Cody Stempka 12 days ago By liking this comment you can prove you are human 3 Reply Jacob Opstad Jacob Opstad 11 days ago The fastest motion the human body is capable of producing? Really? What about sneezing? Or what about finger flicking (which is actually a lot like twisting the arm back)? Reply *UncleJoe* *UncleJoe* 12 days ago Nebula rocks at this price! Reply dirt poor dirt poor 9 days ago Once humans built tree houses (forts) and collected rocks and sticks (war gear) and increased brainpower with meat and holding breath to dive = game over Reply G S G S 10 days ago one of mankinds most effective weapons, the pointy stick Reply Ethan Andrews Ethan Andrews 9 days ago I’ve genetically evolved to sit in front of my xbox for 16 hours a day. 2 Reply Fierypickles Fierypickles 9 days ago This track was perfection Reply SpazzyMcGee1337 SpazzyMcGee1337 9 days ago I'm surprised our endurance running wasn't mentioned. Reply THE ALDOC THE ALDOC 10 days ago now i know why i saw the kidneys in a respiratory system drawing Reply Andee Harry Andee Harry 7 days ago Although Humans were basically an accidental mutation from millions of years of random accidents and chaotic situations, Homo Erectus has become quiet a unique and scary concept in the terminology ideas. We are the first beings to do quite a few things that no animal can do. It is no telling if it will continue in the future, or be shunted sideways for something else. Like every new speices that evolves/changes to adapt to something, it never stays around for long. It feels like Mother Nature is afraid of advancing further and does something else. It has been said that human like intelligence will never happen again since we was random accidents, but hey, anything is possible. Nature is weird, always doing strange things that somehow works and we have adapted to almost everything. You see. Humans are unique, since we shaped the world, woven the world, create stuff from nothing, and such. Although Human is pretty much dangerous and scary, it is also an admired concepts of sorts. Reply TheDumbTwin TheDumbTwin 8 days ago I did not know that humans could do stuff like this because I can't enter the water without my coat getting so wet it will take hours to dry Reply Raspian Kiado Raspian Kiado 8 days ago We are some of the longest (time) walking preadators on the planet. Where other predators would give up chase if they were out ran, humans will walk their prey to death. The animal runs, gets tired, thinks they've lost the humans, and bam, they either die trying to rest the first time, or the next time. Yes ocassionally a tiger with some gnarly sense of vengance will make it's way to a poacher's cabin, but most of the time, they wouldn't waste the calories chasing over long distances. Reply Daniel Awesome Daniel Awesome 9 days ago "From throwing, to diving, to high-altitude diving." It rhymes. You didn't have to do that, but thanks for this. Reply Damon Edrington Damon Edrington 8 days ago People today: Humans are weak! Basically every animal on the planet for about 250,000 years: OH GOD HOW IS HE STILL RUNNING?! 1 Reply Dhuh Dhuh 7 days ago Cheetahs: Can run 120 Kph Gorillas: Amazing feats of strength. Kangaroos: Instense and strong abilities to kick. Humans: Given time, capable of dividing the building blocks of the universe, for offensive or productive purposes. Reply Anonymous675 Anonymous675 8 days ago 16:36 This guy will dominate the planet 1 Reply Rodrigo Andorinha Rodrigo Andorinha 1 day ago monkey:What have you done? human:I use a Long rage rock type move to kill the monkey Reply Libor Rajm Libor Rajm 8 days ago Even when leaving aside our brain, tool usage, collective knowledge transfer etc., humans are hugely adaptable and we can do a lot of stuff really well (especially if we allow adaptions to take place over generations), no doubt about that. If we had a kind of decathlon of physical abilities amongst (mammal) species, we might be near the top or even stand at the top.. and yet at the same time we might not win any single category. Whether it's the limitation of our body type, way of walking, lack of sharp claws or the general intestity of the way our muscles active/work and how we fight for our lives in situations whrere brain is of little use, we can see every day in the news or in documentaries how most of the situations where a human is competing against an animal (does not even have to be the largest, fastest, strongest animal) we tend to be on the losing side almost every time. Reply daan g e rous daan g e rous 5 days ago I am missing the "puntgun" in this clip. Nowadays they say that its used by hunters to shoot down a small flock of ducks. And it is mounted on a rowboat !! #fixedposition Reply Prince 2 Prince 2 1 day ago (edited) Me reading the thumbnail imma debunk this entire video Reply roy cohen roy cohen 7 days ago Humans have the capability to do many things. Running, diving, climbing, hell even flying(dont try this at home). But one thing we are truly unmatched with is our brain. Math, physics, chemistry, biology, computers... Use it. Reply Adam Kenny Adam Kenny 9 days ago The thumbnail is like we’re all incredible athletes. I’m like, have you seen “my 600 lb. life” Reply Rainer Zufall Rainer Zufall 3 days ago A human is the most terrifying predator on the planet because he simply will walk his prey to death. Reply Logan DeFreitas Logan DeFreitas 8 days ago Just a thought that came to: insects are obviously gonna be the best jumpers cause of the square cube law Reply Christian Chauhan Christian Chauhan 7 days ago 💛 all your video's mam👍 1 Reply Practical Pete Practical Pete 9 days ago Your next iteration of this video should include humans' ability to sweat. Humans are the only species on the planet whose bodies are almost completely covered in eccrine glands (except for a few places like the armpits, ear canals, eyelids, and nipples). We contain between two million and five million of these glands all over our bodies. Together they produce around 12 liters of sweat a day. That's a huge performance advantage over other animals when the environment is hot. Reply Ayee Jiff Ayee Jiff 9 days ago such a nice video , really Reply Danilo Reyes Danilo Reyes 12 days ago Well this unexpected, not bad for skinny bipedals 👏🏼 Reply HPascua HPascua 8 days ago The builder of the house is greater than the house itself. Thank You Lord for my amazing body! Reply Andrew Andrew 8 days ago If we checked we'd see I have a tiny spleen because I hate being under water 1 Reply Empled Empled 6 days ago I wonder if humans evolve faster whenever they're in small groups of hunter because the ones who can't do it will die but the one that do survive will be better. true survival of the fittest. Reply Anime Senpai Anime Senpai 9 days ago Then there's a chance that when we sneeze we can get an aneurysm and die for some reason lol. Reply Dripler Dripler 7 days ago (edited) Our best perk is sweating, it makes so we can cool down even if we are running. Reply Dank L0rdzzz Dank L0rdzzz 7 days ago Had a pit bull chase me yesterday, and uh let’s just say the last thing that dog saw was the devil in my eyes as I pursued it to kill it, but alas it and I live to tell the tale Reply phoauto Bia phoauto Bia 9 days ago Intelligence was not the only thing we were bestowed. I mean thank God for thumbs. Without them we would literally struggle to pick up or grip things. Reply Elrond McBong Elrond McBong 8 days ago TL:DR Humans may look lame at the first tought but if you look more closely, the human is a pretty scary predator. Reply Bowen Madden Bowen Madden 7 days ago I wouldn't say humans have fully abandoned quadrepedal movement; it's objectively the most fun way to climb a flight of stairs. 🧐 Reply Udit Rai Udit Rai 7 days ago this is soooo amazing video Reply Milliardo5 Milliardo5 11 days ago What I'm interested in is how going to the gym, lifting weights, and even taking PEDs will impact humans in the long run. If this goes to run for a few generations in some families, for instance, would even fifth or sixth generations of those families have differences from the general population? I say this since I workout myself (though I don't take PEDs). So I wonder how it would be if say my children, then grandchildren, then great-grandchildren and so on continue to workout. That's why I'm fascinated with evolution as a whole since we are still changing and developing, and what we do now will greatly impact future generations physiologically. Reply 6 replies εrror εrror 6 days ago The fastest movement humans can perform is finger snapping. Reply Joy Ch Joy Ch 9 days ago "Humans are the best athletes on earth" -humans Reply Hunter Green Hunter Green 10 days ago I thought snapping was the fastest human motion am I wrong? Reply mkirklions mkirklions 10 days ago Part 1 counts. Yeah we are good at throwing things. Water and sky? No you can't live there, these are our brains figuring out short term solutions. Reply Talia WTF!? Talia WTF!? 9 days ago Humans have the superpower of adaptation, we can adapt to nearly any environment or challenge be that physical challenge or mental. This is one of the reasons we literally had to invent a new classification of top predator for our own species. We are super apex predators which yes sounds corny but given just how adaptable we are nothing is really safe from us if we want to eat it or hunt it for sport. We adapt and over come. Reply tristan flodin tristan flodin 9 days ago Can other animals move any part of their body 105mph? 1 Reply Jensar Joey Sayson Jensar Joey Sayson 7 days ago No wonder when I was a young lad I could throw like mad with pinpoint accuracy... Reply ESHAN JUST SING ESHAN JUST SING 7 days ago One of the reasons which people don't get is why the Indian Army's mountain division is dangerous to have a misadventure against in the Himalayas, (chinese pla for e.g.). Dogra regiment, Gurkha regiment, Kumaon regiment, Gharwal regiment, J&K rifles, are guys which practically live in the Himalayas, you can't win against them in a place where it is impossible to operate and transport heavy artillery and tanks, even air support is highly limited. So everything comes down to infantry level fighting at high altitudes of Himalayas. Which Indian army has learned over the years on how to exploit. Reply Farookh Matawi Farookh Matawi 8 days ago looks like we're getting to the beginning of "All Tomorrows" Reply Guiller Honora Guiller Honora 5 days ago (edited) Also, Bajau people dives long in exchange of likely possibility of having hearing issues when they get older Reply FR MT FR MT 9 days ago Huge shout out to the humans Reply LolloYeah 511 LolloYeah 511 7 days ago It's funny because high altitude dwellers are heavily advantaged when competing in olympic games and such because the process oxygen way better than their low altitude counterparts Reply Ric F Ric F 10 days ago They don't have distance races between horses and human anymore. It was found that if we eat and drink, we can keep going for a week, rest a while and go again. The horses went for a week and just died. Reply Eric Eric 8 days ago 500 years from now: this population of humans has a special bump on their thumbs to allow more effective scrolling through Tik Tok videos Reply Ono Ono 11 days ago It's easy to forget that humans are by far the most adaptable organisms in the history of our planet. Reply Eduardo Mirafuentes Eduardo Mirafuentes 7 days ago I'm from Mexico city. I never understood why people got sick when they visit me at the time. I understand now Reply Chris G. Chris G. 9 days ago Holding your breath for 24 MINUTES!!! DAAAAMMMMNNN!! That's insane 💀 👏 Reply rahn45 rahn45 7 days ago Marathon in the cold: Huskies might beat people. Marathon in a nice day: Horses might beat people. Marathon on a scorching day: Humans win, and easily. Reply Nathaniel Kidd Nathaniel Kidd 9 days ago 3:35 I thought the fastest motion was snapping your fingers. Reply guizin the insect guizin the insect 4 days ago (edited) Also,another thing,remember goats?specifically mountain goats?so,i think that these mountain people will evolve something of a half mountain goat climbing abillity,bajau people?webbed toes and fingers,larger spleen and larger lungs,that's my evolution theory about other quite interesting people Reply jayzenstyle jayzenstyle 10 days ago So that's why it feels so natural for us to throw things. We're literally built to throw projectiles, and it will hurt. Reply Nathan O Nathan O 9 days ago Top build in the meta according to TierZoo 1 Reply sls12III sls12III 9 days ago Me who gasses out after going up to the second floor using stairs: Hmmm... doesn't seem like it. Reply Aiden-Ed Aiden-Ed 6 days ago Before I even watch the video. It honestly makes sense why humans would’ve been high in the food chain even without the insane amount of intelligence. Imagine way far back in time where all humans were at their prime in strength and had to be. I bet a human could win against a chimp or a group of humans against a group of chimps. And chimps themselves are feared predators. Imagine how many animals are scared of humans for the same reason (like wolves). Reply king flock the warrior king flock the warrior 8 days ago We hacked the game of nature . Now we control the nature Reply Dan Banks Dan Banks 9 days ago Loved the video, but a small correction - the fastest movement the human body can create is actually snapping your fingers, taking about 7 milliseconds (20x faster than a blink!). Still, awesome biology indeed. Reply Josiah X Josiah X 4 days ago It is amazing what the human body can do. But while humanity can achieve things that most animals can’t, subsequently that is also our downfall. Most of humanity have gone too far as far as conquering ourselves and destroying Nature. Become arrogant, greedy, selfish, and at war with nature, creating many divisions like religions, multiple languages, ideologies and theories that further separate humanity. . . This video is a perfect explanation as to why we human beings must return to Nature. . .so we can be at better harmony and tranquility with ourselves and the rest of the earth. Reply Hexproof Ⓐnarchist Ⓥ Hexproof Ⓐnarchist Ⓥ 8 days ago It's that Annunaki DNA 🧬 baby!! Reply A Fumble A Fumble 1 day ago please make this 3d museum accessible in VR Reply SmellySkidMarks SmellySkidMarks 9 days ago We became glass cannons because we rely on numbers, the end lol Reply Veonosizzz_Yt Veonosizzz_Yt 8 days ago a lot of people forget that we are literally built to outpace everything else in the animal kingdom Reply phoauto Bia phoauto Bia 9 days ago We are so incredible we praise ourselves for being incredible. What other animal does that? Reply Hamarta Hamarta 10 days ago Human body, jack of all trade, master of none. Reply kyukicy kyukicy 12 days ago I run everytime if I have enough stamina so I can warm up at night or early morning Reply Jacco Kuipers Jacco Kuipers 9 days ago I heard human language is also a big of our succes as a species. Reply Justinian The Great Justinian The Great 8 days ago "how does it feel to be the pinnacle of God's creation?" Me: good, I am very proud of it. Reply MusicalSawMen MusicalSawMen 5 days ago You are the best narrator in the planet, please don't start enumerating in different unit it kill your magic! Display it on the screen, but say only one. Reply Tdoyr Tdoyr 5 days ago “Humans are amazing” -humans Reply subseven subseven 10 days ago SubhanAllah. This shows the power of the one who created us. 2 Reply 3 replies dirt poor dirt poor 9 days ago To an ant a human can jump up Mt. Everest in 5 seconds. (running up a flight of stairs) Reply Puffer Frog Puffer Frog 11 days ago Happy Esposito: Animals runs away from slow hairless ape Angry Esposito: They never tire Happy Esposito: Now those hairless apes grow their food from the ground I'm sure they won't hunt us anymore Angry Esposito: They enslave us for food and labour Reply SarpSays SarpSays 8 days ago I teared up watching this. We are amazing creatures. This is all things that are ON TOP of our ridiculously remarkable intelligence, that has built skyscrapers as tall as mountains and wonders for centuries to admire. 1 Reply Happily Mundane Happily Mundane 7 days ago 3:15 this part was funny Reply joey dayton joey dayton 6 days ago Not all humans are too athletes. Some are the complete opposite of athletic Reply Henry Henry 8 days ago 3:28 isn’t snapping like much, much faster? Reply omolon_adaptive_frame omolon_adaptive_frame 8 days ago Find a lake at a high altitude, dive there every day to become superhuman 1 Reply Yellow PapriCorn Yellow PapriCorn 7 days ago there is another thing which we're better in. we are incredible stayers during hot weather conditions. a person with normal weight could run/go much further than other mammals at daylight in Africa. Reply A D A D 9 days ago 3:55 Lol last Week i had the Imagination that we could be aquatic apes living on shorelines / Beaches. And now i reed in your Picture that John Hawks talks about it? Lmao we all are connected through megamycelliums 1 Reply Alexander Nguyen Alexander Nguyen 11 days ago this is the reason why red was training in Mt. Silver Reply Homo Erectus Semenally Retentive Homo Erectus Semenally Retentive 9 days ago Actually I'm more Human than Human."YEAH!" Reply coleman walsh coleman walsh 10 days ago This video never mentioned the human are one of the best distance runniners that exists Reply Heu Valadao Heu Valadao 2 days ago What happens if you take a sherpa to sea level? Will they be like kryptonians among Earth inhabitants? Hehe... 1 Reply IJN Yuudachi IJN Yuudachi 4 days ago How humans hunted in the stone age in a nutshell Giant ass turkey see's human "oh fuck time to run" human "get yo ass back here boy" 3 days later turkey "okay..I think I lost him" human appears "I SAID GET YO ASS BACK HERE BOI" Reply John B John B 10 days ago Your voice is so calming. Reply ThatPunkGurl ThatPunkGurl 7 days ago So cool ! Reply Dud3 Dud3 10 days ago We humans are strange little creatures and most people don't realize just how good we are at a lot of stuff actually. We can specialize to do basically anything, from swimming, to weight lifting, to climbing, to running, etc. If an alien species spotted us and tried to compare a bodybuilder to your average Joe they wouldn't believe they're the same species. Also, fun fact, we may think of humans as weak, but that's because our muscles are limited to 40% of their full power. This is due to the fact that if we used their full capacity our muscles would rip themselves off the bone. We are better suited for endurance, our muscles are better adapted to fire continuously over long periods of time rather than quick, short bursts. Now, the human brain is quite strange, mostly because we humans can believe in the nonsensical, and it is that belief that drives creativity, problem solving, speech, etc. For example, how did the use of tools develop in us humans? Again, because of our ability to make up nonsense, let me demonstrate: "There is nut on ground, I cannot break it with hand or teeth. There is big rock, it heavy and hard just like nut, what if hit nut with rock?" Reply Justin G Justin G 8 days ago Archery is fun and it feels natural if you do it enough Reply Splatterpunk Splatterpunk 8 days ago Meanwhile, Silver Mane Gorilla chilling in the corner over here pulling small trees out of the ground from boredom. Reply ibrahim hassan ibrahim hassan 12 days ago (edited) i once mentioned in class how some ethnic groups are superior at very particular activities. I even gave examples like the bajau people, east Africans for endurance, west Africans for sprinting, Tibetans and more oxygen carrying haemoglobin etc and i got into so much trouble my teacher was comparing my words to eugenics and Nazis. i couldn't believe it i thought these things were common knowledge like when u look at the Olympics for example you clearly see a pattern of certain groups dominating certain sports. I didn't say any race is better than anyone else i just said we all have different advantages. In fact i was discussing my own genetic limitations and how i struggle to grow calf's. I believe we are all equal in essence but to claim we are all biologically equal is delusion. Like if i had to create a team of marathon runners id be a fool to not select Kenyans, Ethiopians and Somalis. wish this video existed back then i would've embarrassed Mr barker. Reply 1 reply Rueben Rueben 5 days ago I would rather be a capybara than anything else Reply David Thomson David Thomson 9 days ago Imagine what Abraham of Abraham Hicks would say about this lovely video. "You humans," they'd say, "we love you so much." Reply nabbed nabbed 10 days ago in the animal real life game humans are a balanced build to play with Reply Sim Chis Sim Chis 9 hours ago "why all humans are top athletes " she sais Reply KRISHNA CHAITANYA SATISH KRISHNA CHAITANYA SATISH 7 days ago Just because Humans are the one who invented Athletics based on their needs and past practises ,of course they are good at what they made. It's like a cook created a new dish based on his past experience and people saying he is very Good at cooking it 😎. Reply Life O'Connell Life O'Connell 18 hours ago Humans are different. We've achieved BANKAI. Reply Sev Fregoso Sev Fregoso 8 days ago I really think you should have mentioned that humans are the greatest long distance runners in all the animal kingdom. Reply immasurvivor immasurvivor 6 days ago If you havent climed everest without the aid of Sherpas, you cant honestly claim to have done it. Reply Jacob Thomas-Smith Jacob Thomas-Smith 6 days ago Very surprised sweating was not talked about Reply 𝒪𝓁𝒶𝓋 ℋ𝒶𝓃𝓈ℯ𝓃 𝒪𝓁𝒶𝓋 ℋ𝒶𝓃𝓈ℯ𝓃 6 days ago (edited) "The spears were to heavy to throw" athletes manage to throw it 50 meters Considering how even with bow hunting doesn't often shoot at over 20m, that's more then double what would probably be the "engagement range". And I assume that those bigger projectiles are simply able to leave bigger wounds, so big game spearpoints is an obvious conclusion. About holding breath: when I was a kid I was obsessed with getting to hold my breath for 2 minutes, as that's a duration only like 1% of people reaches. It took me 1 or 2 months to achieve, and less then a week to improve that to over 3. I haven't kept it up after that, but it did show that with some practice and motivation I think everyone can get to about 5 minutes of breath holding without to much specialised training. Reply ∆rvind: ∆rvind: 7 days ago 2:32 Beast Titan: Hold my rocks 1 Reply Preston White Preston White 11 days ago The ego is outstanding. The problem with this is we can't contemplate living like elephant, or dog or any animal, so we don't know the perspective they have on what they are and what to be amazed by. Yes, humans are cool and amazing, but ravens and other animals are also cool and amazing, with limited knowledge and perspective we have on them. You can't really compare intelligence, abilities, strength and athletic abilities side by side. I understand your trying to make people feel good about humans, but do that in the light without arbitrary hierarchy (making us look better then any other and ignoring aspects of life that are different that we can't understand). It's also false to say ALL humans. There is no way I can outrun and outlive a Wolf given the same conditions(dont give escuse, given time i would, in nature, you will not be given time). You also make it seem endurance is all and be all. Which for us of course endurance is all and be all, but not for a fly, or peregrine falcon. Each abilities that every animal have, they excell at, so if I were in the same condition as them with same abilities, my ranking of importance and "superior" methods of showing intelligence and abilities were differ then other animals. Of course humans feel that they are unique, because we can only fully recognize what we (only we) can accomplish. When you try to see the accomplishment of let's say an ant, we can only be biased and understand their physical movements and based on the movements and infer on their mentality. OK, let me give you an example. Let's say we saw a bird move from one country to another without stopping (the Godwit, for example). The Godwit can travel many thousands of miles in 10 days without eating, sleeping and stopping. In the perspective of a Godwit, you would rank that type of endurance as the most important and say they are unique and don't "feel like animals", but they accomplish feats that we can't do because we can't fly without creation. I have a super long rant, but please please stop comparing animals including humans. You literally are comparing based on arbitrary categories and the opinions of which of those categories are priorities to humans. There is no truth that humans are uniquely unique. Every living thing is unique, it's just that no animals including humans can actually feel the perspective of another (which would change the argument on the most intelligent and strongest as their abilities and mental intelligence are in a different subspace of intelligence then humans) 1 Reply Gabriel x Gabriel x 9 days ago I would still embrace the purity of steel Reply MEDIA FANATIC MEDIA FANATIC 10 days ago Why am i getting flashbacks to that mermaid a body found debacle? Reply Evan Salas Evan Salas 5 days ago We are some badass species, but we would be better if we didn’t use this abilities to slowly kill the planet Reply The Marine Abroad The Marine Abroad 8 days ago SO OUR ANCESTORs were top gun at throwing shit at each other Reply Brolin Siddy Brolin Siddy 10 days ago One word, Intelligent design, at a level not even our brightest scientists can design yet. This is not just random natural selection luck. Reply 2 replies Straw Monkey99 Straw Monkey99 8 days ago actually the fastest motion humans are capable of is snapping, not throwing a baseball. Reply Hook training 3 Hook training 3 9 days ago (edited) General rule of thumb is if an animal is small enough for me to pick it up and get my hands around limbs it can probably be killed by a human. Reply dtikvxc dgjbv dtikvxc dgjbv 7 days ago Humans developed important mental ability: we never identify ourselves in the role of a pray, like most prayed animals are. We are also not just the pray that can defend itself. We turn on the predators of our predators! We exterminate them, enslave them, eat them or use them as tools for everyday use, from cloth to weapon. No bear, wolf, lion, shark, crocodile, eagle or snake is safe when confronting human. Reply Kebila Fomujung Kebila Fomujung 7 days ago Practice, practice, practice. That is why. Reply Teona Seabrook Teona Seabrook 7 days ago where i live is nowhere near the tibetan plateau (4500m versus 1200m above sea level), but the physiological differences between me and my counterparts in coastal areas are greater than I would expect. part of identifying where corpses originated from because of their red blood count, bone density, or minerals in their bones. and this isn't evolutionary- its just adaptations throughout our life. Reply Bryan Johnson Bryan Johnson 8 days ago We are the greatest marathon runners on the planet forgot that one can outrun any prey over a matter of time Reply Thesuperiorman Thesuperiorman 8 days ago (edited) a moment of silence for those who beleive we were monkeys Reply J. DeSoto J. DeSoto 9 days ago Psalm 139:14 I will give thanks to You, because I am awesomely and wonderfully made; Wonderful are Your works, And my soul knows it very well. Reply Shane Rooney Shane Rooney 10 days ago Humans; we can walk on two legs. Birds: "Pathetic" Reply StAticMind StAticMind 7 days ago And yet there are humans (Top Athletes ) that no matter how hard you train they will be faster 😂 Reply 1 reply Alvian Ekka Alvian Ekka 11 days ago That's why human builds are S tier in the meta. Reply CyberYeet CyberYeet 8 days ago Any other humans watching? I feel like a god 1 Reply Derek Bentley Derek Bentley 8 days ago Because at a point in life lifetimes ago you had to be savage. That adds up until present day where everything is bought unless you farm Reply Drew Withington Drew Withington 10 days ago And now the gamer sub-species of homo sapiens finds their bodies atrophying due to spending vast quantities of time just moving their fingers and staring at a screen. Reply Monsieur Z Monsieur Z 8 days ago 15:39 The idea of crossing technology with human evolution is always just the slightest bit unnerving. 1 Reply Ape Ape 9 days ago It's also interesting though how weird humans are and how we can't even explain why we excel at certain things. I think that just points towards the fact that most of our physical achievements aren't even about our physiology as much as they are our intellect, mental resilience, and willpower as well as our ability to practice and perfect skills. One example I have relates to the Sherpas in the video. Those people are undoubtedly super human mountaineers with insane strength and resilience and they are simply built for it. However, people from my country (Poland) are inexplicably good at mountaineering... We have barely any mountains in Poland, and the ones that we do have aren't even taller than 3000 meters. The climate is also very mild and it doesn't really get that cold. However, for whatever reason Poland is famous for its legendary mountaineers that were the first people to summit any of the 8000m+ peaks during the winter, back in the 1980s with literally homemade gear and no supplemental oxygen (Soviet controlled countries didn't really have any materialistic things, let alone professional climbing gear). In fact, 9 out of the 14 8000m+ peaks were first summited in the winter by all-Polish expeditions. Idk but it's pretty crazy to me and it just speaks volumes of our potential as humans and how much we can push our limits, given we have the mental strength and willpower to do so, because they certainly did not have the physiology that Sherpas have, nor generations worth of acclimation. I remember watching an old interview with one of these legends (Kukuczka), and his explanation for why they are so good at mountaineering, especially in the winter, was just that when Poland was controlled by the Soviet communist regime, borders were pretty much closed and it was near impossible to get out of the country (unless you had influence, connections or a good and important reason). So to them, it was essentially a ticket out of the country to go travel the world. 1 Reply D C D C 9 days ago Looking at my malformed hip, half-sized heart, microscopic wrists and ridiculously huge boobs (all genetic curses, dammit very much), NO. NOT EVERY HUMAN IS ATHLETIC. Reply Al-Kwaku Al-Kwaku 7 days ago That one fish ancestors is thrashing in its grave at the thought of us returning to the sea 🤣🤣🤣 Reply Sumkinda cheeto Sumkinda cheeto 5 days ago Video starts at 5:10 Reply Bill Does Stuff Bill Does Stuff 6 days ago (edited) Interestingly, our throwing ability, believe Evolutionary Biologists, was directly a result of learning to hunt, rather than eat carrion and being scavengers. Reply MarkBV MarkBV 8 days ago It’s so funny how so many people think that we created ourselves. Reply SavvyGood SavvyGood 6 days ago Spear points fossilizing 😂😂 Reply Flavored Bleach Flavored Bleach 10 days ago Yeah, humans are kinda OP. Hence all the recent nerfs we been getting 😒 Reply listerine listerine 7 days ago awesome!!!! Reply Paul Lucas Paul Lucas 10 days ago It's almost like there was intent and intellect behind our design Reply 3 replies Oberlurch - Handimations Oberlurch - Handimations 10 days ago Becoming humsn might become the reason why i should get nebula Reply raw raw 8 days ago Good day to be human. Reply Bopper The HR Nightmare Ork Bopper The HR Nightmare Ork 11 days ago Humans: No Claws to speak of, Bite force is pathetic, not fully evolved for bipedal, sees an animal it wants to eat. "I'll chase it till it dies!" And it works. Reply Ashlynn Engel Ashlynn Engel 7 days ago This video gives me the vibes of a humanity simp describing them to aliens Reply NoBrainsInHead NoBrainsInHead 8 days ago (edited) still get bodied in the short game where 99.9% of death happens. We ain't shit. Also being chased for hours by a group of psychotic humans until you just run anymore would be terrifying and very prolonged. Reply TheAnonymousCactus98 TheAnonymousCactus98 8 days ago Not to mention we would chase our prey for days until they gave up on life and let us kill them. Reply SirFatherJack SirFatherJack 7 days ago Big up my fellow humans 1 Reply Lucas Brélivet Lucas Brélivet 7 days ago Well, for now we travel among the stars about as much as all the rest of animals. We're still far from leaving the Solar System. Reply neuspeed79 neuspeed79 9 days ago Well, is more likely life was created than it popping into existence. Reply Jaystarz2000 gaming Jaystarz2000 gaming 7 days ago Well might as well build a massive building that is more taller than the Burj Khalifa and Mt Everest. You need the AC constantly dragging the air to all floors. Reply Johnathon Allen Johnathon Allen 9 days ago My take from this is humans are not the best at any one particular physiology. But we are the most adaptable and we are the best at being good enough to get the job done. Reply D Sharp D Sharp 7 days ago Some people have evolved to do a lot more than throw rocks; although, not many. Reply skg901 skg901 7 days ago There is a scientist who says that Tibetians can breath on Mars without oxygen masks probably in the early stages of terraforming. Reply Charles Jones Charles Jones 6 days ago Meanwhile, it took me 20 minutes to "run" a mile in high school. I could have walked it faster. Reply paul mitchell paul mitchell 8 days ago Rather self congratulatory. Human knees and shoulders are partcularly prone to injury, as is the lower spine. It is for us to use our brains to try to avoid such injuries. Reply Jeremy Ringma Jeremy Ringma 9 days ago 1:02 oldmates heel strike makes me cry for his knees Reply Rewnz Rewnz 8 days ago Always annoys me when people say ‘I’m not a runner’ like what? You literally evolved to do that… Reply Jim Spicer Jim Spicer 10 days ago only one mlb hitter has died from being hit by a pitch, don’t know where that number came from. maybe baseball players in general, not just pro? but semi-pro and amateur players don’t throw as hard and there’s less of a culture for intentionally hitting batters so idk Reply Black Rose Black Rose 9 days ago This video called me genetically inferior in so many ways 🌝🌝🌝 Reply Rocketplumber Rocketplumber 10 days ago I've been reading up on the Lipivore theory of hominin evolution and tool use, which posits that the great expansion of brain size was enabled by a new source of high-energy food. Brains and bone marrow are difficult for primary predators to extract from large prey, even for hyenas. Using rocks to bash open the skulls and long bones of carrion provided the boost needed for our small-bodied modest-brained ancestors to move up the food chain. Rocks that were damaged by bashing on bones, and the splintered bones themselves, produced sharp flakes by accident which slowly led to the use of the flakes themselves as tools rather than trash. At about the same time, hominins developed the suite of enhanced cooling and extreme endurance running that enabled cursorial hunting. Put the two together, and it was nightmare fuel for every other creature on earth (also known as "dinner"). The hominin hunters were slow but relentless, shambling after their prey night and day, the tortoise vs the hare with deadly intent. The blown-out victim, terrified for hours or days, finally gave up and let the monsters walk up to it. Even in death, there was no escape. They broke the skull and bones to extract the treasure within and left only fragments. Humans owe our exalted position in command of the world to zombie pirates. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAWReEm4l0w Reply W S Tavis W S Tavis 9 days ago I'm surprised that you did not cover our ability to cover long distances very quickly. Humans can cover more distance over ground in a day than any other animal on the planet. The only animals that come close are canines, which may also explain their long history with people. Seriously though, look into it, humans actually have the ability to chase animals to exhaustion helping ensure an easy kill. Reply Justin H Justin H 8 days ago Day 2346 on the internet: They haven’t figured out I’m not a human Reply Ben Braceletspurple Ben Braceletspurple 5 days ago I used to wonder how advantageous sleep could be, that humans sleep 6-9 hours per day; ie what a vulnerable state to be in, that is until I found out that's some of the least of any mammal or animal on the planet. We sleep less than just about everything else on earth. Way less than bears which even hibernate, way less than the big cats, less than prey animals of all kinds which all typically sleep 11-16 hours per day. Wolves and dogs sleep more. Large eagles sleep more. It's no wonder we dominated the planet, and with a stronger more expensive brain too Reply Leo Leo 8 days ago Nice work Reply FewRxi FewRxi 9 days ago Those sherpas speed running everest like crazy Reply Charlotte Nilsson Charlotte Nilsson 2 days ago Adaption to different climates via melting or building of brown fat. Long distance running - our unique cooling system that we only share with hourses Reply Brown Brown 8 days ago we like to know things and do stuff. Reply Lucas, a Viking Lucas, a Viking 4 days ago You could walk for 10 hours. Even in west austin where its really hilly you could walk for 10 hours on the street and sidewalks. Just pick a neighborhood with a low homeless population Reply Saul Goodman Saul Goodman 9 days ago That sounds like something a lizardperson would say Reply OJ OJ 8 days ago I think the stuff we learn would of been discovered in the bible . Reply seVex seVex 12 days ago Human hair seems pretty unique. I'm curious how it relates to human evolution. Breasts are unique too. Sexual dimorphism in humans is pretty significant as well. We're certainly a quirky species. Reply 1 reply DJTurtle0 DJTurtle0 7 days ago So if someone would want to create the perfect we would need to get someone from Indonesia and someone from Tibet... Reply David Kaplan David Kaplan 10 days ago Humans sweat better than any other animal, too. Reply Saz Ci Saz Ci 8 days ago Proof that we were created by an Intelligent Designer. Reply Von_on_yt Von_on_yt 8 days ago (edited) God created us. Thank You Jesus ❤ Reply bugboy bugboy 6 days ago throwing definitely evolved once it turned out that bipedalism does not make for fast running. Reply phoauto Bia phoauto Bia 9 days ago We are so amazing our brains named itself Reply Neil Blanchard Neil Blanchard 10 days ago Being bipedal is required for speech, as we know it! So without walking on two legs - we would not have language, at least in the way we do now. Reply 3nertia 3nertia 8 days ago This is why I'm so disappointed in "humanity" - we could do SO MUCH BETTER! Reply Ryan Ryan 7 days ago Thanks for this type of content. Love seeing just how incredible Jesus created us to be. The built in adaptations that we have to differing environments is awesome. Reply A A A A 11 days ago The human knee is a mess. It is at the level of an elementary school science project. Reply 1 reply Russell Jazzbeck Russell Jazzbeck 8 days ago What animal is that at 0:50? Reply WillWhiskey WillWhiskey 11 days ago i would rely more on cybernetic enhancements over evolution tbh Reply 1 reply Flyby 2412 Flyby 2412 6 days ago What's the name of the ending song? Reply unknown unknown unknown unknown 9 days ago Breed the 2 different high elevated humans , then breed the offspring with the super diving humans = super human, no? 1 Reply Blair Colquhoun Blair Colquhoun 10 days ago We are incredible machines. Ask any golfer, including Tiger Woods, and he'd tell you that the swing of a golf club involves more than just keeping your eye on the ball. Reply hulm hochberg hulm hochberg 9 days ago Fellow humans. Human fellows Reply Chris Collins Chris Collins 6 days ago God our creator who made us is awesome in HIS works🙏👍 1 Reply 8 replies Zack Wtrsn Zack Wtrsn 7 days ago At just 400~500 meters in the nearby mountain, my ears get plugged from the difference in air pressure, since most of the City is under 150 m Reply The Car Warranty Guy The Car Warranty Guy 5 days ago Ah yes watching another fellow human say why were great at sports Reply Gwynn Lyell Gwynn Lyell 10 days ago Not to mention Humans are the longest runners, not fast but we can run down our prey. Well we used to. No other animal has our endurance. 1 Reply 1 reply Checkerchamp Checkerchamp 9 days ago Clearly they didn’t consider me when doing this analysis Reply Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin 11 days ago Siberian husky could outrun human in any distance when heat isn't a issue tho Reply k k 7 days ago Humans are amazing - the humans . Reply Louis A. Louis A. 9 days ago are we not also the best long distanse runners? Reply Joe Cordero Joe Cordero 9 days ago As a side note throwing is not the fastest humans are able to move. The blink of an eye is about 50ms and snapping your fingers is about 7ms. Reply hjvddool hjvddool 10 days ago well, i live 7m under sea level so i wont last long on mountains XD Reply Dom Dubz Dom Dubz 8 days ago Let’s just deny all mathematical laws of central limit theorem and Gaussian distributions and claim everything and everyone is uniformly distributed. Reply theyetti90 theyetti90 7 days ago I agree with the title. Most are just poorly, or never, trained. Reply Charlie Charlie 2 days ago I'm a crab main, however, I admire the human lore, but I don't like that much the gameplay 1 Reply Miggybowman Miggybowman 5 days ago Designed by God. We were given dominion. 1 Reply Tenzin Gendun Tenzin Gendun 8 days ago I do be breathing a lil fast 😂 Reply sports _17 sports _17 9 days ago Humans are definitely the best climbers, no other creature can climb up a 200 ft tall inverted cliff Reply Almighty Egg Almighty Egg 7 days ago So humans are a ranged class. Got it. Reply Big Thoughts Big Thoughts 11 days ago Just FYI cows have one stomach with 4 chambers. Big difference. Their stomach operates in a similar fashion to bird lungs. More space, longer time in transit for absorption. Reply Uesuree Uesuree 10 days ago This brings to mind one of my favorite lines from the book of Psalms: "What is man that you can consider him? ... You have made them a little lower than the angels and have crowned him with glory and honor." Reply R V R V 9 days ago If we all just understood we are one race... the human race! Reply 1 reply Stefan Pavicevic Stefan Pavicevic 7 days ago (edited) 🤔💡seems like we’re engineered enki & enlil 🧐 Reply TopHat Videos Inc. TopHat Videos Inc. 7 days ago I'm going to use "sea level people" as an insult now. Reply Anže Rupnik Anže Rupnik 8 days ago Fish will be champions in all competitions they design. Reply David Brown David Brown 3 days ago These changes are already built-in capabilities or adaptions not evolving to a new species. Adaptions would be a more accurate description. Reply i i 7 days ago I said it once and I’ll say it again, I’m built different. Reply Bless ya Bless ya 10 days ago We are fearfully and wonderfully made! Thank you Heavenly Father❤ Reply 6 replies Káča Novotná Káča Novotná 3 days ago A cow has actually just one stomach with four compartments. Reply Island ForestPlains Island ForestPlains 9 days ago As we all are so very well adapted to water in the same way, while adaptations to high altitude are so rare and diverse - does this not prove that there must have been a period of aquatic lifestyle in our common human ancestry, so it is merely a question of "when" rather than "if" our ancestors were aquatic apes? The crossroads of human evolution (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) Stefan Milo 266K subscribers Subscribe 17K Share 652,220 views Premiered Oct 26, 2022 Thanks to NORDVPN for sponsoring this video! Get a big discount and watch some archaeology! https://nordvpn.com/stefanmilo South Asia is one of the most interesting regions for human evolution. A region where all simple models fall apart! Huge thanks to! Sheela Athreya James Blinkhorn Gopesh Jha Praveen Kumar Joao Teixiera All of my generous patrons https://www.patreon.com/stefanmilo Sources: Narmada: Athreya, Sheela. “South Asia as a Geographic Crossroad: Patterns and Predictions of Hominin Morphology in Pleistocene India.” Asian Paleoanthropology, 2010, pp. 129–141., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-90... . Patnaik, Rajeev, et al. “New Geochronological, Paleoclimatological, and Archaeological Data from the Narmada Valley Hominin Locality, Central India.” Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 56, no. 2, 2009, pp. 114–133., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008... . Great Overview: Chauhan, Parth Randhir. “South Asia: Paleolithic.” Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2020, pp. 9987–10006., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-300... . Early Middle Paleolithic: Akhilesh, Kumar, et al. “Early Middle Palaeolithic Culture in India around 385–172 Ka Reframes out of Africa Models.” Nature, vol. 554, no. 7690, 2018, pp. 97–101., https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25444 . Anil, Devara, et al. “An Early Presence of Modern Human or Convergent Evolution? A 247 Ka Middle Palaeolithic Assemblage from Andhra Pradesh, India.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, vol. 45, 2022, p. 103565., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022... . Late Achuelean: Haslam, Michael, et al. “Late Acheulean Hominins at the Marine Isotope Stage 6/5E Transition in North-Central India.” Quaternary Research, vol. 75, no. 3, 2011, pp. 670–682., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.... . Extinct Hominin 1: Teixeira, João C., and Alan Cooper. “Using Hominin Introgression to Trace Modern Human Dispersals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 116, no. 31, 2019, pp. 15327–15332., https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904824116 . Disclaimer: Use my videos as a rough guide to a topic. I am not an expert, I may get things wrong. This is why I always post my sources so you can critique my work and verify things for yourselves. Of course I aim to be as accurate as possible which is why you will only find reputable sources in my videos. Secondly, information is always subject to changes as new information is uncovered by archaeologists. Chapters View all 2,353 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Stefan Milo Pinned by Stefan Milo Stefan Milo 3 months ago (edited) Thanks to NORDVPN for sponsoring this video! Get a big discount and watch some international archaeology documentaries! https://nordvpn.com/stefanmilo 122 Stefan Milo Reply 36 replies Kevin Ashley Kevin Ashley 2 months ago As an Indian from the south, i am obsessed with anthropology but had to get an IT job to support my old parents. Maybe another life. Excellent video though 👍 1.4K Reply 125 replies A Ku A Ku 2 months ago You never mentioned that India has the worst conditions for fossil preservation. 1) It's hot. 2) It gets the highest rain penetrance in the world. Even though other tropical regions get more consistent rain, India is the only place that gets 2x the amount of rain for 4 months straight, which saturates the ground and kills fossilization chances. This is why almost all fossil DNA comes from Northern Eurasia, and to a much lesser extent the Middle East. The former is cold, and the latter is dry which helps to combat the hotness. 203 Reply 12 replies Medlife Crisis Medlife Crisis 2 months ago This was wonderful Stefan, clearly so much work went into it. I also wondered why the Indian subcontinent is not talked about so much. Such a great video. 695 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 26 replies Shaun Saintey Shaun Saintey 3 months ago The point about South Asia being transitionally isolated due to deserts, and the difficulty of travelling from east to west is something that I have never thought about before and is really interesting to think about for sure! 384 Reply 13 replies OSC Vlogs OSC Vlogs 2 months ago As an Indian, this is so informative and educational for me. Also shows that there’s nothing about us that can be explained in simple terms. It’s great to see that everything in the world is a spectrum and not distinctive brackets. 117 Reply 2 replies Bert Torpson Bert Torpson 3 months ago My favorite thing about anthropology is that it’s all people from all over just learning about each other. There’s no room for racism when you get to learn that we are all just on different branches of the same path 717 Reply 95 replies Jacob Creech Jacob Creech 3 months ago I'm blown away by how this channel has evolved. This is one of the best videos so far. 204 Reply 3 replies Conor Haynes-Mannering Conor Haynes-Mannering 3 months ago Been a fan for well over 2 years but you really exceeded my expectations with the coverage of this topic. Thank you for always bringing the forefront of great anthropology to us <3 141 Stefan Milo Reply 2 replies EtMarmelädchen / Djamstore Beats EtMarmelädchen / Djamstore Beats 3 months ago Beeing a "cultural/social anthropologist" with south Asia and "historical ethnology" as a main subject, I love to watch stuff like this in the evening 😀. There are 3 or 4 channels worth to have a look at. Yours is one. Not boring at all (and with serious facts and thoughts). Well done. 184 Reply 28 replies Chris Turner Chris Turner 2 months ago Another great video. Being in Australia it led me to think about the first humans to populate Australia. I’d love to see a video like this about Australia and surrounding islands. How people spread through the region and how language developed would be a great start. 98 Reply 14 replies Tango Cheapskate Tango Cheapskate 3 months ago Such high quality content. I and i'm sure all of us here on the webs really appreciate you and your hard work. Absolutely Stellar stuff man 63 Reply Cryptic Conversions Cryptic Conversions 2 months ago (edited) I really appreciate how you take these academic discussions and break them down for the average person who hasn't got degrees in these subjects. I learn so much from your channel. 15 Reply Paul Hoskin Paul Hoskin 2 months ago Thanks for taking us with you on your academic journey (not just this video, but your body of work). It is very brave of you to put yourself out there and let us 'walk with you' as you construct meaning and knowledge in your own head. It's a privilege. Thank you. 24 Stefan Milo Reply P.M. Rangarajan P.M. Rangarajan 2 months ago Very interesting video. Thanks for uploading. The limestone caves of Meghalaya, in Krempuri hosts a number of geological specimens and the caves in Baratang Island in Andaman and Nicobar Islands should probably be the connecting point for the East and West ancestors. Lot of rock paintings can be seen in Bhimbetka Rock shelters in Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh. The excavations in Keezhadi, in Tamil Nadu has thrown some interesting theories on the migration of early man in India. 19 Reply shangaranaarayanan ramakrishnan shangaranaarayanan ramakrishnan 2 months ago (edited) Absolutely a great video. I learned more on my motherland. Keep thinking and discuss... definitely love to hear them. The state of Tamil Nadu has now put more funding into Archeological investigation...I hope we find some interesting stuffs in 20 yrs 24 Reply Saraf Saraf 2 months ago (edited) Growing up, my teachers never taught me much about evolution at school because of prevalent societal preference to stick to creationism (dominant Muslim population, duh). We never read about these things from history and science textbooks, either. Hence you can imagine how STARVED I've been for this type of content! I'm so fascinated by prehistoric human life and everything paleo yet rarely do I see videos on Southasia's early hominids since most of the discussions seem Europe/ Africa focused. Only found your channel about 2 yrs ago, love your usual content but this one hit home. I'm so happy you tried to dig into the Southasian rabbit hole! Love from Bangladesh. 151 Reply 39 replies Nilavazhagan cibi Nilavazhagan cibi 2 months ago Thank you Stefan for acknowledging Attirampakkam paleolithic stone age site. Note: Attirampakkam is located near to my hometown(chennai) not in Andhra pradesh 18 Reply 5 replies Moses Moses 3 weeks ago First time I'm hearing about "a Narmada skull". It of course adds to the pre-historic record and Anthropology. I've seen South Asia stone tools in the Goa museum, which is also not reported in studies. Very informative video. 9 Reply The Lost One The Lost One 3 months ago I love the “we don’t know for sure” feel to this. It’s what great about science. I do hope we are able to fill in some of the blank spaces and until then; we’ll done to you and those working on it! 53 Reply 2 replies Satyam Dwivedi Satyam Dwivedi 2 months ago Incredible stuff as always Stefan. You are bringing so much knowledge to world by bridging the gap between hardcore active researchers and armchair enthusiasts. You are like "Bhagirath" for lack of a better word. Keep going! 10 Reply 1 reply Mubeen Shaikh Mubeen Shaikh 2 weeks ago Great video! It is so fascinating to piece together the puzzles of human evolution, basically life on a different time, a different world even! I loved the illustrations too ❤️ 4 Reply Soma's Academy Soma's Academy 3 months ago Great video, as I've come to expect from this channel! If anyone wants to learn more about early Homo sapiens in South Asia, I have a section talking about them in my video "Discovering the World: A Brief History of Human Migrations." There are a few things Stefan covered that I missed during my research, but also a few things this video doesn't talk about. 19 Reply 𓆏 𓆏 2 months ago Human history in Asia is so interesting and very underexplored in education(at least when I learned about anthropology) 12 Reply Mindora Mindora 2 weeks ago Finally someone made a video on the topic I always searched for. As a Bangladeshi I always wanted to know the evolution history of this region. 3 Reply runristaren runristaren 3 months ago Top quality stuff once again, Stefan! Thank you and greetings from Finland. 20 Reply erin mcdonald erin mcdonald 2 months ago A long time subscriber, your content has become phenomenal. You've always brought your particular nuance to topics, but you're tackling more diverse, difficult, and yet fascinating questions, now. Your determination and hard work show. Thank you! 💜🌏🥄😎 5 Reply Shrikant Jawalekar Shrikant Jawalekar 2 months ago Its so true, India is literally sidelined in human evolution discussion!!! 30 Reply 1 reply Lone Wolf Lone Wolf 2 months ago (edited) I have been binge watching your videos. The way you present the story is really fascinating and never once I have to pause or rewind to let your content settle down in my brain. You make such a difficult topic so easy to grasp and relate to. 4 Reply Weekly Book review Weekly Book review 12 days ago Living in south india , this is full of goosebumps for me. There is a proverb in our tamil language that starts with :" kal thondra man thondra...."" which means there has been a civilization living here even before land and sand.. so one day we will know the truth :) absolutely mind blowing 🤯 4 Reply 1 reply AS Chambers AS Chambers 2 months ago Fascinating video. I think your comment towards the end that we can become fixated on what each individual type of homo was doing is spot on. South Asia clearly illustrates how we need a truly holistic approach to the field, drawing in data from all types of research and using them together to create an elaborate illustration from where we can pick out overlaps, similarities and indeed differences. 6 Reply expt22 expt22 2 months ago (edited) People don't realize how important the time points being discussed mean to present populations. Neanderthal genes are suggested to determine risk levels in COVID-19 and South Asian (Indian sub-continent) population was found to have inherited high-risk alleles. Awesome video. Thanks for your work. 4 Reply Côme Luciat-Labry Côme Luciat-Labry 2 months ago Outright stupendous, I can’t thank you enough for doing this research and synthesizing months of conversations and deep dives for us. I hope to see you here in 20 years helping us understand new discoveries!! 5 Reply Sipra Kar Sipra Kar 3 weeks ago I was interested in this type of topics- Anthropology, Paleontogy and even Evolutionary biology since my early teens. But unfortunately there's not much environment for research-oriented careers for this topics in India(which I suppose has a rich geological and biological wealth within it). Due to this I shifted my focus on somewhere else for a high-paid job to take my family & community out of poverty. 3 Reply 1 reply Benny Bennerson Benny Bennerson 2 months ago Would you ever make a video dedicated to the Australian aboriginals they have such a diverse and interesting history and the hundreds of different cultures too are just fascinating Onya mate from Australia 🇦🇺 38 Reply 11 replies Tony Hussey Tony Hussey 2 months ago Absolutely fantastic video, such high quality viewing. Thanks for all the hard work you put into this creation. 3 Reply mad555555 mad555555 2 months ago Stefan, I loved this format of video you put together. This was one of my favorite videos from you. I love how you splice together all the different conversations you had along with great graphics and great narration as always. This was very well done. You should be very proud of this video. 2 Reply xįrx xįrx 3 months ago (edited) Im just curious, but do you still edit your own videos Stefan? Because I notice the production quality getting better and better every single video, and it's amazing. Love it, thank you 😊 Also: Rest In Peace SpoonCam™ ! 😉 18 Reply Walter Wiebe Walter Wiebe 3 months ago Absolutely fascinating! Human evolution cannot be put simply and joining you on this deep dive was a lot of fun! The complexity makes it all the more interesting. 7 Reply Perceived Velocity Perceived Velocity 3 months ago Wow you must have put a massive amount of work into this video. IMO you have graduated from YouTube and might be ready for the world of documentaries. 45 Stefan Milo Reply 4 replies Medjed Medjed 2 months ago Nice to see such an appreciated and underappreciated region get time in the spotlight, great video! 2 Reply Paul Jowsey Paul Jowsey 2 months ago Brilliant in every way Stefan, great research & production & superb that you're baffled looking so much forward to what the future holds for your knowledge expansion. Love your wrok! 4 Reply Keller K Keller K 2 months ago Thank you for such an amazing and interesting video Stefan! Your hard work shows!! And i enjoy it a lot in your videos when you grab the camera and walk outside and talk to us, its refreshing! 1 Reply Nicholas Woollhead Nicholas Woollhead 2 months ago Some of the most exiting content online right now. In Danish we have this word "formidler" which is the title of someone whose job it is to convey technical information to laypeople, but unfortunately I can't really find an English equivalent - you're a great formidler, Stefan! 5 Reply frankperez1953 frankperez1953 2 months ago You and your staff really do outstanding projects. I am profoundly interested in physical and paeleo-anthropology and archaeology. How important is it to establish a date/time and detailed location environment (geology, hydrology, the ecology of fauna and flora, and climate) in order to identify the species of a sample cranium or a tool assemblage? 1 Reply SurferNorm SurferNorm 2 months ago Stefan this is a terrific video and I love the amount of new discoveries made in the area. My one serious comment is you said you were having a challenge tying the different homonid groups together thats so funny. Tying almost a million years of evolutionary history with a few locations thousands of miles apart and timeline that each step is 25000 years thats a lot of room for details to fill in. I'm in the US but I have read about the ruins at Matchu Pichu "forgive spelling" but scientists are just starting to be able to guess how those ruins might have been built as cement bags stacked up and that is how they got the seems to match so well. I like that so much better than aliens from space or other dimensions building them just to confuse archaeologists. Scientiests are doing their best this is different than when Indiana Jones came in and looked for a few valuable jewelry pieces the could sell. You areadding to the knowledge of the public and old geeks that never knew we even liked this stuff when we were in school keep up the good work . Also don't worry aboutc0pmtonuity in your outfits just make sure the dialog is kept straight so we get the story right. thank you 3 Reply TheDankKnight TheDankKnight 2 months ago Great video Stefan, as usual. Your passion for the subject really shines in this one 3 Reply Motheo Motheo 2 months ago Man I’ve been watching your videos a lot recently and the educational content leaves me so satisfied. I think I speak for everyone when I say “Keep up the great info. We can’t get enough of you” 2 Reply Nevena Mikec Nevena Mikec 2 months ago I really enjoy watching your videos! I would love to see your story and explanation about the findings in Lepenski Vir :) 3 Reply Dan Patterson Dan Patterson 3 months ago Best video yet. What a marvelous field- trying to fit the pieces together, not knowing what new pieces might appear and disrupt the model you thought was good, insanely curious but wary of certainty. 13 Reply D_Sin D_Sin 3 months ago It’s all so fascinating! Interesting about that extra step in the thought process for Middle Pleistocene toolmaking. I’d love a video just on the known history of tool making! 2 Reply Misty Haney Misty Haney 2 months ago I really appreciate your willingness to do all the hard work to bring us these videos. 8 Reply R M R M 2 months ago (edited) Due to its climate and geography, the Indian subcontinent housed the largest concentration of humanity for the longest period of history and ydna evidence has now conclusively proved this. But this fertility, high population and wet climate is the reason why there is such a low rate of fossil preservation. And unfortunately modern archeology, unfortunately prefers to hide inconsistencies in their simplistic assumptions/models rather than try to use all the data and determine what actually happened 11 Reply Wayne Broughton Wayne Broughton 2 months ago (edited) Not sure if anyone else mentioned this yet (too many comments!) but I love the commentary beginning at 29:22 for its insight into how we tend to want to oversimplify what must have been a very complex situation spanning a huge amount of time. I always thought the old "out of Africa" vs "multiregional evolution" debate was much too simplistic for the same reason. We make the same mistake in many other parts of science as well, where reality is often much more complicated than we expect. 6 Reply Denny Smith Denny Smith 5 days ago Beautiful presentation, Stefan. Just wonderful- I only wish each speaker was introduced by name, every appearance, since they were all--each and every--so riveting and articulate. I even wanted to study their bios to be more like them! Reply Ronald Jordan Ronald Jordan 2 months ago This was probably your best video yet. Thanks for the work that you put into making such great content. 3 Reply Mick Miah Mick Miah 2 months ago Super vid. I myself have Bangladeshi DNA swimming around in my very mixed genetic background, see the surname, whilst being ostensibly English. The thought that I might have a bit of Denisovan has perked me up no end this morning! I really look forward to your reporting on further developments. 6 Reply bokya - /*)(*\- star trooper bokya - /*)(*\- star trooper 2 months ago Excellent! Throughout recorded history indian subcontinent and Central Asia was at crossroads of East and West. So you may not be very far from revelation. I hope that missing piece of this puzzle will be found soon. 3 Reply Mikey Masters Mikey Masters 2 months ago Stefan, I’m an anthropology major, with an emphasis in Native American Studies. I’m also addicted to your content👍🏼 3 Reply Tracy Tomlinson Tracy Tomlinson 2 months ago (edited) Stefan, for me (as a novice) you've really brought to light something I was unawares of, and helped me begin to process some of the possibilities. For the lack of evidence, there are some really interesting ideas put forth in this video. If you can connect the dots for an ignoramus like me, you're quite the genius! It is unfortunate however that there is such a lack of evidence in hand. What is reason for this and what needs to happen in order to change it for the better? 1 Reply Nafis Nawal Nafis Nawal 2 weeks ago Great content! Waiting for more informative episodes on this topic. Love from Bangladesh. 💞🙏 1 Reply Red River Red River 2 months ago (edited) I have been waiting for a video on subcontinental Asia. Thank you Stefan. You do amazing work on this channel. 5 Reply gollum gollum 2 weeks ago Thanks for making such a great video Stefan! Hopefully we will know more about Indians ancient past in the future! Reply david mellings david mellings 3 months ago (edited) Was feeling stressed and tired and Stefan drops a video- perfect remedy ❤ 21 Reply Ruthanne Seven Ruthanne Seven 2 months ago I will have to watch this a few times. It's packed with so much, it deserves more attention. I have DNA from 2 areas of India, yet overall, I show up as Viking. Yes, my ancestors really got around the world. Even to Peru and Columbia. The far east is represented as well. I love people watching. Often I see people with very ancient features, like men with very pronounced ridges above the eyes, and chinless people. The ancient and the evolved are still all around us, imo. I'm a bit surprised that you felt it important to look the same throughout this presentation, but it does make more sense to me now. Given the fascinating dive you did, I may not have noticed at all! Bones fascinate me. I found some very interesting rocks in China, including a stone age tool in a desert. I also found a fingerbone and the upper ridge of a scapula in the same location. Sand hides so much! Of greater interest is a square black rock with a broken know on one end. One side is blank, but the other side shows faint signs of some sort of writing, mostly worn away. There never seems to be enough time to deeply study everything in an interdisciplinary way. Thank you so much. I really appreciate your point of view. 18 Reply 7 replies grim grim 2 months ago Lovely how you approach this challenge in your career, you are a great inspiration as a content creator 4 Reply Ranjit Sardar Ranjit Sardar 2 months ago (edited) Thank you so much, I love the amount of effort and research put into this masterpiece, I was gripped every second, especially mentioning the tools found in my home state Andhra Pradesh, I really feel like I was connecting with my ancestors and such a crazy revelation with the extinct hominin 1 species, I truly felt your emotion when you went for a walk outside to process it all and I am about to do the same, truly fantastic, thank you so much 2 Reply 1 reply Celt of Canaan Esurix Celt of Canaan Esurix 3 months ago great video, I can't believe I've never thought about what's going on in India during this time before, always assumed it was just southern Denisovans, which I guess in a way was partially right. Also Attenborough's Mammoth Graveyard? What the hell, why don't we get that kind of quality content here in America... 13 Reply 1 reply Phillip Wilber Phillip Wilber 2 months ago We are the lucky ones Stefan. Thank you for the hard work, to all, who make these videos. 3 Reply Souljahna Souljahna 1 month ago Thank you Stefan, for keeping us up to date with all this fascinating research. Your doing a great job! Reply 1 reply Read MyComment Read MyComment 2 months ago Thank you Stephen fantastic video, I understand tremendous work from your side so I'm taking bit of time to like your video and also comment,hopefully this should give the video little boost to be recommended for more people with similar interests, My thoughts, I as an Indian it is interesting to know our pre-history. More like what we don't know than what we know. I always thought why apart from IVC not much of subcontinent prehistories discussed, now I understand lack of fossil evidence is the main driver. In all other places where so much of prehistory has been found is also associated with fossil evidence So many new generations taking keen interest in archeology, almost all experts that you interviewed are under 30 or 40 I feel so good to hear their deep insight and knowledge they have and still they are showing doubts in their own assumptions/thoughts which is a true sign of intelligence. 1 Reply Pradeep Ranasinghe Pradeep Ranasinghe 3 months ago Thanks Stefan for a fascinating and informative presentation! 5 Reply John Sears John Sears 2 months ago Thanks Stefan!!! So much to think about and imagine life in those times. Climate, resources, competition, mixing.... Fascinating! I am happy to be one of your patrons. 3 Reply Aditi Saini Aditi Saini 2 months ago (edited) being an Indian myself, i think the problem might be that the quality of scientific education imparted is extremely low in my country, in fact of all education imo. Also as a culture and society, there is no push towards academic curiosity of any sort. I have been in and out of the Indian education system and most of degrees and titles are such shams. There is no appetite or ambition for truth. In fact, most of my people are so lost in managing to survive and earning a living, everything else is secondary. Also, the rampant corruption that is prevalent in almost every system does not help, how research is conducted is a joke in this country. The government with its tribal propaganda doesn't help either. They keep the masses tamed by giving them stupid fake statistic. So your why has a simple answer, its all still unexplored territory and there are extremely few people interested in exploring it. and its a tragedy. 4 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 4 replies Fiona H Fiona H 2 months ago Another brilliant video! I’d be very interested to hear about indigenous Australians and New Guineans, their DNA and life. It an area that is less talked about and it would be so interesting especially since they were so isolated and untouched by other cultures for so long. 1 Reply John Lomax John Lomax 2 months ago (edited) Great presentation. Keeping this video for reference. I also am fascinated by the ancient, archaic movements of the inhabitants of south Asia. They are connected to the Australian aborigines and some of the Asian Pacific people. There are iconic stories hidden therein,. For sure. 10 Reply 1 reply シロダサンダー シロダサンダー 2 months ago What I've learned from this is that we still have a lot to learn about our human history. 5 Reply dersitzpinkler dersitzpinkler 2 months ago So much dedication here. We appreciate you Stefan! 3 Reply Ben Warnock Ben Warnock 2 months ago Hancocks latest JRE appearance ironically brought me here. This channel is so bloody good I have binged almost all the videos. Would like to see your take on early hominids and psychedelics, whether or not they could of consumed and if that would of affected evolution 1 Reply 1 reply Peter Payne Peter Payne 2 months ago Love your videos, Stephan! Your video editing is top-notch! 4 Reply Randolph Domino Randolph Domino 2 months ago Amazing video Stefan! Keep up the good work, you are awesome! Reply Grant Sinclair Grant Sinclair 2 months ago (edited) Stefan. Firstly, I really enjoy anything you have to offer, and always look forward to a new release... your manner of presentation and clarity of thought are so refreshing. Secondly, thankyou for all your hard work distilling the multitude of sources into a coherent and simple narrative. I totally agree with your point re. 'two points on a spectrum'. Cheers. 2 Reply Smitha Vempaty Smitha Vempaty 2 months ago Amazing. This opened so many question boxes in my head. I am enthused to explore more and request you to dig some more for us. Thank you 2 Reply Ava Gardiner Ava Gardiner 2 months ago thank you Stefan !!! <3 amazing per usual, your growth is definitely showing sir!! 1 Reply samdog166 samdog166 2 months ago I love how anthropology sort of flows into ancient history 6 Reply 1 reply Intimaspace Intimaspace 2 months ago Brilliant video, so much work went into this - and it's extremely interesting and informative. 1 Reply IWillTakeAGuranteeOfBetterOverAPromiseOfPerfect IWillTakeAGuranteeOfBetterOverAPromiseOfPerfect 2 months ago This was sooo amazing. Thank you so much for your work. I love it! 2 Reply Mark GL Mark GL 2 months ago The hours of work behind this one must have been crazy, great job as always! 3 Reply UB Omninomen UB Omninomen 2 months ago I think I understand the term "introgression," and realize how mind-boggling it is to try to understand how "branches" reconnect over generations. That is to say, most folks very likely have some common ancester if you go back 10 or 20 generations. Even trying to describe this "recombination" of bits of our common dNA requires its own discipline and specific vocabulary. Every time I go to a funeral or wedding, it is challenging just to describe the levels of cousins and how they relate to my kids (nth degree, removal, and in-laws). Going back 2 generations, some cousins and in-laws fade from consciousness simply due to distance and other choices. Go back 3 generations, few but the elders have awareness of the "whole" family web. Further back, the family tree records contain so much data, that half or less even care about the sprawling and diverse "branches." So much about surname, ethnicity, and "lineage" become virtually meaningless if you consider that when you go back past your great-grandparents, there ar 16 "bloodlines," that are typically over-simplified into (maybe) 2-4 ethnic lineages. Often this is further blurred by disproportionally emphasizing 1 or 2 patriarchs/matriarchs, more notable than others for often arbitrary reasons. Thus over 90% of the bloodline is easily ignored or otherwise oversimplifed and/or over-emphasized to the point of mis-informing us about our true identity. 11 Reply Encyclopedia Pierciana Encyclopedia Pierciana 3 months ago Another good one, Stefan! Very good work that you- do-- enjoy them a great deal! 4 Reply Bill Bill 3 months ago Sheela Athreya is absolutely fascinating. (I really loved the notion of, "how you partition stuff" and "it's more about the processes than the labels.") I am not an academic in this field - so have no expectation to ever meet her... But wow, would be great to have a chat. Stefan, as always, you post such great videos! 6 Reply Jar-Kai1 Jar-Kai1 2 months ago Crazy that the monoliths at Gobekli Tepe were created at the end of the Younger Dryas. Absolutely fascinating Reply PrinceofIndia PrinceofIndia 2 weeks ago I sincerely thank you for this. It scratched an itch of a question I've had for years, but no accessible media were willing to approach! Reply Bob Keleher Bob Keleher 2 months ago Man the production quality of your vids has gone through the roof over the past few months. Damn well interesting. 4 Reply George Pretnick George Pretnick 2 months ago Stefan, I have a topic suggestion for you. Considering your location in the PNW, you might research the curious story of ISHI. Ishi was a native American child captured by railroad workers at the beginning of the 20th century. His origin is deeply interesting and should be academically investigated. 3 Reply 1 reply Jacqui El Masry Jacqui El Masry 2 months ago Fascinating! It's a subject you don't hear too much about. And I really like the way you're always happy to admit "we really don't know". 5 Reply Jeremy Atkinson Jeremy Atkinson 2 months ago Thank you Stefan. You treat your audience with respect. And we benefit. 3 Reply H.S .J H.S .J 2 months ago This has been my dream to study human evolution, but particularly the south Asia region.. 2 Reply Ryan Thorburn Ryan Thorburn 3 months ago you know, with that fossil being found after washing down the river, and the comment on the very wet east side and how that affects things, I'm interested to see how the research will go over the next few years. I mean, we've just seen some truly historic flooding patterns happening across India - like some of the most damaging water movement we've seen inland in a long time. I'll be very interested to see if that's going to uncover anything else soon, or if in the recovery efforts theres going to be discoveries made that the water has shifted 2 Reply Chris B Chris B 1 month ago Would you mind doing something on the ancient apocalypse show? I love your content, as I've always been interested in anything archeological. Id just love to get your take as you'll have a wealth of knowledge and scientific thinking that I as a layman am missing. I'd be sooo happy as the show really is interesting even if I as a layman caught some far fetched theories and broad use of the word "evidence", some of the findings really were interesting. Reply बोजॅक बोजॅक 2 months ago Thank you for uploading this. I've been interested in anthropology but most of content is either focused in Africa, Middle East and Europe. Being a part of the Indian subcontinent, this video adds so much to my understanding of the land I come from! 55 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 1 reply Pat S Pat S 2 months ago (edited) What a brilliant episode, Stefan! Well done. I wonder what kind of impact do these points of data have with the current genomic discussions of the Indic subcontinent around ANI, ASI, Steppe pastoralists and Iranian farmers? Fascinating muddle 😊 Congratulations for a riveting episode. Thanks! 3 Reply 3 replies Christopher Carr Christopher Carr 3 months ago (edited) Regarding the Narmada cranium -- with a cranial capacity in the modern range, why do we not think could have been an individual on the Neandersovan branch? This was an especially fascinating episode. Keep up the good work. 11 Reply AlexWH AlexWH 2 months ago Hey Stefan. I see that you've changed the title of this video a few times. I can imagine your disappointment when a class video like this, which you've clearly put a tremendous amount of time and effort into, doesn't initially do so well in the YT algorithm. I happen to really enjoy these longer videos of yours. Don't let it get you down mate, and keep up the terrific work. 1 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 1 reply Elizabeth McGlothlin Elizabeth McGlothlin 3 months ago With the right kind of stone, just bashing it will give some useful bits that are nice and sharp. But going from there to predictable tools for specialized uses is the fascinating part. And knowing that some of these were probably developed more than once--say, a particular group died out--and redeveloped is mind boggling! 4 Reply T T 2 months ago This was such a refreshing history lesson, I especially want to thank you for your honesty. I'm sick of these right-wing idiots that try to present history, as if the people's looks never changed in over 200000 years. I would love to see an episode on how Europe was populated by Asia. Reply Frau W. Niemand Frau W. Niemand 2 months ago This is so mindblowing. I really think that the variations are a key (and we not touched variations regarding to age, sex and illness at this point). This video is a good step for completing this complex puzzle of evolution. and it will only be solved if the whole world will work together as one. Peace for science. 1 Reply Samujjwal Singharoy Samujjwal Singharoy 5 days ago Loved & obsessed with your work sir🙏 Science must be studied in an unbiased manner based upon true facts & evidences, not based upon biblical chronology. I see most European scholars have a specific unscientific racial bias, unlike u. U sir, are a pure genius 🙏 Love💕 from the Indian Subcontinent❤ Reply Sabao Sabao 1 month ago when at the start stefan said that this part of asia is overlooked for archeoology, its resonated with me SO MUCH. only 1 human skull to have been found here is such a shock to me. this part of the world has some serious parts of the evolutionary puzzle. 5 Reply 3 replies Marc Marc 2 months ago Great vid Stefan you rock brother. The many beards and shirts adds montage feel. Months of work condensed into 30 superb minutes. Thanks for this, you deserve success. Reply M I M I 3 months ago I might be a bit naive in my logic, but what is the big challenge of the technologies coexisting?! I compare it to fishing rod - sure, they were many advances over time, yet, you can still find scouts creating simple rods, to the most sophisticated composite rod out there...they would coexist for 100s of year due to many reasons (complexity, purpose, costs, etc). Either way, fascinating info, thanks for your great vids! 12 Reply 2 replies Bob Borealis Bob Borealis 2 months ago (edited) I think this is the ever elusive Hominin Xe. Derived from a LCA taking place 1,1 - 0,9 MYA (some form of Erectus). A cousin species to the Antecessor (=> "Heidelbergensis"), Neandersovan (=> Neanderthals and 4 different groups of Denisovans) and Sapiens branches. A unique and special branch of it own. Possibly with some admixture amongst modern Australian, PNG and Andaman populations. 2 Reply Murray Smith Murray Smith 2 months ago (edited) @Stefan Milo Please keep up the great work. Fantastic videos! 2 Reply The Point The Point 2 months ago (edited) Fantastic content Stefan, loved it. 1 Reply Grant Lawler Grant Lawler 3 months ago Thanks for pumping out the best vids Stefan! I always look forward to seeing your new vids! 4 Reply Andrew Moore Andrew Moore 2 months ago Would love to do an episode tonight on the path the first people took to get to Australia; if you have not done it already 2 Reply Charlie Lloyd Charlie Lloyd 2 months ago Phenomenal work, Stephan! Thank you so much! 2 Reply sanrio alvares sanrio alvares 2 months ago More on this topic please! This is a rabbit hole I am very excited to explore... 1 Reply budd2nd budd2nd 2 months ago I really enjoyed your video Stefan. Just after watching your video, I was watching a programme (on YouTube) about an Egyptian mummy and having seen your video the skull shape of the mummy seemed odd. It didn’t have a forehead, nor the high vault that you showed in your video. It very much seemed to have the low & long shape or earlier Hominins. 😮 Any ideas? Reply Bratwurst statt Sucuk Bratwurst statt Sucuk 3 months ago make a video on a ancient site in my hometown pls! Its called Göbekli-Teppe but we call it "Xirabreşk" ❤️looking always forward to your vids awesome work bro💪🏽 5 Reply 2 replies Aaron S Aaron S 3 months ago Are there advantages to older tools that would make them better in some circumstances? If they were easier to make, or if it were easier to train people not make them, or if they use a more readily available stone you might have some people focused on new technology and others cranking out older style tools. Alternatively, would they be better suited to some tasks? We've got an old manual milling machine in my shop that's used for some things, even though many other things are sent out to be CNC machined. 8 Reply 2 replies bgurtek bgurtek 2 months ago Stephan, your content is super & SO IS YOUR CINEMATOGRPHY - IT'S SO PROFESSIONAL! 1 Reply Laura Williams Laura Williams 2 months ago It seems to be taken as fact that you go from one type of axe/lithic to another, in a linear fashion. But would the second one really have been seen as universally better? Maybe there was a shift back and forth between types over time or in different situations or both were used together without one being ranked as better by the people using them at the time. Instead of asking 'why did it take so long to go from type a to type b', i wonder more 'what could have made them drop the earlier type besides the availability of second type' 1 Reply Treestump Jones Treestump Jones 2 months ago I live in Australia. This landmass is the oldest on the planet. I have traveled all over the country, and am curious whether human remains over 100,000 years old will ever be found. 1 Reply Rhizosphere Rhizosphere 1 month ago (edited) Fascinating, mind boggling episode, Stefan. Many thanks Reply 1 reply Katie Katie 2 months ago I love your anthropology videos. Please keep them coming. You have the best on YouTube. 1 Reply Kalulu Ayiti Kalulu Ayiti 2 months ago Amazing work!! Could it be Dragon Man? side note, I am curse of how phenotypically different all the Homos were then. Currently now we have such a wide range from north to south and east to west. 4 Reply Dr. Irfan Anwar Arnab Dr. Irfan Anwar Arnab 2 weeks ago (edited) Absolutely brilliant, please keep up the good work 👏 🇧🇩 Reply Vishal Maraj Vishal Maraj 2 weeks ago Human History is alot more complicated than we assume I love it. 1 Reply gururaj kulkarni gururaj kulkarni 2 months ago By far the best analysis i have come across. Good work team 👍 1 Reply Shubhankar Tiwari Shubhankar Tiwari 2 weeks ago Thank you for making this video.. really loved it. 🇮🇳❤️ Reply Bernard Sulman Bernard Sulman 2 months ago (edited) Thanks for a great video. .. an equally interesting study in evolution has been your studio set-up. Your tool technology has come a long way since the days of a clip-on mic on a plastic spoon :) 3 Reply 1 reply RM M RM M 2 months ago (edited) Regarding "Evolutionary Processes", the Tribal populations of rural India deserve more comprehensive DNA study. These gene pools are quickly being diluted. Of special interest is an area called Rahr, meaning "Red or Laterite Soil" which is referenced by the philosopher PR Sarkar, Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, as the birthplace of human beings. This area is Jharkhand and West Bengal States near Bokaro Steel City. There is a small hill, near Pundag in West Bengal, that is named "Fossil Hill". Paleontologists and Archaeologists would be well served to investigate what is there. 5 Reply 1 reply Vijayabhaskaran Sankaran Vijayabhaskaran Sankaran 4 weeks ago I am always fascinated with our history but I am working in an IT job but sure in another life I would love to be a archeologist or an historian or a genome researcher as I see Indians presence specifically the tamil names of cities and tamils travelled all over the world and love to read about it . 1 Reply 1 reply @imgayirl @imgayirl 2 months ago thank you mr. milo guy, your channel was my introduction to serious anthropology 1 Reply Imperiused Imperiused 3 months ago Great work Stefan. I learned a ton from this video. 1 Reply Tom Atwood Tom Atwood 2 months ago So excited to watch this ,excellent work,thanks ! Reply Ms White Ms White 2 months ago This is so important for understanding Australian Aboriginal people. I'd love it if you could continue the discussion and draw a line to Australia 1 Reply Juandiego Calero Juandiego Calero 3 months ago Jimbob Blinkhorn is definitely the best name i had heard of an expert in a while 19 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 2 replies Robert Diehl Robert Diehl 2 months ago My chances of figuring out the history of our species are zero zip zilch nada. So, as complex as it is, this subject…I am grateful for all of your efforts. Reply Colleen Rose Colleen Rose 2 months ago another great video, Stefan. Thank you. 1 Reply pal's time pal's time 2 months ago A really great video, thanks for your hardwork. Stefan Milo Reply The Rob The Rob 3 months ago Thank you Stefan. When I check for videos at the end of the day and a new one from you is up I call it a good day. 1 Reply Steve Lundin Steve Lundin 2 months ago As someone who's done archaeology in North and Central America, I admit to being a bit baffled by this fixation on bifaces as being somehow temporally linked to human evolution. My area was lithics, so this subject is within my remit. Anyway, sure, Acheulean bifaces are a thing, morphologically, and there's huge continuity of this tool-type, though we can't be sure it was just a tool. But bifaces, strictly as a tool, are common in toolkit assemblages in NA and CA (and presumably, South America too) right up until the historic-contact period. They're clearly functional and wear-pattern analysis supports that; whereas Acheulean bifaces often show no wear at all, pointing to a non-functional aspect to their making. So, finding bifaces in these more recent assemblages (Middle Paleolithic) doesn't necessarily connect in any direct way with Acheulean bifaces, especially when you're talking time periods of over a hundred thousand years. Given the needs for tool-making (via lithic tools, ie tools to make tools) and processing of resources, why wouldn't you see bifaces, since they're damned useful and multipurpose? Just like end-scrapers. No reason to abandon a tool-type without necessity demanding some kind of paradigm shift, is there? I recall digging up Archaic period tools in Belize that were virtually identical to the assemblages I dug up in Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. The key here is functionality, not specific morphology. Bifaces extend beyond just the Acheulean (just as the Acheulean assemblages extend beyond just bifaces), so the linkage of later and smaller bifaces with older, larger Acheulean bifaces, strikes me as a big reach. Bifaces are not unique to the Acheulean. Reply Sean Van Sommeran Sean Van Sommeran 3 months ago (edited) -- Stephan, the two points on the spectrum you mention (Denisovanii - Neandertalensis) are apparently distinct as species 'types' as evidenced by the hybridization recognized in genotypes and morphology as well (teeth etc) ? Im ever trying to consolidate my understandings, any feedback or inputs appreciated. You got the best channel and content is epic 🤙 3 Reply Russ Paxman Russ Paxman 1 month ago Excellent video, I can hardly imagine the mind boggling amount of research and collating of evidence to reach a “Best Guess” conclusion. Thank you so much for attempting to explain the as yet inexplicable. Reply 1 reply Spencer & Rains Spencer & Rains 3 months ago Another banger, Stefan. Your work is inspiring. 2 Reply Albert Bair Albert Bair 3 months ago (edited) Just caught the end, looking forward to watching in entirety. Really love your presentations.When is the newest video coming out on Nebula, you know the one,eh?✌️ 1 Reply Laura Sturk Laura Sturk 2 months ago Could it be the case that both tools existed simultaneously because Version 1 is easier for anyone to create? A simpiler DIY process that gets the job done? Version 2 shows more skill and advanced technique that would take a lot time for practice and dedication. Reply srin srin 13 days ago After watching this video, I have been wondering how humans from the future will think of us and our technologies now, will they be making a documentary video on us like this? 😅 1 Reply Ravi Ravi 2 months ago (edited) This is great...I always wondered about evolution in South Asia. Also one of our great epics - The Ramayana has Hanuman and other beings (worshipped in modern day) which always made me wonder if they were actually other species of Humans. 5 Reply Nick_Nisu Nick_Nisu 2 weeks ago I remember learning about this is my history class long ago so nostalgic Reply Olorin Olorin 2 weeks ago it would be nice to get som visuals or examples on the different uses on Achulian vs levallois stone tools. How long they last, how quick they break, how much tools you get out of (set amount of good rock for making tools) the sharpness etc etc. Reply Prince Ranjan Prince Ranjan 3 months ago Thank you for making this video! I really wanted to learn about this topic for some time. 1 Reply Neon Flonk Neon Flonk 2 months ago Excellent video, Stefan. Well done. 1 Reply Pramod Ranjanikar Pramod Ranjanikar 2 months ago Very good study. Interesting. The mix of East and West,that you are talking about, existed hunded thousand years ago; don't you think it exists in AD years also? Reply Tom Morrison Tom Morrison 3 months ago (edited) I've been looking forward to this one. You had talked with Professor Jah in an earlier video, so this was bound to happen & I'm thrilled! The whole importance of South Asia both in archaeology & in just general history is often overlooked. Partially, that's due to climate -- in Egypt, for example, we know a great deal about Upper Egypt because thee desert keeps artifacts intact, Lower Egypt, with the damp, ever-shifting course of the Nile is really bereft of such treasures. The huge influence of river systems means that what IS found, isn't found in its original site -- like the cranium. Dampness & humidity have an adverse effect on artifacts. There are lots of prehistory sites worth exploring, just hard to locate & uncover. Your video is a big step in the right direction. By bringing South Asia into a generalist spotlight, you help expand the conversation enormously, Stefan. It will take focus for this incredibly under- explored area to achieve its rightful place in Paleontology & its related disciplines. The entire video is fascinating! -- A glimmer of how South Asia acted as a crossroads of hominins & their technologies. The complexity is the point! You've sent me down rabbit holes, before, but I get the feeling this one's gonna be long-lasting (& important). Thanks & Kudos on a magnificent piece! 18 Reply D老師 D老師 1 month ago Thanks for these! They are great resources for teaching high school world history 1 Reply 1 reply Atanu Dey Atanu Dey 2 months ago Narmada flows into Arabian sea, western bank of India. However lot of thanks for discussion of very interesting topic. I became really enriched. 1 Reply El Yahweh Lah El Yahweh Lah 2 weeks ago Thank you for making this incredible video. Reply Maggie Craigie Maggie Craigie 2 months ago I’m absolutely loving this video and all of your videos are brilliant. Reply S K S K 2 months ago Wow so please you've taken a dive into this, I've always wondered the same why India has always received so little attention, I'm not an expert but even Geographically and Historically you can see there must surely be some interesting information to uncover. Some of the oldest civilizations. Migration paths, I think historically plenty of food just feels like a place, very much as India is currently a mixed bowel of genetics. 1 Reply Vigneshwaran Sekar Vigneshwaran Sekar 2 months ago 14:30, it is not Northern Andhra Pradesh, it's Northern Tamilnadu. The village Attrambakkam is located near Chennai and I live near that place! 5 Reply 1 reply William Kaliher William Kaliher 2 months ago So glad I saw this as science has become so pc--not many are looking at all possibilities good luck and i appreciate your work and thinking 1 Reply Oleg Nurmagomedov Oleg Nurmagomedov 2 months ago I think one can solve this issue of complexity if they analyze different regions of South Asia differently. Reply robert groth robert groth 1 month ago A great overview with unique perspective. You make them almost tangible. Reply 1 reply O_O O_O 2 months ago There could be more variations in DNA rather than in Fossils. It probably require very different geographical differences to produce variations in fossils like they do in North Africa, middle East, Arabia , Europe , east asia . 1 Reply Olivier Malinur Olivier Malinur 2 months ago Another exciting and excellent video. The conclusion points out what evolutionists are pushing: in space and time, species are a continuum. I looked at the case of Andaman people. It is similar. The Sentinels might be living in "paleolithic" but they use metal from shipwreck for their arrows. Maybe the Acheulean biface was used by some of denisovan/neanderthal humans ? And they passed it to modern humans. 2 Reply Ranjit Karunakar Ranjit Karunakar 2 months ago India is a mystery, remains so, inspite all the effort by the western experts To ignore it. I thank you for your effort. I promise you that this country has much more to give, so keep clearing the Fog of Time. For every step forward and at every bend, there will a surprise awaiting. 4 Reply 1 reply 08ubik 08ubik 2 months ago Hi Stefan I have really enjoyed n been informed by your pods on YouTube. Archaeology and anthropology can seem a dry subject for casual viewers to become fascinated and enthusiasm sparked. Your laid back (horizontal? ✌️) style helped make me want to learn more pal. I have a burning question Stefan, and to help me sleep at night, I'd be grateful if your good self or any other reader could have a stab at answering..;- I have got the historical timeline of only 50,000 years, hoovered from somewhere and fixed solid, for homo sapiens sapiens remains without Archaic Features such as brow ridge, undefined jaw/chin and longer egg shaped skull shape against HSS globe shape (mine may more closely resemble a friendly grey alien following forceps delivery haha). So to clarify - is the anthropological consensus Modern HSS can only be identified when archaic features no longer are appearing in carbon dated remains found in clearly defined timeline from archaic HSS as previously seems to be HSS lineage. Is 50,000 years ago for clearly defined modern HSS, aka Us , even remotely correct? 2 Reply Jeff Bridges Jeff Bridges 2 months ago excellent episode mate..learned a ton..svaka cast 1 Reply Robert Gotschall Robert Gotschall 2 months ago (edited) Wonderful, I have become personally interested in Human evolution in Asia. I assume an African origin for the species but I think Asia played a central role in the evolution of humans. 2 Reply Roberto Sans Roberto Sans 2 months ago Excellent video! So many things to take in. Congratulations for your efforts. 2 Reply Dustin Gallegly Dustin Gallegly 2 months ago This is some truly stellar, high-quality content! Thank you for sharing your hard work and research with us! 1 Reply Namita Jain Namita Jain 2 months ago Thank you for this. As a South Asian, I find this enlightening in many respects. 5 Reply 4 replies Louie chidwick Louie chidwick 3 months ago Hi Stefan, greetings from the edge of Doggerland, Norfolk, UK. Because of the potential of extensive hybridisation between different groups of hominins during the middle Paleolithic I think we can get too hung up on which species, sub-species, race or culture inhabited a certain area, when we should maybe just view this from their perspective. Put simply, by 200,000 BP most, maybe all hominins were just 'humans' trying to adapt to the challenges of their surroundings regardless of species or geographical origin. 1 Reply 1 reply KuchenBert KuchenBert 2 months ago This is amazing! Thank you for all your videos 1 Reply Ryan Kisiolek Ryan Kisiolek 2 months ago Dude, fantastic video. Please keep up the amazing work 🙏 Reply Gotham Knight Gotham Knight 2 months ago Brilliant 👏 👏 👏 Thank you Stefan, always learning from you 1 Reply Are Hansen Are Hansen 2 months ago Very good! South-Asia is definitely underrepresented in all the archeological articles I come across. And I spent a lot of thime in India as young, and have a special affinity to the place. You are my favorite archeologist making videos on YT. What I particularly like is your informal style, ypur total absence of self-importance, pride and pther silly macho stuff 👍🏾 BTW, I DO miss your plastic spoon… 🥄 2 Reply Ani Lobb Ani Lobb 1 month ago Commenting here because it's most recent. I watched an earlier video of yours that included mysterious perforated batons. I wondered immediately if they were perhaps a fire starting tool? With cord as a pulley and a twirling centre drill piece inserted through the hole would be much easier than manually twirling a stick. Just a thought, perhaps archaeology has answered the question since then 🙂 Reply 1 reply Rajat Mishra Rajat Mishra 3 months ago Excellent video, you are right that no much stuff available on South Asia when it comes to evolution as we never heard about hominin remains in South Asia. One possible reason is South Asia is continuously remained densely habitat and traces were destroyed by next generations. Overlap of tool for so long is very interesting thing, may be they were not traveling to long distances so weight was not an issue and kept on using few "old tools" as they were practical, may be. Like spear, arrow and hammer etc are almost similar for thousands of years? Don't know just a thought. Or different hominin groups living nearby. We still have many groups living in India in forests and distant islands which use primitive tools and old techniques for hunting. 4 Reply 3 replies egon fawlkner egon fawlkner 2 months ago One of your more compelling efforts. Rich production too. Very nice work. Informative and provocative. Thank you. 1 Reply Phil Barker Phil Barker 2 months ago You undersell yourself Stefan.This should be a full BBC2 documentary.Perhaps it will. Well done indeed. On a side note I thought there was a potential new theory forming about a ‘back into Africa’ migration.Could this have any links with the primary theme you have covered? Reply Christopher Carr Christopher Carr 2 months ago I watched this again, and something else occurs to me -- why would there ever be a complete transition from Acheulean technology, especially hand axes? You wouldn't always need some more refined, lighter stone tools. Part of the utility of a hand axe is that it has some heft to it, right? You wouldn't use a fine flake for digging or hacking. And an Acheulean hand ax is going to be quick and easy to produce, and will be less dependent on having very particular types of rock. You don't need crypto or microcrystalline quartz (flint, chert, jasper), or obsidian, to make a rough hand ax. So you can bang one out with material around you, without much prospecting. So overlap doesn't seem surprising to me at all. It's surprising to me that you would have regions where crude hand axes totally disappeared Reply Harigovind SR Harigovind SR 2 months ago So immersed I didn't even realise this video was 33 minutes long😅😅 Feels like it ended too quickly Reply Un Vlog Un Vlog 1 day ago i dont think i ever watched a better made yt video. Thank you for an amazing half hour Reply AnthroSlick AnthroSlick 3 months ago Really looking forward to this one, Stefan. 3 Stefan Milo Reply Roy McElwee Roy McElwee 3 months ago Great info. Thanks for sharing and great narrative as always. 1 Reply Fred Bergeron Fred Bergeron 2 months ago As always dope video Stefan its fascinating how we always thought Neanderthal and Sapiens was fighting each other Reply Shawn Hagarty Shawn Hagarty 3 months ago You continue to be the best educational YouTuber. 1 Reply akashita akashita 2 weeks ago I always found it weird that the Indian subcontinent doesn't feature much in basic Anthropology outside of the Indus Valley Civilization. They say the Vedas are at least 5000 years old (some say they are even 10-15k years old) so who wrote these exactly? It's really befuddling to be told stories about the great country Hindustan with such little scientific literature on the subject. More funding (and support for humanities) is needed in the subcontinent! Reply Ibne Adam Ibne Adam 3 weeks ago (edited) One more interesting thing about Indian subcontinent, it has been in all climates during traveling to north untill colliding with Asia, before Himalaya it's climate is completely different, while in the southern hemisphere it was different like southern America climate when it reached on equator it has tropical warm climate. There is not any other land mass on this earth who have face the same and massive climate changing by time. 2 Reply 1 reply Leopoldo Hernandez Leopoldo Hernandez 2 months ago You mentioned briefly about Southeast Asia being a whole landmass due to the sea levels being lower. It’s quite easy to see from google earth that there are older coastlines underwater that have recently been flooded due to the end of the ice age (west India is shown a bit in your video). If we go back to this time period you’re talking about in South Asia, the landscapes would be dramatically different especially if the earth is in an ice age, and it is known that South Asia and Africa were connected by more land than they are today. This can also be said about north Asia and the Americas, and even South Asia and Australia. With the constantly changing timelines due to archaeological evidence, have you come across any research investigating the similarities in the stone tools from the americas with the stone tools in Asia? 3 Reply 3 replies Mike Lynch - Zero Viewz Mike Lynch - Zero Viewz 2 months ago I'm very fascinated by this subject .. for example, ive always wondered how Papua New Guinea natives look African in appearance yet they are surrounded by Asian populations and far removed from Africa .. the migration of the human species is a shared story that bonds us all and should unite us .. we are all humans Reply Rational Thinker Rational Thinker 2 months ago I urge all the researchers to conduct a DNA analysis of all the tribal populations found in India. You can get information on notified areas of every tribe from the government portal to visit each tribe for further DNA analysis and preparation of a chart about their interrelationships and DNA admixtures. 2 Reply crimsonrain crimsonrain 2 months ago THANK YOU!!! finally, as a south asian who has a lot of interest in human evolution, i was really disheartened when popular and accessible resources would often leave out south asia, pretending as if we didn't exist. thank you so much for this video, it has made me even more excited to learn new things!! 2 Reply A V A V 2 months ago Great video! Really well put together. Reply Matthew Williams Matthew Williams 2 months ago Loved it. Also loved the fact that you wore a Cotswold Wildlife Park hat at the end. It's 5 miles from where I'm from. Did you work there too? 😀 Reply Maestro Lounge Maestro Lounge 2 months ago The thing about having some contact with the west and then some with the east makes total sense to me, because to me it seems as though South Asians in their looks are pretty much a mixture. They don't quite fit in with Facial Features of the West neither with the East, but make a mix of their own. It's as if South Asia was/is a transitional land. The people in Eastern South Asia have more Eastern Asian features (or if we go by the stereotypic racial Categorisation- Mongloid Features), the people in North Western South Asia have more of Western Asian features (Caucasoid). The people in the Southern South Asia have more of Australoid Facial Features. 3 Reply 3 replies Rick Sanchez c137 Rick Sanchez c137 4 weeks ago (edited) Very well done and well researched video. Love from Bangladesh 🇧🇩 I've been always searching for such an informative video about our subcontinent ancestors Reply 3 replies V G V G 1 month ago I think there existed a indigenously evolved species of humans/hominins in south of south asia(south india) and maybe thats the missling link in anthropology. The best sort of hint for this theory is found in the ramayana(yes I do believe it happened) where mentions of "forest dwelling humans" are prominent who are called vanara in sanskrit. This would be something interesting to research on. 1 Reply 1 reply TuAFFalcon TuAFFalcon 2 months ago Stefan, can you do something on the lost Homo Erectus fossils from China during WW2 please. Reply ms hammond_uk ms hammond_uk 2 months ago Thank for the video ..there's not much coverage of South asia anthropology I am getting goosebumps thinking of my ancestors story and how they survived till date there existence is the reason why I'm here Reply 1 reply forest dweller research forest dweller research 2 months ago One factor that would be a good reason for the strange time periods of handaxes or Levallois tools......if you are relying more on other materials like wood or bone for your tools. Besides, we always overfocus on stone tools anyway. 1 Reply Alex Toader Alex Toader 2 months ago (edited) Hi, great videos! We always see this subject approached in big populations. I am very interested to see a discussion on a micro population. How branches in a tribe or even a family could lead to whole species maybe? 1. How small can be a core that creates a species? 2. Then, friends and family, they are grouped by similar IQ, aren't they? People don't befriend very different IQ ppl. Can we assume that such a micro group could be the core of a more intelligent branch of humans? 3. If all humans are dots on a gradient - this only applies to surrounding populations isn't it? But then when an advanced IQ family moves out of their root place, they will find very different ppl the further they go, so the interbreeding (with ppl they found on the road) is more unlikely? What I am trying to find is if a very small core of ppl formed by natural laws of friendship on the same (higher) IQ and they leave, they will retain the higher IQ when moving and meeting other ppl variations (dots on the spectrum but the further they go, the more different is the spectrum) 4 Reply 7 replies Bojack.K Bojack.K 2 months ago Wow.what a great video man.. appreciate it❣️ Reply Kid Last Kid Last 2 months ago Love this stuff! Can't get enough...so much we don't know!!! Thank u great work👍 Reply Thomas Sears Thomas Sears 2 months ago Often overlooked is travel by sea - either coasting, island hopping, or following wind and sea currents - and also the effects of DRAMATICALLY lower sea levels Reply BrainFreeze BrainFreeze 4 weeks ago One of my favourite YT channels...thanks Stefan. All the best in 2023. Reply 1 reply Mark L Mark L 2 months ago The alternating isolation from the east and the west is interesting. It seems to be consistent with the enduring overlap of tool traditions. If I remember correctly, we don't find Acheulian tools in SE Asia. Let's assume Attirampakkam middle paleothic assemblage is earliest example of Levallois. If these two things are true, then: Can we date the wet/dry phases where communications are cut off to one side and open to the other? Can we date Acheulian assemblages vs middle paleothic assemblages with sufficient resolution? If middle paleothic assemblages match with open-to-the-east dates, and Acheulian matches with open-to-the-west dates, then this would not only help to explain the overlap, but also give us a geographical range where the Levallois was (possibly) first developed. When the climate was warmer and wetter, the west would open, allowing traditions or people to move into the subcontinent with the Acheulian. When the climate was colder and drier, the west would close and the east would open and traditions or people would migrate into the subcontinent. If the opening was brief the Acheulian wouldn't be able to spread to the east, and when the west opened again the Levallois could move west. This would create a space where the two traditions would co-exist longer than anywhere else. Why are there so few fossils? It's kind of hard to put it down to climate when we're looking at a region encompassing Pakistan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. That is a large variety of different climates. Unlikely that all are bad for fossils. Reply Yubio Yubio 3 months ago The Indus Valley has some pretty old settlements, so it’s pretty interesting exploring it’s pre-history. 5 Reply Izhar fatima Izhar fatima 2 weeks ago The point to remember for those who seek for knowledge unaltered is that humans as other Life forms fight, shifts priorities, only to secure its life for that it wants to know the better ways of doing it . Reply Anton Quintana Anton Quintana 1 month ago dude you're the only one on youtube who makes quality content about this that isnt just lazily ported academic runoff and the youtube algorithm just abuses your channel. Infuriating. 1 Reply 1 reply Uncle Joe Uncle Joe 2 months ago Fantastic video! My mind is truly blown away! Guess I'll have to go to India and start digging. Reply Jon Rettich Jon Rettich 2 months ago Are there few if any animal fossils in that large area or is the unique nature of the hominid find indicative of the potential tiny size of their population? Thank you for your interesting presentation 1 Reply Maria Coronas Maria Coronas 2 months ago Chapeau!! love to see young people doing what they love with no dogma, thank you for telling the truth. Reply Ashik Satheesh Ashik Satheesh 2 months ago When studying early human history and evolution I've always wondered why there wasn't much being taught about what was going in India. Being an Indian I was quite happy to finally find some answers, and new questions to be answered. Thank you for the detailed research and for your inspiring passion. 13 Reply 1 reply AC AC 2 months ago Love your videos. Love your book too. Wonderful channel & awesome videos. Please don’t add music. The content is what we come for. ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤ Reply Steve Ball Steve Ball 3 months ago Great video mate, love your work 1 Reply PayntPot PayntPot 3 months ago Wonder if the two types of tools had different uses they are more suited to? A small sharp flint would be better for skinning an antelope, cutting sinews etc.. . A more sturdy, larger tool would be better suited to digging in the ground, hacking into a rhino or elephant and the like. We don't use a spade to peal/cut up potatoes to cook them; but we did use the spade to dig them up. Personal preference can also come into modern tool use. Each craftsman has a liking for a particular tool that a similar craftsman would never use. I don't see it as a problem at all that they overlap. I see it as more of a problem that they do not overlap in places. 2 Reply Konrad Banys Konrad Banys 1 month ago Frankly I watch the channel because you smile so much. Makes me smile, too:D. Really enjoy the professionality of the channel though. Btw, where does your focus end? Would you make more videos on early civilizations maybe, maybe the more obscure ones? Reply 1 reply More Benches More Wenches More Benches More Wenches 2 months ago There is also a skull cap of a baby discovered in South India called the Odai baby. It is roughly from the same period as the Narmada cranium. 1 Reply 3 replies Mark Axworthy Mark Axworthy 2 months ago i am no expert at all, but this seems to be the best summary of the state of our knowledge today. A really satisfying watch. THANK YOU. 3 Stefan Milo Reply Cat Woods Cat Woods 2 months ago Love your enthusiasm for the complexity of it. So refreshing amidst the din of so many people shouting their singular probably-oversimplified opinions. Reply 1 reply Andres Altosaar Andres Altosaar 3 months ago This is the greatest. Thanks for another spectacular instalment! 1 Reply Chinta S Chinta S 1 month ago You have one more subscriber, very good research and content.thumbs 🆙 Reply 1 reply Zurr Zurr 2 months ago I'm sure this a common reaction, but I absolutely love that you've worked with someone called Jimbob Blinkhorn. Reply T Bear T Bear 3 months ago Loved this. So interesting ❤ 1 Reply Deepak Bara Deepak Bara 2 months ago More clues to come from 'Damodar & Swarnarekha river Valley'....... exploration is due in this region. 3 Reply Jake Rogers Jake Rogers 2 months ago Pondering human evolution is the cure for my depression. Just endlessly fascinating and entrancing 1 Reply Avner Pariat Avner Pariat 2 months ago I've heard in some caves here (Meghalaya) there are some human( hominid??) bones ... Might be good to connect with others who have this expertise 1 Reply Shyam Sundar Shyam Sundar 2 months ago Attirambakkam is in State of Tamilnadu, not in Andhra pradesh, it is in South of AP. Almost in border of Tamil nadu and Andhra pradesh. 2 Reply souzatjt2 souzatjt2 3 months ago I love your work so much! 1 Reply Inspiritual Inspiritual 1 month ago I am from Bangladesh.Thank you for your archeological documentary on South Asia. Reply 1 reply Jude Morales Jude Morales 3 months ago I used to find indian arrowheads in West Virginia, where I grew up. This video makes me regret not saving them. I'm 69 years old now and have been living in Egypt the past 17 years. So, I have had a rich life... Why don't I have a collection of arrowheads with me? I just don't know. I can see them in my mind's eye. I remember how thrilling it was to dig one up. I saved them but have no idea when or how they left my life. This channel is one of my favorites. Not my area of formal study but so interesting. And the host is just a genuine intellectual. And nice.... Appreciate his sharing his knowledge with us. 8 Reply 4 replies Pat Meyer Pat Meyer 2 months ago My personal gut feeling from all that I have read is this: Maybe discussions on where to draw the line between species of post-erectus hominins is misplaced? With everything that we now know, Neanderthals having Sapiens mitochondria and Y chromosomes for up to 2/3 of their existence as a definable group of humans, the abnormally large percentages of Denisovan ancestry in South American populations, plus this new mystery Homo group you discussed which I had not heard of before you mentioned (something to look into now). At what point do we say that these are just the same species of Erectus descendants living, trading, and travelling the same Pleistocene earth? After all a Great Dane and a Dachshund are both dogs. I was actually thinking about this several hours before watching this video based on a lot of stuff that I have been reading and watching lately (I am not an expert, so understanding some of the terms used in papers is hard at times; youtubers like yourself and History with Kayleigh does help immensely). The extreme blurring of lines between populations of archaic homo populations makes me really uncomfortable even using the descriptor of species to describe the difference. Reply Simon Ward-Horner Simon Ward-Horner 3 months ago Marvellous, and good to see you back. Thanks for this excellent video. 1 Reply Nitin Nitin 2 months ago Thank you sir for your research. Reply Steven Mitchell Steven Mitchell 2 months ago The climate conditions varied greatly over the time-frame being discussed as at least two, possibly three, Ice Age cycles occurred. Sea-level rising and falling hundreds of meters, climate changes due to weather patterns and changing environments that were reacting to those changes likely encouraged travel and migration alongside adaptation to the changing conditions. IMO 1 Reply Balaji Kartha Balaji Kartha 2 weeks ago Very interesting. So the very early humanoids were in the Indian subcontinent! Reply koozdorah koozdorah 3 months ago Thank you for saying modern Israel and Palestine. You’re a good man. 4 Reply Beth Liebman Beth Liebman 3 months ago Fascinating video. I can appreciate the research involved. I really enjoyed your interview segments. It was well worth the wait. I look forward to your next offering! 1 Reply Desert Fisherman Desert Fisherman 2 months ago Thank you for another thought provoking video. Please invent a time machine so we can find answers. Or don't so we can continue to study and imagine. 1 Reply Christopher Cousins Christopher Cousins 2 months ago Great video as always! Reply Vincent Zuber Vincent Zuber 2 months ago Sorry if this has been already asked and answered : is the Blinkhorn expert in ancient remains in anyway related to Time Team's Paul Blinkhorn, pottery expert par excellence ? Reply John Takolander John Takolander 2 months ago One thing always overlooked by archeologs is the fact that for more than 12 000 years ago were the sea levels about 150 meters lower than today. So the ancieant humans could walk all over East Asia. 2 Reply 1 reply Danny Brown Danny Brown 3 months ago Was just telling a friend how interesting your shows are and noted I've not seen one recently!!!! Oh yeah. Missed you in Yuma Arizona. Always a pleasure. 1 Reply Eli Etcetera Eli Etcetera 3 months ago Wonderful watch, thanks Stefan! 2 Stefan Milo Reply Geoffrey Stevens Geoffrey Stevens 2 months ago In the Philippines obviously we also have Homo Luzonensis. It's very interesting! 2 Reply fishhead06 fishhead06 2 months ago You and your inconsistent facial hair! Another one outta the park, Stefan! Well worth the wait - thank you so much. 1 Reply David McCann David McCann 2 months ago Couldn't the tool overlap mean that for a long period two different species of hominid lived alongside each other, one of whom couldn't create the later type of tool because it was simply too advanced for them to learn? 2 Reply 1 reply DEspresso DEspresso 2 months ago There seem to be a lot of interesting mysteries there, not least why someone named their child Jimbob... 3 Reply 1 reply Clovis Lyme Clovis Lyme 2 months ago There was a time when I had watched every BBC "Horizon" programme, every C4 "Equinox" and with their substantial resources they produced excellent content, most of it expert, enthusiastic "talking heads". Then they discovered CGI and decided that their audience must be presumed dim, with a brief attention span. I lost interest. Eventually, along came YouTube and content creators such as you who, with the slenderest resources show that such programming is still possible, - can still find, entertain and educate an audience. Thank you so much. Reply Cosmik Blob Cosmik Blob 2 months ago Well Done! :) oh you're right about one thing - Nord is worth it! I'd hate to miss your vids! Reply SUBHANKAR KUNDU SUBHANKAR KUNDU 2 months ago Thanks Stefan Milo, I am from India 🇮🇳 🇮🇳🇮🇳. I want to know an information from you that, can you please tell me from where these animated images of prehistoric human and their society, that you show in your YouTube video can I found ???..........thank you.......... Reply mad555555 mad555555 3 days ago As frustrating as this video was for you to put it together to try and weave a tale it was just as frustrating to watch until you wrapped it up nicely and a bow and put everything into perspective at the very end of the video on your walk. I'm going to rewatch this with a more open mind because it truly is super complex. It's also fascinating because there's probably a homosapien species that is not accounted for in that region that just has not been discovered yet. Reply Lilith Lilith 2 months ago Absolutely fantastic video, i've been following the channel from almost the get-go and I think Stefan's work is a great example of what humans can achieve with time if they are allowed to pursue their passion and how honest enthusiasm is infectuous - my partner is not originally interested in history/evolution but they've been watching along with me for years. It's wonderful to see all the contributors and imagine the great convos that were had. I'm 99% writing this comment bc i want to add what i can to help out algorythm-wise, and i absolutely hate commenting on yt or anywhere really so pls excuse the babbling. I'm expecting my first child and somehow this type of content about our ancient past, while making my own inner child-self extremely happy, is simultaneously making me feel hopeful about the future. Thanks Stefan! 1 Reply Huub Bellemakers Huub Bellemakers 3 months ago (edited) Thank you Stefan! 3 Reply Alice! Curiosity often leads to trouble!! Alice! Curiosity often leads to trouble!! 2 months ago Maybe they didn't NEED the old technology, but wanted it. Maybe it was symbolic. There are so many possibilities here! 2 Reply JoRiver11 JoRiver11 3 months ago So complete novice question here (I'm only halfway through the video but burning to ask)... are there enough of the older technology points to be sure that they were being produced for that entire time? Or is there a chance that they were finding old sites or caches and making use of the materials that they were finding there? I guess that would make more sense if it was over the course of a couple of hundred years as opposed to a couple of hundred thousand years. Reply Ede cary Ede cary 2 months ago Can you please do a video on the ILLYRIANS and DARDANIAS? Reply João M T João M T 2 months ago Great video as always, Stefan! Is João Teixeira a cool brazilian or a lame brazilian (aka portuguese)? Valeu xará! Reply AuntiJen AuntiJen 2 months ago I'm sure there were varying population pockets of extreme isolation (geography x duration) or "static" hominids as well as high traffic populations (culture x genetics) or "dynamic" happening on different scales at all times, globally. If the Silk Road had lasted for a long period of time, (like geologic scale time) it would have been interesting to see (if/what/where/ how/when etc) different morphological changes occurred between those w long/constant exposure to the silk road directly and those who had limited, infrequent 2nd 3rd..8th hand trade/contact or even better, zero contact with the goods/people from direct contact w the silk road... India seems the obvious crossroads in a geologic long time, then. Reply Jerobyarts Jerobyarts 2 months ago Do you have any studies about Veddoid people ...i would love if you link a research paper as my ancestors were these people ... 3 Reply Gabe Gabe 3 months ago Does anyone know why the skulls he often shows are different colors in some places? Are the colors there the actual remains are and the rest is man made? Great video by the way!! 2 Reply 1 reply Adam Ackerman Adam Ackerman 2 weeks ago Pure and absolute conjecture. Love it. 1 Reply INDUS INDUS 2 months ago Nice Presentation. Really thought provoking. Reply Paul White Paul White 2 months ago nice one my man brilliant closing point, the future now is as bright as its ever been it seems, in light of what's recently come about. I'm genuinely excited. I'm too old for that. Bravo. Reply Dr. DGHC CODE (Harappan Civilization&SpirtualBio) Dr. DGHC CODE (Harappan Civilization&SpirtualBio) 8 days ago excellent work, thanks for sharing. Reply Sewbgs Bgs Sewbgs Bgs 2 weeks ago I am from Amsterdam time ago I read ramayan and what struck me was that normal people lived with ape-like creatures. and also the bridge of sri lanka na india rama setu bridge or something i saw youtube movie in which american anthropologists had made a short document about that bridge must have been made by people. I think other races before humanity also had contact with each other just like now. and you also have 1 who looks like bear jambavan or something and was said by don't know bof krishna was or other deity who said he was last of his kind on earth just like bali vali etc had ape like faces but were stronger than normal humans. I really think that all of humanity is now brainwashed. those who lived before us knew very well what life was all about and we think they were stupid at least not stupider than us they destroy the earth not we humanity with our so-called modern technology 5 Reply Papa Marx Papa Marx 2 months ago (edited) I think a lot of this complexity will be sorted with more fossils and genetic analyses. Things have a way of falling together; for example, the identity of the Harappans was mysterious for a long time, but it became increasingly clear they had affinities to the Dravidian languages and Iranian farmers, etc, and DNA evidence has all but borne that out now. The picture is nice and neat with no major loose ends. We don't know how many "major" human population types inhabited Afro-Eurasia, and the delineations will certainly always be blurry and complicated, but we do know, for instance, that Neanderthals form a pretty unproblematic "category" (though we continue to learn about their internal diversity). We will, probably, eventually, assign names to new population types to fill in the picture not just in South Asia but in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Oceania, East Asia, etc. It is just a matter of discovering more fossil material and accounting for new knowledge in our models. Models which start with false assumptions can give very misleading outcomes. We are refining them everyday though, think about where this entire field was 20 or even 10 years ago! 1 Reply Christopher O'Connor Christopher O'Connor 3 months ago Would the younger examples of the technology being furthest to the east, next youngest around the middle and oldest on the west possibly indicate waves of migration... a sort of forward group heading out and taking the old technology with them. As they traveled they wouldn't have as much time to put into developing the tools so when they reach their final destination they are still using the older technology? If that makes sense? Reply wokemaster192 wokemaster192 4 weeks ago Thanku for this video! How would Sri Lanka's Balangoda Man and the oldest hunting tools found in the world, fit into this? 1 Reply 1 reply luke yznaga luke yznaga 2 months ago Is it possible, that some older skulls are embedded into soil or earth that is currently under water, that was NOT originally under water [making it very very old ] ? Reply Mark Stanborough Mark Stanborough 1 month ago It's interesting that the new research is open to being wrong and adapting to new evidence, brilliant show thank you Reply 1 reply sunmonks sunmonks 3 months ago (edited) I’m sure you heard about the recent news, Neanderthals may have had less Y chromosomal variation, and as such, may not have had a large male population, implying that they may have lived in matriarchal societies. Excited to hear your thoughts on whether this limited Y chromosome variation is too little to read into, or if it’s enough to hypothesize about societal practices. 7 Reply 2 replies David Kutzler David Kutzler 2 months ago $10.00 Thanks! Your best work yet! 1 Reply Tele Bubba Tele Bubba 2 months ago So, basically the South Asian continent has always remained the same up to this day😉. I'm completely in cahoots with lessening the emphasis on different species, it creates an imaginary dividing line which kind of blocks us off from looking at just normal evolutionary differences which develop over the ages. As is said in the movie, people tend to wander around and in the past vast distances were being traversed and with that a lot of mixing of the gene pool. By removing the barriers we get a total different look on our own history. I'm particulary interested in the South Asian continent because not much is known, but it had to be a meltingpot of all different kind of people at different levels of evolution. So many questions are unanswered and there's still many more to come. I would be really nice to see it get the same kind of attention as Africa, Europe and China by archeologists and anthropologists. Thank you for a wonderfull episode. Reply Sonar Bangla Sonar Bangla 2 months ago I have followed Stefan for quite a few of his videos, and I think he can claim to have introduced new dimension to human archeology. I find his new video on south Asia particularly interesting because I am from Bangladesh, while very few videos cover this region, until Stefan shown new lights on this region which was on the cross roads of migration into SE Asia. Judging from spoken languages, Bengali is common to others in India, known as prakrit, evolving into Vedic, Sanskrit, Pali and Bengali. However Bengali has added value as people from Timur consider parallels with Bengali, while this variant of prakrit seems to covered the length of the easter ghats from Orissa down along the coast to Madras. With pockets of primitive groups often clumped under common names, they may belong to different groups from different times. Remembering Homo erectus for the last 2 million years spread all over the east and might contributed to hominins need special attention. However. Stefan's efforts provide interesting coverage of the east and wait for more. 2 Reply Scott Bound Scott Bound 3 days ago Ahahah I laughed so hard when Stefan flashed his ID :,) I too judge peoples nationality on whether they not only like brown sauce, but choose Daddies Reply jessovenden jessovenden 2 months ago I like it when people admit “it’s complicated “ 1 Reply Kristian Dent Kristian Dent 3 months ago Super glad I caught this, Stefan. Diolch! 3 Reply Aakash Ananta Aakash Ananta 4 weeks ago Absolutely brilliant! Reply 1 reply Pecten Maximus Pecten Maximus 2 months ago You're the champ. Cant wait for my kid to be old enough to watch your videos (and read your badass book) Reply Vel Muruka Vel Muruka 2 weeks ago Atripakkam is located in Tamil Nadu, India. You mentioned it in Andhrapradsh. Reply S F S F 2 weeks ago Another great video. Thanks! Reply Arnab Ghosh Arnab Ghosh 2 months ago Extremely well-researched and presented beautifully. The lack of research on South-Asian populations is something that has always been perplexing to me. I hope you can follow this video up with a scientific analysis on the validity of Aryan-Migration/Invasion theory and its contribution to the modern Indian population. Love from India. 2 Reply 3 replies Achyut Chaudhary Achyut Chaudhary 3 months ago 🇲🇻the Maldives too! 3 Stefan Milo Reply 5 replies G money G money 2 months ago Love your content please keep going 2 Reply yxuinwu yxuinwu 3 months ago Another great video, ty Stefan! 1 Reply From the Ashes From the Ashes 2 weeks ago The overlap of technologies should not come as a surprise to anyone who has lived in India. There are people who employ someone to write down their telephone contacts and follow them around with a large paper diary instead of using those features on their mobile phones 😂 Reply gale ocean gale ocean 2 weeks ago this is such interesting info. thank you so much Reply Tom K Tom K 2 months ago You did it again 👏 Fascinating! Reply ITZ LYF ITZ LYF 4 weeks ago have you though of linking the andaman tribes or north sentenial tribes as a living link 3 Reply 1 reply Zeppelin Zeppelin 2 months ago (edited) The reason is present fertility of this land and ferrility since ages, so due to present fertility, archaeologist are unable to explore these areas which are already populated both in India and same in China. Edit: dry areas are more ideal for archaeologist.. Reply punjabi007 punjabi007 2 weeks ago Possible reason for not much archeological evidence coming out of India and this puzzle not being solved is Indian authorities not wanting to dig. Archeological Survey of India (ASI) is often found suppressing the old evidences or stopping digging operations because what history unfolds is usually against the propaganda in operation currently. 2 Reply A A A A 3 weeks ago Must be the toughest place to evolve where mega-volcanoes explode occasionally, especially in the South East Asian region. Reply Ж. П. Ж. П. 2 months ago Прекрасная работа была вложена в это, мой друг. я вдохновлен 1 Reply Jason Stire Jason Stire 2 months ago Another absolute banger Stefan! 1 Reply 44 Krishnan 44 Krishnan 2 months ago (edited) Thanks bro, as a person from north West asia talking about the Indian subcontinent.....🙏 There is no such thing as south asia it's a New recent term, india, Hindustan ,hind etc. Existed Before the nation state of india in 1947, it's a civilizational not political term depicting the sub_ continent. First Europeans take the term continent,even though they are continues with asia denying the same to india, calling it sub continent now they are removing ev en that status with south asia propaganda. Let's call Europe Western eurasia from now on, never call it continent... Just because many hate the word india is not an excuse to deliberately destroy it , replaced by so called south asia, subcontinental asia in this video and comment section. This is a recent case of passive brain washing propaganda done unknowingly with brains hidden elsewhere. 5 Reply Stefan Milo · 4 replies Kaarli Makela Kaarli Makela 2 months ago Stephan, I hope it's okay, I'm going to insert a link to a guy who's good at cosmology and other science. This is an article about a source of a cycle of radiation, most recently around 734-735ce as I recall. From a recent article as explained by the great Anton Petrov: https://youtu.be/gZUHmGm8Xeg Reply Jecob Reza Jecob Reza 3 weeks ago (edited) In bangladesh we are not taught much about our ancient history in school. We are only taught about our independence history and some British history. Thank you for the researchers and putting this in youtube. Reply 5 replies Diane Theone Diane Theone 3 months ago Can the two technologies co-exist in one population? It seems to me that axes and razor knives are both useful and to have both is better than just either one. 1 Reply 1 reply Alan Rogers Alan Rogers 3 months ago I really love your programs. Thankyou. 1 Reply HR&A24 HR&A24 4 weeks ago Many people think Indus Valley and Harrapa was first urban city and advanced, developed in world and where indians (today South asia, bcz india divided ) lived but There is a city KASHI (Varanasi), in Uttar Pradesh which is said to be established more than 70000 thousand years ago and it was by far very advance than what others were. I know it sounds ridiculous but three layers of well developed cities have been found Below in Ganga river in today's Kashi. 2 Reply 2 replies lamnaa lamnaa 3 months ago Cotswold Wildlife Park wooo! 3 Stefan Milo Reply not very slay not very slay 2 months ago The DNA showing the links between south India, Papua New Guinea and Melanesia and Australia fascinates me. More DNA research is proving links. Would love to see a video about this too. My husbands DNA test showed 98.4 south Asian, 0.8% Papuan and 0.8% Korean/Japanese. Could be DNA from these early Neandersovans? 1 Reply usernamesrlamo usernamesrlamo 2 months ago Even today we have great disparities of technology between groups of humans. Sometimes this is because of isolation or remoteness, sometimes due to wealth disparities but other times it’s simply by choice. What would an distant future anthropologist think of excavating a contemporary American city dated to the same time of an excavated Amish community? I find it very plausible archaic humans didn’t just automatically adopt any new technology or culture that came along and could have honored traditional ways of life for thousands upon thousands of years. 1 Reply Dwane Christman Dwane Christman 3 months ago love your work thank you . Reply Amol Dake Amol Dake 2 months ago Great work budy. Love and respect from India Reply IFA IFA 1 month ago I come from a very religious background. As a child I believed in Adam an Eve but now after reading about Evolution it seems funny and lunacy to think that we came from a pair of humans. While I was reading this huge topic It seemed very odd that very little information on humans of ancient Bangla or Bangladesh is known. now I have a good idea why there is so little information about that. Great video. 1 Reply 3 replies Nilesh patel Nilesh patel 2 weeks ago South Asia is a new term to distort Indian Subcontinent....pls call it Indian Subcontinent 🙏🏻🇮🇳 3 Reply 6 replies maria chakkunny maria chakkunny 2 months ago In Sangam literature they mention a now submerged land Kumarinadu , which lay between South Africa and South India. This land bridge is probably the area where you would find the proto Dravidian which had a mix of negroid and caucasoid features...sadly it lies submerged in the Indian Ocean...the sediments there would probably reveal more similar fossils ..Ancestral South Indians ... 2 Reply Khaled Adams Khaled Adams 1 month ago I can't help but imagine us in a few thousand years, when we are all a similar, pasty shade of grey, marveling at a new archeological discovery revealing the fact that Homo Sapiens Sapiens used to exist in all colours and shapes. Reply 1 reply swegse swegse 3 months ago Made my day that much better! 2 Reply Lucas Spurrell Lucas Spurrell 2 months ago (edited) Stefan: "Groups like these were probably hunting and fishing-" Me: "In these parts for years!" Reply Aleanbh Aleanbh 2 months ago So many questions on Australia! Here’s a good start (episode one covers the Pleistocene) https://youtu.be/1n6VJ5jq7zY Reply Daily Dose Of Internet Hindi Daily Dose Of Internet Hindi 2 days ago Kindly ignore all the racist "Indians" calling themselves "South Indians and North indians". Geographical division is a concept by West and it is so shameful of you guys to call yourselves south Indian or North indians. grow up 3 Reply Russell de Silva Russell de Silva 2 months ago Does the Narmada cranium actually fit the bill for a South Asian point on the Neanderthal to Denisovan spectrum? Give the cranial capacity is outside the range of Homo Erectus, it seems possible. Of course it's likely that Erectus and Neanderthal/Denisovans also interbred give that traces of 1MA divergent DNA was found in the original (IIRC) Denisovan analysis. Anyway, fantastic summary forca lay person of what we know and mostly don't know. 👏 Reply TheTristhen TheTristhen 2 months ago Your best video for me so far. Raise so much question. Human is one of the most intriguing animals for me. 1 Reply Tidu Beatbox Tidu Beatbox 2 months ago The reason for very amount of fossil of hominids could be due the tradition of funeral pyre in the Indian Subcontinent 1 Reply BasilBrush BooshieBoosh BasilBrush BooshieBoosh 2 months ago It may clear the thought process somewhat, though without clearing the conclusion at all, that types of knapped tools may possibly have been made by knappers of practically any time period purely through happen- stance, and discarded, if, and it's a big if, that knapped tool was found in isolation. One bird doesn't show that a flock roosted nearby just as an anomaly does not show a pattern. Assumption and coincidence are often on opposing teams. Reply Jay Turner Jay Turner 2 months ago Ahh fascinating been waiting for something like this ,cheers 🇬🇧 uk 2 Reply Jeroy Lenkins Jeroy Lenkins 3 months ago oh boy oh boy oh boy! 4 Stefan Milo Reply Max Warnken Max Warnken 3 months ago This guy makes the best content 1 Reply Kristina Kyidyl Kristina Kyidyl 3 months ago You know...an interim species would make a lot of sense bc se Asian populations sometimes have completely different genes to other groups - even native Americans - that function the same as their non-asian counterparts. Reply Rikshith Akella Rikshith Akella 2 months ago hats off! just brilliant 1 Stefan Milo Reply Naruto Uzumaki Naruto Uzumaki 3 months ago Thank you for your efforts 2 Reply b l b l 18 hours ago Do you think that most skulls are from the same species but they bound their head or carried large amounts of weight on their heads? Reply T T 1 month ago “Pakistan”😂 there was no F’ing Pakistan 4 Reply 4 replies Navin Rodrig Navin Rodrig 1 month ago It is confusing in that region is because early hunter gatherers migrated using sea routes during ice age from East Africa to Sri Lanka then to India and other east Asian regions. Then modern humans from Iran and east Asia and migrated to Pakistan/Bangladesh to India to then Sri Lanka . Look at the facial features of many dark Sri Lankans and a few south Indians. In my opion, they were originals of that region originated from Africa. Reply 1 reply Elian Elian 2 months ago Man I love your videos. Reply McLovin McLovin 2 months ago I hope you’ll dig more into south asia 1 Reply BeerGrills BeerGrills 2 months ago look at that lovely neighborhood, cool having such a neat/fascinating neighbor. 1 Reply nirmal jeo nirmal jeo 2 weeks ago Using ocean currents of the Indian ocean it was always possible to travel from east asia to africa for humans. They come from Africa through land and returned after generations through Indian oceans maybe that could solve the complexity.. Reply Larry Hatch Larry Hatch 3 months ago Despite the economic downturn,I'm so happy😊. I have been earning $ 60,000 returns from my $7,000 investment every 13days. 47 Reply 19 replies Prakash Tiwari Prakash Tiwari 2 weeks ago This is too much for my little brain. There is so much to unpack. 🤣🤣It's quite fascinating about us as a humans. Reply SUPREMO SUPREMO 3 days ago Quality stuff. 👍👍👍 Reply Reid Fleming, World's Toughest Milkman Reid Fleming, World's Toughest Milkman 2 months ago Incredible stuff. 1 Reply PMA Judge PMA Judge 2 months ago OUTSTANDING!!!! DOCUMENTARY . WHAT MORE THEY WILL EVER FIND OUT AS THE YEAR'S & CENTURIES !!!!! THANKS INDEED !! FRM U.K. (2022). Reply zachariaszut zachariaszut 2 months ago 2:38 I think you may be onto something there... the expression 'Mother India' may bear deeper meanings than we are aware of... at present. 1 Reply Amit Yadav Amit Yadav 2 months ago It's "Indian subcontinent" not "South Asia" 4 Reply 1 reply Joe Joe 3 months ago Genuinely very excited to watch this. 2 Reply Faiq Sabih Faiq Sabih 4 weeks ago Besides the tools associated with anatomically modern humans near the coast of modern day Kutch from a time it was coastally connected to Africa , there seems to be a north-west and south-east distribution to the two types of stone tools. All migrations into South Asia roughly follow a similar pattern, even cultural characteristics especially dietary habits, follow a very similar pattern even when they don't closely follow the genetic and especially linguistic pattern in modern day. There are geographical and ecological reasons behind this even today. Two major and very slow migrations of vaguely distinct Archaic groups followed by a third coastal pastoral group (anatomically modern Homosapiens) would explain the tool distribution of South Asia and genetic migration patterns of southeast-Asia-Oceania region natives. Reply 1 reply Anil Raghu Anil Raghu 2 months ago There is also many cave art in India, Maybe that could be used to get better idea Reply Núndal Atacama Núndal Atacama 3 months ago Cool, I love this. I saw this video while eating dinner so it's dinner's worthy as always 👌 lol. Anyways, I thought you were italian because I only read Milos on your name. Now that I see your whole last name, what are you? russian? bielorussian? jewish? Keep it up and greetings from Chile. Reply 1 reply miguel almeida lima miguel almeida lima 2 months ago Great video, thanks a lot! 2 Reply P P 2 months ago This is your first video I am watching and this is not really related to the topic so I won't write paragraphs over paragraphs that I want to write. But.. Historically, the place "South Asia" has been called Indian subcontinent, especially considering the fact that till 1947 and 1971 respectively there was no Pakistan and Bangladesh. They are an evolution of India and its people. Because the subcontinent has a separate climate, geography, ecology and even tectonic plates from rest of Asia, it deserves a separate name. Like the Greek and Romans, Indian is cultural and civilizational phenomenon which started in India so everyone since before Alexander has used the name India or Indian subcontinent (as India is now used for the country). This is a recent change in nomenclature happening in last 20 years, when the Western institutions decided to "rename" the people without actually asking them for any input. The Western academia has no right to rename us without even taking our own input. 4 Reply Stefan Milo · 9 replies Tony Bridges Tony Bridges 2 months ago I'm picturing a bunch of traditional hominids who like the classic biface axes. "They're sturdy. In my day we built things to last." 1 Reply An Rit An Rit 2 months ago The thing that I find perplexing is how vast the timeline is. Hominids stuck in the Stone Age for 200,000 years, then 5,000 years ago a small leap forward. Then again advancement was fairly stagnant until the the industrial revolution. Then another sort of holding pattern until the Great War and an incredible acceleration during the Second War that has continued on until today. 1 Reply 1 reply enthusiaststraw enthusiaststraw 2 months ago Thank you for sharing....💯 2 Reply Esteban Besaccia Esteban Besaccia 2 months ago "Who lived there?" People that must have really hated mosquitoes, i bet you. Some things are truly universal XD 2 Reply Urlocallordandsavior Urlocallordandsavior 2 months ago Will you ever do Southeast Asia Stefan? 1 Reply Saswata Chakraborty Saswata Chakraborty 2 months ago Well explained video on Indian Subcontinent 6 Reply 13 replies oldnordy oldnordy 2 weeks ago There actually is a somewhat simple answer to your questions. A female cranium of Homo heidelbergensis fits the volume and shape of the skull you introduced at the beginning of your video. We also know that heidelbergensis moved eastward from Europe about 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, and may be responsible for the introduction of fire and cooking in Asia. It also would contribute to Asian genetics outside of Neanderthal and modern humans or erectus - but still be quite similar to Denisovan. Reply no no 1 month ago great video! very interesting topic Reply 1 reply AllegedlySpiffy AllegedlySpiffy 2 months ago Thanks for making this. 1 Reply DevinDTV DevinDTV 2 months ago (edited) the older technology being used for another 100,000 years in one place but not another is extremely conspicuous if these humans were supposed to be at or near our level of intelligence. one hundred thousand years. but then the extreme slowness with which this stuff was developed in the first place is also very conspicuous. you'd think they'd try new techniques occasionally when bored, maybe every few months if they're a modern human. but it took them hundreds of thousands of years to make the smallest improvements. bit hard to understand Reply Vishnu Prasad Vishnu Prasad 2 weeks ago how do you not have millions of views? Reply Kartik Chauhan Kartik Chauhan 1 month ago I think Pakistanis are more related to central asians and arbians than Indians .... You can look at them they speak "URDU" which is more of a Polished version of Hindustani language They look more whiter than other Indians ..they are really unique surely like another race and nation and a different people , they have the best culture in south central asia , like a blend they're just too elite to be part of south asia (Indian Subcontinent) I think the title should be The crossroads of human evolution (India,Bangladesh, Sri Lanka). 3 Reply 5 replies TON 618 TON 618 2 months ago I believe due to Indian civilisation already peaked before Europe and Americas, the locals in India might have burned all those found bones/fossils eventually leaving nothing. Reply Rikth Steven D'Cruze Rikth Steven D'Cruze 6 days ago Thank you i've always wondered about this but found no substantial information. Reply Dr. DGHC CODE (Harappan Civilization&SpirtualBio) Dr. DGHC CODE (Harappan Civilization&SpirtualBio) 8 days ago kindly consider including colored line maps in your presentation while mentioning different regions Reply Julia Nolan Julia Nolan 3 months ago What if some groups have a goldilocks life and don't need to change the technology? Perhaps we can just enjoy the great tapestry without trying to make a chart of endless "improvements". Or platonic Chains of Being. Really like this variety!! Reply yamin alam yamin alam 2 months ago from BANGLADESH ( south asia ) . thank you so much for this video . 2 Reply Pacifist Jack Pacifist Jack 4 weeks ago that's why hanuman and ram two different breed of human where together and it make sense cause Ramayana is consider million-year-old 5 Reply 1 reply WRATH AND WISDOM WRATH AND WISDOM 2 months ago Now that I think about it, what would have happened to human evolution if the Indian Plate didn't collide with the Eurasian plate? Reply Mag Nificent Mag Nificent 1 month ago I should think the find in Dmanisi proves that our ancient "erectus" ancestors showed a lot of variation in height, skull size, etc. I do wonder if we originally were physically affected by epigenetics at that time to a much greater degree...? And somehow, certain genes quieted down, as it were, as various tribes became more isolated and became more tribally/racially distinct. Reply 1 reply सौरभ🕉️ सौरभ🕉️ 2 months ago (edited) Everyone's should read Neeraj Rai's research to get clarity regarding South Asian. He has done best research on this. 2 Reply 1 reply ImAMassiveBender ImAMassiveBender 3 months ago Wow Stef, first you'll feel it, then you'll see it, then you'll hear it, then you'll read it! You've lost weight, well done you look great! 1 Reply Gully Foyle Gully Foyle 2 months ago Does Jimbob Blinkhorn live in Bikini Bottom too? He has got to be a cartoon character with a great name like that. Great video btw. Reply Helmet of Peace Helmet of Peace 2 weeks ago As a Pakistani and a human history lover, i want to thank you for signifying historical significance of south asia 3 Reply 1 reply 𓆏 𓆏 2 months ago Okay so something I couldn't quite tell, are the modern tools or the old ones associated with these neadersovans? Or can't we tell? 2 Reply koteswar009 koteswar009 2 months ago This was always my intriguing question. Finally getting to watch a video on it. Reply Kapil Dev Tiwari Kapil Dev Tiwari 12 days ago (edited) 3:47 Narmada is The Oldest River...The Vindhya is The Oldest Mountain Range...My Home The History is Mythical and belong's to Ancient Civilization's along with Non-Human's... 1 Reply Neolithic Transit Revolution Neolithic Transit Revolution 3 months ago (edited) Very exciting. Do we know how continuous habitation on India has been? Did people live there throughout the ice age? How old is Hinduism is an interesting question (assuming it predates the Aryan invasion/migration) Reply Vignesh R Vignesh R 2 months ago I am from Tamilnadu, India. Thanks for your video. 1 Stefan Milo Reply Stefan Milo · 1 reply Mt Athos Mt Athos 3 months ago aounga bounga 4 Stefan Milo Reply Puc Kingery Puc Kingery 3 months ago very fascinating, great vid 2 Reply Sara Temp Sara Temp 2 months ago (edited) Well India is a big place. No wonder they had different tech in different areas. They probably had the older tech in areas that were more isolated, AND probably had good weather and food. They did not NEED to make up new tech, the old ones were still good.--- Also IQ and tech did not develop everywhere at the same time. Some pockets of old school homs remained for a long while. Eventually, they all blended in. 1 Reply mayoite160 mayoite160 2 months ago "What makes South Asia so special IS the complexity". LOL, do some things never change? (Source: am South Asian) 2 Reply Christophe B Christophe B 2 months ago Instead of different hominids creating the different tools, what comes to my mind would be either the same group of ppl having different set of skills like not everyone has the skill to make the better tools or just making what is needed at the time like you dont always need to do the more complex thing even if you can. Or even just different cultures of the same ppl like a group that has migrated and each culture has a preferred way of making a tool. 1 Reply knockoff79 knockoff79 2 months ago The spelling for that site in south India is Attrambakkam, pronounced as AAt-ram-bAAk-kam 1 Reply Ex-Muslim Raj Ex-Muslim Raj 4 weeks ago The moment you said "South Asia" , you went all wrong and berserk! It implies that you don't even know the geography of the place. It is the Indian SUBCONTINENT! It's not part of the Eurasian plate! It is a different geographical part altogether! It's still moving into the Eurasian plate! South of Asia is Tibet! The Indian SUBCONTINENT is pushing against South Asia! Go get your geography checked! Especially when you're talking about something from a few million years back! 4 Reply 2 replies Mark Dearlove Mark Dearlove 3 months ago Great work. Super interesting 1 Reply vaticinus vaticinus 2 months ago 20:55 Obviously the 250k year overlap means that the population of the more archaic groups was quite sizeable at the time of first contact and thus took much longer to be displaced (longer than other places of contact) by the new comers with their better technology and way of thinking. This is simple logic. 1 Reply Julia Nolan Julia Nolan 4 minutes ago Hi from Australia! We do get hung up about simplicity! I think it is humanities next step to be further confronted with range, environmentally produced niches and adaptations, even the possibility that a creature doesn't need to change. Our species has attempted the dangerous experiment of reducing the competition by destroying it. We also have imposed our will and technology on the landscape and now the climate...oops that might be a booboo!! Or consequence. But our brains are trained by thousands of years of conceptual reductions because maybe we don't have the cc. for holding the gamut in mind. I hope all the wonderful work being done now continues to open minds to the more vibrant model.....be careful of saying so many times the word complex without supporting the term....but early days, we present humans do rather shut down at that word....oh complex!! I'm not going to understand it! Sort of thing!! Am looking forward to the next efforts through 2023. Warmest regards from Julia Reply Ryan Dugal Ryan Dugal 2 months ago You better do a reaction video to Hancocks’s new doc, or I might believe it... Reply RK B RK B 3 weeks ago @StefanMilo You must note Atthirampakkam archaeological site is located on the Indian state of Tamil Nadu not on Andra Pradesh, can you correct it in the video? Reply 2 replies NORTH 02 NORTH 02 3 months ago First 4 Stefan Milo Reply burnedbysound burnedbysound 2 months ago All the regions mentioned in the title are the areas that type B blood is at it's highest concentration. Everywhere else in the world B is the weakest expressed ABO type. 1 Reply Troy Goggans Troy Goggans 1 month ago To me you cannot assume that the people living in that area are descendants from the ancient peoples that lived at the same place. I have asked people from India about this and they are of the opinion that a lot of Indian ancestors came from the Russian steps. Now maybe that has changed because the information was given to me more than 20 years ago. Reply 2 replies Chemical_KO Chemical_KO 2 months ago Hi Stefan, maybe I'm stupid and this was answered but why are there so few south asian hominin remains? 1 Reply GMEJesus GMEJesus 2 months ago This is the coolest video you've ever made. Bar none 2 Reply meditation music meditation music 2 weeks ago I am indian I lived in northeastern part of india I enjoy the vedio Reply Ràñdøm H!T Ràñdøm H!T 2 months ago (edited) Our Hindu Mythologies have always mentioned Time period of Hundred of thousands of years ago , much older than any Literature or any solid proof . And the stories have Crazy details being 100% Geographically accurate. I always wondered if we had Civilization so advance in India what was the whole world doing, because there is no Mention of anything outside Indian Subcontinent ( as far as i know ) It's a Giant mystery, but no attention is given to it as Islamist , Leftist all want to paint Hindu/Indian History/mythology as fake. We can exactly tell the date of Lord Ram's birthday, year , not sure. And many other events & People in our Mythology/Folklore/History. 4 Reply 4 replies yensid yensid 2 months ago Is the lack of hominin fossils from South East Asia due to the climate/terrain/soil composition? It seems like most fossilized or mummified remains were found in hot arid regions or high altitudes, dry/ cold regions. Often in caves. Hopefully we will learn as much about Denisovans & Unknown 1 as we have learned about Neanderthals & Erectus over the last 25-30 years. Reply Max Max 2 months ago I would think South Asia doesn’t get as much attention because the climate sucks for research. I’ve heard before that it’s very hard to get good DNA from anything older than a few hundred years and hard to get bones older than a few thousand because the tropical climate causes everything to decay so quickly. Reply Raph L Vlogs Raph L Vlogs 2 months ago back then South Asia was isolatable but far from isolated 1 Reply Moth Balls Moth Balls 2 months ago Separation can be maintained through cultural traditions and hthat may have relevance to defining identity. If the new technology is not particularly advantageous in a particular ecology then there will not be much need to change 1 Reply Sunny S Sunny S 3 months ago Thank u for doing this topic on SE Asia 🙂 1 Reply Anshul Sharma Anshul Sharma 2 months ago For God's sake it's not south asia it's the Indian subcontinent or just the subcontinent. 4 Reply 2 replies logo2462 logo2462 3 months ago The interviews provide a lot of value, but the poor audio quality makes it harder to listen to. I wish we could get all these researchers microphones. 1 Reply Pecten Maximus Pecten Maximus 2 months ago So when groups are making tools in the same technique style, separated by thousands of miles and many thousands of years, is it just a kind of natural progression, on account of something like paleo materials science, where it's more or less inevitable that after enough time a population will figure out a new technique? Or is it migrating groups transporting the knowledge? Or some combo thereof. Anyone have a decent theoretical model of this or some evidence that points in a particular and less-wildly-speculative direction? Reply Stefan Milo · 2 replies the country man the country man 2 months ago Pronunciation of Andhra Pradesh was correct 👍 nice work 1 Reply Sara Temp Sara Temp 2 months ago This is my theory. We got three original types of humans. These are my names for it. The Neanderthal. The Afro Asian. And the Aryan, which is a central Asian/Turkic race. And add a little Denisovan as well. So four. We are mostly all a mixture of these types. Reply Deepak A Deepak A 2 months ago I am a Tamil…… anthropology is interesting ….. 1 Reply Darui Darui 2 months ago South Asia? It is called the Indian subcontinent. I see this deliberate attempt in acadamia and mainstream pop culture to diminsih India's significance by using the term South Asian instead of Indian. 5 Reply 157 replies Music Maker Music Maker 3 months ago Love you, Milo! 2 Stefan Milo Reply finlay fraser finlay fraser 2 months ago Stefan, to what degree did fraternisation between different groups of ancient species result in the differing appearances of modern day races? Is that a politically loaded question? Reply Sanjay Y Sanjay Y 2 weeks ago @Stefano ...the place should be called Indian subcontinent and not south Asia. If you see Indonesia forms South Asia Reply Anant Gill Anant Gill 3 weeks ago love your passion Reply 1 reply grindsaur grindsaur 2 months ago Great video! :D 1 Reply Ràñdøm H!T Ràñdøm H!T 2 months ago It's not South Asia. It's Indian Subcontinent. Not Being petty but wth is South-asia when it's the home to the earliest Human Civilization. 5 Reply 3 replies 789mark789 789mark789 2 months ago I finally understand the usage of a stone core. I could not follow your discussion with Jimbob Blinkhorn, though. I am layperson, not an archaeologist. Reply Steve C Steve C 2 months ago Nicely Done! 1 Reply UB Omninomen UB Omninomen 3 months ago "Jimbob?!" OMG, Who knew there was someone outside of Appalachia named Jimbob? 2 Reply Arindam Bhattacharya Arindam Bhattacharya 2 weeks ago The most important information that needs to be mentioned here is this there are many kinds of evidences (without doubt according to the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) supporting the view that it was nearly 45000 BC when the population of whole of Europe immigrated to India and remained here. When they came to India, there were 13 other races only living here. Some of them have migrated back again from about 13000 BC onwards because of migration of other races to this country. Reply 1 reply KALKI KALKI 2 months ago Love from india 💖 1 Reply Piyush Shukla Piyush Shukla 2 months ago It's not South Asia but the Indian Subcontinent. 3 Reply 1 reply iCecilJacksonI iCecilJacksonI 1 month ago The GOAT of archeological YouTube Reply 1 reply Matt "Wags" Wagner Matt "Wags" Wagner 2 months ago Stefan: I'd be curious for you to add some rationality to each of the Ancient Apocalypse episodes. I could only get through two. Classic case of making highly suspect dating claims and then basing the rest of the episode on it as if true. Reply write2pras84 write2pras84 2 weeks ago .. “Extinct Hominim 1”. Cuts to lady selling vegetables 😂😂 I don’t know why but I found that hilarious!! Reply Guddu Ukraine Guddu Ukraine 6 days ago Best of the Episodes 👍 Reply Nitin Nitin 2 months ago I would like to point out that. In this region low amounts of human remains could be due to the ritual pf burning the dead. Correct me if i am wrong but thats the only reason i see it. Reply Heathen Ahir Heathen Ahir 2 months ago What's with constant replacing of india with south Asia . 4 Reply 2 replies Jasper Chance Jasper Chance 4 weeks ago I'm pretty sure that humanoids were very different from each other, a bit like nowaday dogs, yet they could breed, that's why all these craniums are different- Reply 1 reply Boden Boden 3 months ago Imagine that, infinite variation being difficult to simplify into tidy groups with labels. I genuinely don’t understand why academics feel the need to label things. 1 Reply theCYRUSgrttt.. theCYRUSgrttt.. 2 weeks ago In Nepal, fossils of Ramapithecus was found Reply Sramix Sramix 2 weeks ago Good stuff !! Reply Chillax Chillax 2 months ago So the Indian subcontinent isn't just a modern day cultural curry, but was also a genetic curry in deep antiquity!!! 1 Reply Pokelord BD Pokelord BD 2 months ago Hinduism is the main religion of south asia 6 Reply 4 replies Gordon Cooper Gordon Cooper 3 months ago SE Asia (well, all of Asia) is really complicated. How does SE Asian erectus fit into the whole evolutionary picture? How many other groups like Denisovans existed? 1 Reply Pencilpauli Pencilpauli 2 months ago Bostin! Love your videos Milo. Reply தமிழ் அமுதம் தமிழ் அமுதம் 2 months ago Tamils are the world's oldest civilization on earth. Before ice age kumarikandam is also called leumoria continent from Africa to Australia. Human Fossil found in Chennai date back to 300000 years. People moved Africa and other parts of the world after deluge 11000 years ago from leumoria. 2 Reply Gabriel Lampert Gabriel Lampert 4 weeks ago Amazing video! 1 Reply 1 reply Malavika Chatterjee Malavika Chatterjee 2 months ago THANK YOU! 1 Reply The Mighty Vedic Aryā ।।अहम् ब्रह्मास्मि।। The Mighty Vedic Aryā ।।अहम् ब्रह्मास्मि।। 2 months ago It's Indian Subcontinent and Always has been !!! 😡 5 Reply 15 replies Ramki Sp Ramki Sp 2 weeks ago A lost continent " Kumari Kandam" history forgotten, never remembered! Reply Hollylivengood Hollylivengood 2 months ago Man I love this. 1 Reply Daniel Sayre Daniel Sayre 3 months ago oh hell yeah, a new stefan milo video 1 Reply Guna Pix Guna Pix 2 weeks ago Really mind blowing stuff Reply Sunanda Marasingha Sunanda Marasingha 11 days ago Thanks a lot for all thse who helped in this. Reply DEEQ DEEQ 2 weeks ago Read the quran and compare between science and facts 3 Reply 1 reply Alex Katsikas Alex Katsikas 18 hours ago (edited) Regarding the diversity of tooling technology, I’d suggest the reason is simple and I’d look to the mentality of modern toolmakers/users. Old and new technologies were used in parallel by the same peoples. If a simple, fast to produce technology will get the job done, why spend unnecessary time making something complicated unless absolutely warranted? Just a thought Reply Dhananjay Sejwal Dhananjay Sejwal 10 days ago India has always been the most populous country as far as we go back. There's a reason for such dense culture every 50km in any direction Reply ANIMATERS TV ANIMATERS TV 2 months ago (edited) I am a thamizh dravidian atirampakkam is in our state🙂 1 Reply Susie Stockton-Link Susie Stockton-Link 2 months ago Fascinating and incredibly complicated. The lack of fossils in S. Asia - is that because local climatic conditions supported quick decay, or is there a lack of suitably deep cave sites, or a lack of excavation, or.....? 1 Reply Pelle Svedén Pelle Svedén 8 days ago (edited) Who is it that you use to illustrate your videos? Reply Udit Pradhan Udit Pradhan 2 months ago (edited) Might as well call it Akhand Bharat rather than South Asia, seeing all the nations mentioned were once part of India and still is genetically. Pakistnais go and read actual books. Your denial does not change the truth. Replying with baseless arguments does not serve any purpose. 4 Reply 15 replies Susie Stockton-Link Susie Stockton-Link 2 months ago Curious - is James Blinkhorn any relation to Paul [Anglo-Saxon pottery expert] Blinkhorn? Reply Luis the Angryatheist Luis the Angryatheist 2 months ago I’d say the climate and positioning of India make it almost impossible for fossilisation, I’d say the only reason that was found is that it’s washed down from somewhere with a more favourable climate for fossilisation 1 Reply Shaurya Kalia Shaurya Kalia 2 months ago I would not be surprised if pockets of Homo erectus survived in Southern India until very recently, even close to recorded history. Indian mythological stories are full of descriptions of ape like individuals with stronger build and raw strength than humans, facial features than can mimic Homo erectus, and possessing some intelligence, but less than modern humans in that they are never mentioned to live in villages or cities, but only occupying remote forest areas away from civilization. The Narmada cranium could be an example of such individual, or more likely an ancestor of the populations described in the Indian stories. That could also explain why ancient tool technology persisted for so long. Only problem it gives rise to is why they would have survived so long even while competing with modern humans 1 Reply A S A S 3 weeks ago Yes definitely sidelined if you think Narmada empties into the Indian ocean instead of the Arabian Sea Reply 1 reply Tapan Oza Tapan Oza 2 weeks ago First time YouTube has ever suggested me a nice video. Reply Anik Samiur Rahman Anik Samiur Rahman 2 months ago I wonder. Why isn't much fossils here? South-East Asia is also has damp tropical weather that rots everything. And South Asia rather has quite a number of dry places where fossils should've preserved better. 1 Reply sr pandhare sr pandhare 2 months ago superb work 1 Reply Ig Bc Ig Bc 2 months ago good to see these stuff before life on earth dissapears Reply Blue Kenya Blue Kenya 1 month ago Anthropologists place too emphasis on tool making, forgetting that groups with access to ready-made tools did not need to manufacture them. This means the ability to make tools could have preceded the need to do so by millions of years, during which time groups could have made tools from wood and other easily degraded materials. I would not be surprised if basketry and pottery came before stone tools. 1 Reply 1 reply Crumbsuka Crumbsuka 2 months ago Brilliant 🤘🏻 Reply Mike Rodent Mike Rodent 2 months ago That was so interesting. And Stefan seems to have a permanent jolly disposition, which gets sunnier the more frustrating and puzzling the anthropological mysteries become. What we now need is a whole load of ancient hominin remains to be discovered all over India. Maybe all Indians should be digging in their back gardens? 1 Reply Cynthia Rowley Cynthia Rowley 3 months ago Up and down Every river to it's Delta, practically, became a cradle. Reply moxiebombshell moxiebombshell 3 months ago Welp, now I've got a new region to obsess about 1 Reply Master Don Master Don 2 months ago So that indian hominid was a 3th group separate but between neanderthal and denisovan,or a crossbreed between neanderthal and denisovan? Even at that time Sahara and Himalaya were the major genetic barriers. 1 Reply Paul Paul 1 month ago Jimbob Blinkhorn. I love this guy’s name 😂 1 Reply 1 reply boweniscool boweniscool 2 months ago I picture hunting wild goats may have been throwing stuff at them while they were doing goat stuff on the sides of mountains, with the hopes the goat would fall lol Reply Mamnun Murshed Anam Mamnun Murshed Anam 8 days ago Finally someone who addresses it. Reply Jochem Jochem 1 month ago (edited) I wish I had a memorable name like Jimbob Blinkhorn 1 Reply 1 reply Doug's in Thailand Doug's in Thailand 3 months ago Love the rugby shirt, Stefan! 1 Reply Saperlipopette Saperlipopette 2 months ago Dommage que le traducteur auto soit si stupide, vos vidéos sont passionnantes, mais que c'est difficile sans sous titres en français! 2 Reply wajahat ali wajahat ali 13 days ago As human population grew all the large game animals were killed off and eaten . That left behind smaller quicker animals for killing which a large hand axe was no longer suitable or effective . Smaller long distance weapons were more suitable so these took over . Finding lesser use the hand axe eventually died off. Reply comfortably numb comfortably numb 2 months ago I wonder if neanderthals and denisovans saw each other as different species? There's probably no way to know but it's an interesting question. 1 Reply 1 reply S Zoom S Zoom 2 months ago (edited) The thing is Sri Lanka actually looks like Africa in its golden age.The country is as if Africa and Sri Lanka crossed roads. Even Sinhalese culture in sri lanka had originally and ever later on has many similar features to African culture. It's quite stricking for me at least. 1 Reply 8 replies BasilBrush BooshieBoosh BasilBrush BooshieBoosh 2 months ago What is the animal in your 'best footage' clip? Looks male baboon- like, with large shoulders and upper torso maine, and looks to have definite primate digit control. Stunning 1 Reply Haylea Marie Haylea Marie 2 months ago I wish our cousins were still here Nepal>Chitwan> hey @Stefan Milo why don't you visit Chitwan nepal🇳🇵 #Narayanghat #Shauraha #Jagatpur #VisitNepal Reply Donna Coderes Donna Coderes 1 month ago I love "the whole shebang." 😆 Reply 1 reply Davide Nwah Davide Nwah 2 weeks ago It really is a historical place. The people still haven't evolved! It's like a time capsule. Reply Samaiam Samaiam 2 months ago We have been a melting pot for millennia…. Not at all surprising. Seems we have always been a welcoming bunch 😂 Reply Shamrock Shamrock 2 months ago Tangent: as there is in more modern society where humans will do old stuff because it's interesting or seen as "a better way". Has anyone thought about the chance that these people had a case of the "make hominins great again" old tech was in and edgy 😅 I'll see myself out. Reply Winston Smith Winston Smith 2 months ago Love your channel. Just saying. Reply Simon Simon 2 months ago I can't make any of these stone tools so I guess I mustn't be a hominin. But then I can't make any of the tools I use (except when I use a brick etc. as an improvised hammer). I wonder if what your seeing is the growth of the specialist toolmaker (who will barter you a fancy tool) versus easy to learn do-it-yourself technology. Technological development in the last few hundred years has had loads to do with societal changes and nothing to do with evolution - and we have a lot of technological change. 1 Reply 2 replies Killian09 Killian09 3 months ago Thank you stefan Reply ShawnLeary ShawnLeary 3 months ago Happy Diwali!! 1 Stefan Milo Reply Ted Bryant Ted Bryant 1 month ago So, we can’t say for sure, these examples are “Australoid”?, but if they are it would place them in a much earlier time frame? Reply 1 reply luke yznaga luke yznaga 2 months ago wait. Maybe the reason why they haven't found more old skulls, is due to ancient Geological shifts. We are talking about high, high mountains nearby that cut off India and parts of China, off due to deserts and mountains. Maybe the skulls were pushed or "covered up" by rising terrain or mountains and you have to look old fossils and skulls...IN THE MOUNTAINS.,.,.not the lowland rivers or fields.....?? Reply Dr. DGHC CODE (Harappan Civilization&SpirtualBio) Dr. DGHC CODE (Harappan Civilization&SpirtualBio) 8 days ago kindly issue some reconstructed TIMELINE figures of different regions around the globe where stone age; copper age have occurred at SEPARATE times. Sometimes stone and metal tools may be having an ongoing overlap; so just some approximate TIMELINE BARS for easy figured understanding. Reply Connie Ad Connie Ad 2 months ago I think that it has been firmly established that matings between hominid species happened fairly often. Our species did not suddenly pop up and evolve in a vacuum. DNA starts breaking down when we die. I gather they can not get any DNA from bones or fossils over 75,000 years old. Yet. If they could I think our earliest Homo Sapiens ancestors would be found to be a result of mixed matings between unknown and known hominids and mutations they acquired to survive. Why would things be any different in that regard than they have been since the other species went extinct? I gather that even in Africa there are “ghost genes”. Genes from other species they can not identify. They likely have some of their fossils but can’t, as yet, get any DNA. There are some who carry a smidgeon of about 90,000 year old Neanderthal and some who have 3,000 year old Caucasian Homo Sapiens. Both a surprise to genetic researchers. The later was found among some Sub-Saharan Africans. Bush people to be more exact. Chances of someone surviving such a long trek from Southwest Asia are extremely slim. To me, the other way around is much more plausible. At any rate, our attempts to box modern humans, us, into only a few “races” are complete fails. Not nearly enough shades nor facial structures. Geneticists have proven that most of us are multiple mixes of Homo Sapiens “breeds”. And a heck of a lot of us have admixture from one or more other hominid species. We are mutts, not pure breeds. 1 Reply D.R.D.O Fan D.R.D.O Fan 2 months ago Great video 1 Reply Wakas Wakas 1 month ago Just wanna say: that's an excellent mic. Reply 1 reply obstinatejack obstinatejack 2 months ago oh that explains things, i was wondering how come you have an accent that's a mixture of both britiish and american Reply 3D Space 3D Space 2 months ago Brain size is not the only marker of intelligence, it can't be used to compare. 1 Reply 3 replies Theresa Aikens Theresa Aikens 2 months ago Wow alot of stuff to think about most definitely. We need more fossils from the area. It is understandable Homo Erectus evolved into a variation like Neandertal and Denisovan. Are we all not descended from Homo Erectus? That is what first came to my mind. That Homo Erectus evolved like the other populations into the version on the subcontinent. Very exciting. Look at the finches in the Galapagos. Who says humans could not develop like that. Each species had a specialty. Neandertals evolved to deal with the cold. Denisovans, the cold and high altitudes. Humans, heat and speed( this is my thought) Florensis, shrank to fit its island ecosystem. ...... I may not have a degree but this is what I see from everything that I have seen so far. Genetics is a handy tool. 👍 Reply Susan Myers Susan Myers 2 months ago And Australian Aboriginals,your photo looks just like these people.The book Man on the Rim is a good read,written by Alan Thorne & Robert Raymond. Reply Ya'qub e Based Ya'qub e Based 4 weeks ago Glory to all true born arians Reply 1 reply cliff marticorena cliff marticorena 2 months ago $1.99 Thanks! Reply Durble Durb Durble Durb 2 months ago We have apes who are isolated in forests/jungles in the equatorial regions. I don't know why they are isolated, but I'd guess that it's a combination of terrain and evolution. That certainly doesn't explain why archaic humans were different and isolated a couple of million years ago though. If that's the reality of how it was that means they all died out and at some time later one specific band of humanity populated all regions and somehow became other races. Alternatively, all archaic humans interbred enough to allow continued interbreeding to be possible (or rather, they were one species that expanded). That then means that there is no division of archaic humanity, but it was just a fluid thing. If that's the reality why are we labelling skulls as sub-species? Reply 1 reply Phil Sallaway Phil Sallaway 2 months ago When people have an easy environment with plenty of food and what you are doing is working, change slows. Little need to innovate or change. Reply Ansuman Nanda Ansuman Nanda 2 months ago Love from India 🤩 Reply Sayak Chakraborty Sayak Chakraborty 2 months ago The main reason that South Asia lacks any proper early hominid fossils, except for the ones from the Narmada river valley, is the simple fact that there is little to no interest in palaeoanthropology among Indian anthropologists. Some palaeontologists do take an interest, but it's hardly sufficient. No one takes up a project, curriculum isn't updated in universities, and everyone is plainly ignorant of Indian palaeoanthropology. Most of the contributions made to Indian palaeoanthropology has been made by people from Europe and the US, or who study there. Sure, a LOT of prehistoric tools have been discovered, talked and written about. However, the efforts to find the tool makers have been seriously lacking. After all, finding fossils is tougher than finding stone tools. If someone looks at the track record of anthropology in India, most would realise that palaeoanthropology is the abandoned child of the subject here. Reply Glen Baker Glen Baker 2 months ago Fascinating. Reply dan cummane dan cummane 2 months ago No. Breaking rocks, no matter how fancy, is not a technology. It’s just a cleaver idea. A steam train 🚂 is technology. Is leaving rocks out in the sun ☀️ to warm, so you can later take them into your cave to help keep the cave warm overnight, a technology?? Is eating your food off a large leaf 🍁 to keep it off the dirt, a technology? Chipping stones may have been an incredibly great and useful idea, but it’s not technology. Mathematics is a technology. Clothes are a technology. Even cooking is a technology. Chipping rocks to get flakes is a technique. Just like putting your hand into a stream to scoop up some water is a technique. Reply rialobran rialobran 2 months ago Perfect ID, though Marmite would have been just as good. Reply Paras Naradiya Paras Naradiya 2 months ago Its surprising how all three races lives in India since beigning of historic times, Reply Toby Ihli Toby Ihli 1 month ago Fascinating. Let me say, you have a natural narrators voice. Very easy listening. Do continue the channel! I’m sorry though, to state that the existence of ancestors that are so different from us, and several iterations away from modern humans only 50K years ago is proof positive of “Intelligent Design.” Nothing in nature evolves so quickly and consistently. Nothing! It’s undeniable that even science, which I truly have faith in, is under God. The Bible says in Luke 19:40, that “the rocks will cry out,” that God is. Aren’t fossils really just rocks? Aren’t they pointing to the existence of God’s role in human evolution? Science is proof positive to the existence of God, the God of the Bible. Reply 1 reply Kishan dey Kishan dey 7 days ago I believe you mean Narmada flows into the Arabian sea and not Indian Ocean!! :) Reply gary symons gary symons 1 month ago at about 11.:45 "one precise bosch and you have a spear point " no not as easy as that , you were too quick for that long lost technology . Reply 1 reply ice la honk ice la honk 1 month ago Holy cow, is it me or is this all seem par for the evolution course. Like, that's the whole name of the game. Why anyone would think there is an 'easy model' or 'simple conclusion' that puts everything in tidy little boxes is baffling. Reply 1 reply J D J D 3 months ago Joy to watch Stefan Milo Reply desihaha desihaha 2 months ago When you have a subcontinent where burial practice did not exist before 800 years ago, finding human fossils is difficult. 1 Reply 11 replies Jesper Andersson Jesper Andersson 2 months ago oh and also, who lived where? great show😄😄😆 1 Reply George Pretnick George Pretnick 3 months ago Is it possible that Asian Homo Sapiens Sapiens evolved directly from Asian Homo Erectus? Or perhaps from a combination of Neanderthal, Denisovan, and Asian Homo Erectus without influence from European Homo Erectus? Did modern Asians evolve from a pre-Sapiens Sapiens common ancestor? What haplogroups separate Asians from Europeans? How far back did those mutations occur? 2 Reply 1 reply uncletigger McLaren uncletigger McLaren 2 months ago Naturally you show Tigers in a documentary about hominids. Quite understandable, we Tigers have an obvious cachet, it is down to our style. We just LOOK cool. Reply mqondi Bhembe mqondi Bhembe 2 weeks ago I wonder how much of these rocks are just rocks, and not tools? 1 Reply cornelio hong cornelio hong 2 months ago I think that one obstacle to our understanding of human evolution is the presumption that it is linear and moves only in a forward direction. But if evolution is the result of adaptation to constant external and internal forces, then early homo sapiens ability to interbred with other homo species may have provided us with enough genetic diversity to allow us to survive. We are therefore the product of this process. Other hominins, including early homo sapiens that remained in Africa, died out. Other homo species may have survived in some pockets out of Africa, but eventually they also died out. It is therefore logical to assume that there must be a geographic place that we can find fossils of early H. sapiens with higher concentrations of DNA from neanderthals, denisovans and still unknown homo species. Reply jayant kunwar jayant kunwar 3 weeks ago can u make video on sinauli excavation please 1 Reply 1 reply VoodooRanger VoodooRanger 2 months ago I like it when you take the conversation on the road and walk and talk about human evolution being the complex beast that it was. Asian migration of various hominin groups migrating spreading their seed, intermixing or becoming extinct. It was a crazy time that leads ultimately to Homo Sapiens with the perfect skull line for nature to accept as just right to 'go forth and multiply' and spread across the entire globe, be successful, out breeding every potential contender. So was it selected intelligence through patriarchy or matriarchy that delivered the H.Sapien success story? 2 Reply Irie Neophyte Irie Neophyte 2 months ago An enormous amount of work supporting an extremely well-developed theory. India, it's people, history and archaeology has been misunderstood, dismissed and ignored. Replete with Documented Antiquity, second to none. Ancient India challenges many of the misguided christian euro-centric theories of Anthropolgy, History and Archaeology. It's time to remove the blinkers and study in depth. Developing another tenuous theory based upon a cranium of unspecified age is a interesting creative exercise. Reply Sai G Sai G 2 weeks ago (edited) @4:28: Narmada drains into Indian Ocean - not. Drains into Arabian Sea. Reply John doe John doe 4 weeks ago Nice work for a Asian hybrid family dispute; it was a gene human evolution tree 🌳 Reply 1 reply You're Welcome! You're Welcome! 6 days ago 46,000 to 200,000+ years ago is a pretty huge gap lol. Carbon date that! Reply Dean Garner Dean Garner 4 days ago I've been to Gibraltar. Africa is clearly visible. Adolf Hitler could see the white cliffs of Dover from France. Thor Heyerdahl demonstrated that a hand built raft could sail from Peru to Tuamotu in French Polynesia, a distance of 5,000 miles. The Portuguese found the Azores, but it took Columbus using knowledge of ocean currents and tradewinds to find the islands of the Caribbean. Early humanoids used rivers and lakes. Could they not have ventured to lands they could see, and possibly taken by storm to a land they hadn't seen. Look a ocean current charts for the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and then the Indian Ocean. Don't limit ideas of migratory routes to land bridges and ice. What if the first Australians came from Africa, Arabia, or Madagascar instead of Southeast Asia? Keep an open mind, and keep looking for answers! Reply Mike Jones Mike Jones 1 month ago I like to imagine a generous homo saipan trying to teach a homo erectus how to make a better blade and the homo erectus just can't get it. Then becomes enraged and the human has to put down the wild man lol Reply 1 reply NotUrDaddyBlameYoMomma NotUrDaddyBlameYoMomma 2 months ago Good work Reply Vsm Vsm Vsm Vsm 1 month ago It is Athiraampaakam (அதிராம்பாக்கம்) in Tamil Nadu, the land of the Tamils and Tamil. - The Tamil language is the language of the Indus civilisation evidenced by archeological findings of the Indus pictoral writings in various parts of Tamil Nadu, of the subsequent Graffitti script, then evolving to Thamizhi script, to cursive writing (வட்டெழுத்து) and finally to the current Tamil script. - The Tamils are also the descendants of the Indus people as evidenced by DNA sequencing of Indus civilisation skeletons with present day Tamils. Research paper on this finding, by an international research group, was published in 2019 in the CELL . - Athiraampaakam is not in andhra pradesh, which is another linguistic state of india. - The archeological site of Aathicha Nallur, in Tamil Nadu, has already unearthed urn burials and the expectation is that, the lower levels may unearth skeleton of even earlier period, throwing light on hominids populating South Asia. 1 Reply 2 replies Betsy Ross2.0 Betsy Ross2.0 2 months ago Complicated indeed,Bay of Bengal The Jarawa people, how do they fit in,very complex indeed... 1 Reply Mathew Pryor Mathew Pryor 2 weeks ago So isn’t there a possibility that DNA from the different hominids could be found in different people of the world living now or do we all descend from only homo sapient?? This is a genuine question not someone trying to be ironic. Reply 1 reply Ds Ds 2 months ago Hence Proved, India i.e Bharat rather South Asia or Akhand Bharat, as native Indian's call the region,( since it was Undivided India only at one point) has always been Melting point of East and West , old and new or may be birth place of all this. ( as native Indians i.e Hindus think). btw big thank you Stefan , for investing so much time and producing such a informative vdo. Keep Growing and outshining ur previous selves. Love from Bharta i.e India. Reply 1 reply Pranav R97 Pranav R97 3 weeks ago Well talking in nepal perspective. Both budhist text and hindu (vishnu puran) shows that human life as we know it started from tibet as water level dried human moved from the highest elevated land on earth. Himalaya mountains played a key part in early civilisation of the area. It is often seen as the center point but coming back to tibet. Many civilidation of asia is said to have started from tibet. Yangteze river for instance flows from tibet which is believed to start the yellow river civilisation. Similarly the indus river as well. But coming back to nepal. 70% of nepali belong to khas ethnecity. It is known that the khas came from qing gnag provience in china and tibet to nepal. Similalary a city is still named after these people known as khas ghar or home of the khas. In local uguher langauge it is known as kashi Similar to kashi, kashmir and kashipur of india. Which saw khas rulers. Again looking at pakistan kasmor and kashmere area also named after khas. Even afghanistan kash provience where afghanistan capital kabul was also rulled by khas . Now you may ask how china, pakistan, nepal, india had khas.then khas came originally from city of kish in sumerian civilisation located in iran tiday. Even iran has land named after kashmar and kashan. If there is a civilisation of people that unite roman, indian and chinese then it is the khas.romans called them cassari, chinese yartse tribe and yehuji, the indian book mahabharat lables the khas involvement in war similar to kirat. Chinas and others. It is belived that khas came from city of kish. This is a belief that coulf potentially be true brcause thr khas, kash, kas etc have left somr of the land in their ethnic names. It is belived that kish was part of mesopotnaian civilisation. Yet the greek couldnot name the city which was next to kish and called it babylon. It is intrrsting to note that in iran to this day we see sign of temple being elevated in layers. The impact of flood has been somwhat remained in khas mindset. The zorastrian temple to the tower of babyylon all elevated. This also can be seen in ancient indian temple where giant structure and elevation can be seen. Regardless himalaya has played a key role in human civilisation. Reply 1 reply Manav Shah Manav Shah 2 months ago amazing video! i am newer to all of this stuff, but i am exited to learn new stuff. one thing i would tell you is to study the ancient hindu text of Rig veda, it is said that it contains references of migrations upto 50000 years old ! 2 Reply 2 replies Ataranaoahaka Raaf Ataranaoahaka Raaf 2 months ago fantastic Reply dannyboywhaa dannyboywhaa 1 month ago (edited) So they had a basic flint and a more advanced flint for trickier tasks... the time taken or rarity of suitable flint must have made the more basic flints worth using alongside the more advanced ones... why does it need to be a separate hominid species? But surely it means we left Africa much earlier? Or maybe we didn’t leave at all... maybe we’ve been mistaken and the 120,000 year old genetic bottle neck in South Africa during the height of the ice age was just evidence of our re-emerging from Africa! Maybe they’d left once before? Reply 1 reply Babu Bisleri Babu Bisleri 2 weeks ago It's bharat where the keeper and owner of this infinite universe lord mahavishnu born😁 the divine land where real Gods lived 😁😁 Reply stack overflow stack overflow 2 weeks ago Empires, Emperors, Ideas, dreams have disappeared in that region! Hahaha! Good video though... Reply Arulraj Prince Arulraj Prince 2 months ago How can a skull be preserved for such a long period of time? Can you give more explanation on these. Reply 2 replies Dust Aatma Dust Aatma 1 month ago In ancient Indian Hindu texts ...there are about 200 humanoid species mentioned...Human, Vanar & Yeti are a few species. 1 Reply 2 replies Luis Aldamiz Luis Aldamiz 2 months ago (edited) Narmada looks very Neanderthal-ish to me, so I'm puzzled that you talk of "between Africa (sapiens) and East Asia (erectus, denisovan)". The issue is that there is no known Mousterian tech in South Asia, and Neanders are associated with that technology everywhere else. Reply Philip Butler Philip Butler 2 months ago (edited) What was the population of this period because with low populations technology doesn’t travel very fast. The first Americans never got past the copper age until the Europeans arrived and there was a big copper age in America that was limited to places where there was copper ore around the Great Lakes and the Aztec’s used copper for weapons but they used them simultaneously with flint and obsidian. The Americans never saw or used bronze or iron until 1000 ad with the Vikings visited Nova Scotia, yet the Vikings didn’t transfer iron and steel making to the native Americans Reply Tiffany Reynolds Tiffany Reynolds 2 months ago How do we know the tools just were not advancing as they did elsewhere. That one species just were not using the other's tools. Reply srquint srquint 2 months ago With Homo erectus brain size under 1000cc for both African and Asian variants, how does Narmada "fit right in" as a female Homo Erectus with a brain size of 1288 - large for modern women? Reply Stefan Milo · 1 reply Joe Shmoe Joe Shmoe 3 months ago Really really great, thankya mucha Reply 09EvoX 09EvoX 2 months ago I used to love playing with Pleistocene. 1 Reply Zaman Sowmik Zaman Sowmik 2 months ago Isn’t AASI the oldest south asian homo sapiens population that shows up in the ancestry of modern south asian population? AASI came around 50-70000 years ago from Africa. I knew that the older h.sapiens population in the region got wiped out and modern population has no ancestry from them, So, if this distant relative of denisovans lived in south asia did they survive to admix later with the AASI, or an already admixed sapiens population existed to mix with newcomers from Africa? Or, may be the admixture occured outside of south asia and then the early population from africa brought that in india. Reply 2 replies Andrew D Mackay Andrew D Mackay 1 month ago We need to look for caves upstream from where the skull was found in India and then dig down into the cave floor. Reply 1 reply Samudra Sanyal Samudra Sanyal 3 months ago Could early homo sapiens migrating from Africa interbred with the native homo erectus descendants to form the south Asian 'Denisovan' populations that we see in genetic studies that is distinct from the northern Denisovan population we've found in Siberia? Reply 2 replies J D J D 3 months ago Joy to watch Reply SU REAL SU REAL 2 months ago South Asia is probably still the best example of “how messy and convoluted” human evolution is 😂 Thank you for this video. We need more true science to counteract the growing cadres of pseudoscience and mistruths in our region 🙏🏾 1 Reply Owen Wilson Owen Wilson 2 months ago How precisely did Melanesian ancestors migrate from Africa to Papua Australia without inheriting Asian genetics if Asia was already inhabited by modern Asian ancestors? Did they fly? 1 Reply 2 replies James Weir James Weir 2 months ago $1.00 Thanks! Reply MeZz meR MeZz meR 2 months ago Question - South Asia for all intents & purposes has been amongst the most habitable place on earth! Indicated by it's contemporaneous megafauna second only to Africa, so naturally you'd expect to see explosion/radiation of early hominin here, or would you esp considering its geographic location within the out-of-Africa theory? I mean there's just one washed off skull after all this time? Just ONE? It's baffling. Either it never had a substantial population settling all those millenia ago or simply put no one ever really fossilised to show up in modern times. Reply Stefan Milo · 2 replies wajahat ali wajahat ali 13 days ago Maybe Hand axe and flakes had different use they existed together Reply John Christopher Robert John Christopher Robert 2 months ago At least you know what you don’t know and own it. To many individuals in the archaeology community asserts speculation as facts. Reply Miguel Marbella Miguel Marbella 2 months ago Oh wow diversity is really the theme in this part of the world. Complex and diverse. Reply Dust Aatma Dust Aatma 1 month ago This land mass , combined is called Indian subcontinent...not south Asia. Before partition...this was called Akhand "Bharat"/United India 1 Reply Arulraj Prince Arulraj Prince 2 months ago What kind of experiments & technologies do you use to tell the Age of the Founded Evidence? Reply Exotic Terrain Exotic Terrain 3 months ago Seems to me that culture might have something to do with the difference in technology. Reply C-Jay C-Jay 2 months ago I really dislike the recurring theme in science that so much local, regional diversity and abundance just “disappears”. That ONE NEW master race/ species/ group always comes from outside and replaces everything. I just don’t buy it. For example, it should be viewed as possible, that aborigines, Caucasian, Native American, San peoples evolved locally and independently. 1 Reply Jonswap Jonswap 2 months ago 70,000 years ago the Mount Toba eruption wiped out the entire population of the Indian subcontinent, which was repopulated again via the middle east. Therefore not much evidence of interbreeding with archaic hominid species is seen there in terms of DNA. Reply Stefan Milo · 2 replies Rational Xooberance Rational Xooberance 2 months ago To complicate the picture, some h. sapiens are still making ALL of these tools and selling them on eBay. Reply mtDNA shows how humans migrated across the World GeoNomad 16.2K subscribers Subscribe 9.9K Share 481,402 views Dec 3, 2021 Human History It has been over 20 years since DNA analysis technology began to be used in the field of archaeology. In many countries, scientists are analyzing genes from ancient human fossils and making them into a database so that they can be used for research. Genes extracted from more than 10,000 fossils were extracted, analyzed, and compared.As a result, humans are said to have originated from a woman in Africa about 200,000 years ago. And as a result of genetic analysis of her descendants who lived scattered around the globe, their migration routes were revealed. In this video, their movement paths by era were mapped. #mtDNA #MitochondrialEve #ealyman_migration #sapience Chapters View all Featured playlist 9 videos Human History GeoNomad 1,849 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Cynthia McLaglen Pinned by GeoNomad Cynthia McLaglen 8 months ago Thanks for this map. People will understand the story much better now. I have been telling this story for a long time, but it is much better on You-tube. Cynthia Allen McLaglen 75 Reply GeoNomad · 9 replies Marie Patricia-Lynn Thomas Marie Patricia-Lynn Thomas 10 months ago This should be taught in schools perhaps history and biology as well as social studies to show how closely we are related to each other. The Human race is one big family.🕊👍 201 Reply GeoNomad · 98 replies vaticinus vaticinus 10 months ago (edited) This mtDNA distribution map as well as every other such map ever made leaves one with the impression that there is more genetic diversity outside Africa than within Africa, which is actually opposite to reality. The one L branch all non-Africans descend from (L3) gets a detailed examination and an A to Z color-coded type classification which the other L branches that remained within Africa do not get (L0 to L6). In fact most of the L3 branch is in Africa, L3 has seven equidistant descendants: L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N. Five are African, while two are associated with non Africans. .So 6 out of 7 of the human mtDNA branches are completely ignored because it is within Africa and not deemed worthy of expansion and only a small fraction (two seventh, 2⁄7) of the 7th branch is represented. So we are actually looking at less than 4% of the human family tree.. There are more ethnic groups in Africa than the rest of the world combined. There are over 3,000 different ethnic groups speaking more than 2,100 different languages in Africa. And Africa will account for more than half of the world’s population growth by 2050. Nigeria alone is forecast to overtake China in total population size before the end of this century. So this is a population that should not be ignored. 209 Reply GeoNomad · 110 replies Diana Rodriguez Diana Rodriguez 8 months ago I took a 23&me test, which opened my mind to this studies. I am from Puerto Rico, and I’m adopted. No clue about biological parents. Despite I may look European, I was certain that I must had three different races in me, European, African and Native American. But I was not so sure about the Taino heritage (Native American from the Caribbean), since I was told that the Europeans exterminated them, and just a few puertorricans may still have some DNA traces. I took the 23&me test and guess what, I not only have all three races on me, of course European dominates, that’s why I look white from the Mediterranean, but I was so happy to find my haplo group is A2 which is a variant from A. Also understanding how all humans (homophobia sapiens sapiens) come from the same woman from Eastern Africa. She is the real Eve, and that makes us all brothers and sisters. 40 Reply 12 replies Brian Groh Brian Groh 2 months ago This is the very best migration simulation I have ever watched. It didn't dumb it anything down. I see that GeoNomad has videos focused on specific migrations and (unless I missed it) I can't wait to see a video focusing on migration into and throughout the Americas that was briefly touched on (excellently) in this comprehensive video. 7 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Sainè Bojan Sainè Bojan 4 months ago Africa 🌍 the land of all kind 💛💛 19 Reply rbellot11 rbellot11 9 months ago Excellent! Excellent! Excellent! This should be “mandatory” teaching in all schools. This is what these platforms should be used for, showing how we are all related. 30 Reply 4 replies DCfromtheV DCfromtheV 3 months ago I am so curious about the details of the migration. Did they move constantly at any point or was it mostly just a few miles per generation? Did any groups attempt long distance journeys in a single lifetime? What is the distance per year of ground covered, on average? I have so many questions! 21 Reply 10 replies Rex Cowan Rex Cowan 2 months ago It would be interesting if you could put names to some of these migrations. You mentioned the Aborigines of Australia, they apparently mated with Denisovians in Asia. I saw a YouTube video about people who were pushed out of America and lived in Tiera Del Fuego as a remnant population - they dressed just like Australian Aborigines and had similar shelters. Then there is the big migration of Indo Europeans from the Caspian Sea. 3 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies geoycs geoycs 9 months ago Science never ceases to amaze me. Humans can accomplish so much when we study deeply. Too bad our world is run by people who don’t think like scientists. 56 Reply 10 replies Lisi Müller Lisi Müller 5 months ago (edited) Hi Geo Nomad. What database do you use for maps? Congratulations for the videos, they're very cool! 4 Reply Ender7j Ender7j 8 months ago What would be cool is if the topology of the map shifted accurately over time in conjunction with the migration patterns… 18 Reply 3 replies Edgar Edgar 8 days ago This month I recieved my DNA result. I'll share with you because I have used pseudonym and I love sciense and history. Europe: 73% Europe Western: 45%. Iberia: 10% Balkans: 8% Italy: 7% Sardinia < 2% fennoscandia < 2% Middle East and Maghreb 13% Magrebe 8% Anatolia 4% Levante < 2% Africa: 9% Mine coast: 7% Mandê < 2% East Africa < 2% Americans 5% Amazon 4% Andean America < 2% Ásia < 2% Ásia Central < 2% Reply Guiwald Doh Guiwald Doh 10 months ago This is exactly the content I was looking for. Thank you so much for making these videos. I love it ;) (intp here) 23 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply 장혜영 장혜영 3 months ago (edited) 실제 대사성질환이나 유전적질환의 기전을 밝히기 위해 mtDNA를 타겟으로 연구하고 있는데 본 영상을 보니 그 이유를 확실히 알듯합니다.아직 첫 회 영상만 봤지만 매우 흥미롭네요. 계속 이어서 시청하려 합니다. 3 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply RaduCostinD RaduCostinD 3 months ago (edited) At last! I've been looking for something like this for so long... Thank you Geo Nomad! 2 Reply John Tomasini John Tomasini 8 months ago (edited) My interest is mainly with Indigenous Australians. I have read that the habitation of Australia started as much as 60,000 years ago as dating of fossils has indicated. Your excellent video would say it was more like 50,000-45,000 years ago, is there some more specific info that can narrow down these dates? Also could there be Denisovan DNA in Australian Aboriginals? 8 Reply 7 replies Entropy Bentwhistle Entropy Bentwhistle 9 months ago Very good timing and useful…my daughter just asked me today what the origin of Homo sapiens was and the distribution pattern. 11 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies David Mwayi David Mwayi 10 months ago Its so weird how long the journey was to colonize madagascar. A native of the island is more closely related to an asian than a south or east african who live right off the coast that part blew my mind 54 Reply GeoNomad · 23 replies Allan Levesque Allan Levesque 9 months ago That is a short time frame for a great deal of minor mutations to present such general differences. Wonder how slow or fast we are mutating, adapting, to the changes around us today. A resilient and persistent species. 6 Reply 4 replies Z Y Z Y 8 months ago (edited) Is weird that with all the mixing and migration that the mtDNA patterns show there was still notable phenotipic differences across geographic areas Reply 1 reply Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). 9 months ago The distribution of haplogroups only describes such a thing and not which one emerged before another. In other words, you cannot know the direction of the arrows in the timeline. To find out such a thing while there are no other scientific means, which I think there will be not so far, we have three premises: That the most archaic groups had more time to develop the frontal lobe and refined their food (more micro and macroelements, cooked food and varied) with which there was distribution of the facial and skull massif ( With a larger surface area of the cerebral cortex) they were able to advance socially and technologically (less armed conflicts, more trade, more agreements, more religious uniformity). That there was genetic intervention, and here I say they will open their minds, a genetic intervention is also when "crosses" are carried out with knowledge of the cause. Also the intervention of more intelligent beings or of the deity itself is accepted as an explanation, for this reason they will never find a "lost slave", it was an accelerated advance, as it indicates that they carried the reproductive pattern. The final explanation and that can be shocking, is that there were no favorable crosses and there are races less "favored" intellectually and they simply did not advance. There may be 2 premises that are true or not, but necessarily one of them is.Ishtar fall asleep in East Central Africa. 5 Reply DEBABRATA BANERJEE DEBABRATA BANERJEE 12 days ago Very interesting. Would like to know the effect of this study with respect to Mount Toba eruption which had created genetic bottle neck. Reply mac Gold mac Gold 10 months ago One of the best explanations of evolution I have heard 50 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 14 replies Daniel Vega Daniel Vega 10 months ago Hi, Two observations: 1. J is not represented in map (or JT) 2. V is the last mitochondrial haplogroup and it apparead 18 kya, and it is showed in map e0 kya. CONGRATULATIONS OF ALL YOUR INFORMATION 1 Reply 1 reply Steven Richardson Steven Richardson 9 months ago This is fascinating. How did some cultures see that mdna was 100% the true determination of familial ancestry. That is amazing knowledge for supposedly backwards, uneducated people. Seems they knew more than we did 2 Reply 1 reply Edgar Edgar 8 days ago Great job! Thanks! Reply Cynthia McLaglen Cynthia McLaglen 5 months ago An important fact is that The polar regions at the time had sucked up masses of ocean, and the beach to the right or East of Yemen was a beach, because the ocean was a lot lower. This enabled humans to walk up the beach and also drink fresh water from streams that came out of the cliffs. When the humans reached what we call the Persian Gulf; then, it was a river not a sea, and there was a lot more land. Jeff Rose thinks that it might have been a paradise with other islands, and before it reached the Indian Ocean, fresh water and beautiful animals and palm trees laden with fruits were in this place. It might have been that place we now call Paradise, and we remembered this, and put it in our memory. The world was different all over, because of less Ocean and more land exposed by the Polar Ice. There was a lot more land exposed, that Humans could walk on, such as the top part of AUSTRALIA which came almost up to the top of Indonesia, and joined Papuan New Guinea. This helped humans to get to where they eventually went. We cannot imagine how and when Humans went unless we know what the state of the Oceans and Land was like at the time Humans came out of Africa., and we have worked out most of the states of the historical Polar regions, and when they burgeoned and when they melted. It makes a huge different to where and when Humans discovered different parts of the world. See the works of Jeffrey Rose. 4 Reply 16 replies Y Not? Y Not? 6 months ago Can you please link the research papers you used for this video? Reply Jayson Carter Jayson Carter 11 months ago Very nice thanks I've been waiting for info about Polynesian Origins like this for a long time. Very well done, and, to the point. Cheers 🌴🌎🌊🤙. 27 Reply GeoNomad · 4 replies Olalekan Olushola Olalekan Olushola 3 months ago Thanks for sharing this well grounded information 1 GeoNomad Reply Fibo24 Fibo24 8 months ago thank you for shedding light on this fundamental topic. Looking forward to the inner-Africa migrations. 2 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Caustic Chameleon Caustic Chameleon 11 months ago You forgot type W. I saw it up there for a minute in the west Asia area of Israel but it didn’t show migration after that. I’m type W3a and my dna profile is primarily England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Switzerland and Iberian Peninsula. 25 Reply GeoNomad · 13 replies Darkest Eye - Derkesthai Darkest Eye - Derkesthai 10 months ago Love the work. Fascinating to see and read it. Information evolves, too, but this gives a great introduction. Exception, as does one of the other commenters, I do find it grating and a little alarming that the trek from Africa is referred to be as an 'escape.' A different point, of evolving information, is that - in regards to the much lower level of the sea way back when - teams are now finding evidence 30 miles or so off the west coast of the Americas of expeditions by boat from where 'the far east' is now. Folks didn't just come by foot along the northern route, they built sea-worthy boats and set out to see what was out there. Thanks so much for the video. 18 Reply GeoNomad · 6 replies American Gypsy American Gypsy 10 days ago I believe most of human history or pre history is underwater from the great flood. The story told by every culture or civilization on the planet. I believe the coastline was further out than now and lots of knowledge is buried there. Reply Random things Random things 5 months ago Thank you man been looking for a vid just like this 4 Reply Balázs Török Balázs Török 9 months ago Great work! 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply musclecarfan74 musclecarfan74 1 month ago This is a great map show how the world was inhabited. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply prasad Nilugal prasad Nilugal 4 days ago Very very nice information sir 👍 1 Reply Filipe Santos Filipe Santos 10 months ago (edited) I love this video! Quick question, I am from Portugal, and so it is likely that there was a crossbreed between Neandertals and homo sapiens in my region. Is it possible that Portuguese people mtDNA could be of Neandertal origin? I would assume that homo sapiens "dominated" neandertal, and maybe used their women to reproduce, so maybe we could still preserve neandertal mtDNA. 10 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 18 replies merc cadoosis merc cadoosis 10 months ago The video gives us an alphabet soup of DNA types but fails to show us the characteristics of each type. Could you give us a Letter Type and then illustrate what are the characteristics of this type that distinguish it from other groupings? Identify which specific ethnicities/language groups arose from each type. Based on your info it is impossible to ascertain which specific peoples you are referring to. A little more clarity, please. Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Paola Zuffinetti Paola Zuffinetti 10 months ago Geohistory at its best! 4 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Karan Kumbhare Karan Kumbhare 10 months ago hello sir, can you make a similar video on patrilineal lineage. and what about R1N1 gene? 13 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Concerned Newfie Concerned Newfie 10 months ago This has got to be the best representation of the genetic movement of humanity I have ever seen. Finally, I have a slight ideal on how all those Hablogroups moved around. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies KHALID MAJEED KHALID MAJEED 3 weeks ago Excellent Video and information. Thumbs up !! 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Mangesh Anaokar Mangesh Anaokar 3 weeks ago What the west (intentionally) ignores is the fact that India, which was earlier at the East coast of African continent left it's place to move in North Eastern direction to reach & collide Asian continent where it exists today.... & with this moving island (described as 'Jambu Dweep' in ancient Hindu literature), the Humans migrated directly from Africa to Asia. More details in my book "Pangea to India" available at Amazon US. 1 Reply Keith Tonkin Keith Tonkin 10 months ago You show New Zealand (Aotearoa) Maori and Hawaiian coming from Western Polynesia but they are Eastern Polynesians from The Cook Islands, Marquesas and Tahiti where the Easter Islanders also came from. Maori, Hawaiians, Easter Islanders (Rapanui) and those in Central East Polynesia share very similar languages and distinct from Western Polynesian languages (Tonga, Samoa etc) All Maori mythology also points to Eastern Polynesia as does the DNA evidence now. Rarotongans (Cook Islands) also have mythology about ancestors sailing to New Zealand and who also call themselves Maori 8 Reply GeoNomad · 9 replies Chyna Bongoo Chyna Bongoo 9 months ago I’m TANZANIAN an I’m proud of this🥰🥰🥰 🇹🇿🇹🇿 🇹🇿 EastAfrica so I thought maybe Ethiopian they’re holly more than us 😩An now here we come 🇹🇿The first human being 8 Reply 6 replies Allan Nsangye Allan Nsangye 10 months ago Very nice explanation. Thank you. 4 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply juki0h juki0h 10 months ago Too bad we won't be here to see humans migrate out into space and into other solar systems. Thousands of years from now, there might be many different human species or humanoid species(like in Star Trek) that evolved from humans. We may never find other intelligent life out there, but maybe we will be the seed that creates all different types of aliens species. 10 Reply 3 replies 蔡宗梁 蔡宗梁 1 month ago Thanks for sharing ! Reply Andrea Thiene Andrea Thiene 10 months ago What a history! 4 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply twnxn twnxn 10 months ago Nice video. I live in the U.S. My MtDNA is M7c1c2. YFull has me at M7c1c2l. My mother is from Taiwan with ancestry from Fujian Province in Southeastern China 7 generations back. 11 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Moosa Moosa 10 months ago People with the oldest dna are the San communities of Southern Africa and the second oldest dna markers are the Aboriginal Australians, which means their ancestors are the first people to have move across the globe. 11 Reply GeoNomad · 26 replies Jennifer Thomas Jennifer Thomas 8 months ago Humans used to live at the beach. The bones of that women in East Africa were found. There are many people who lived before her but their bones or fossils were not found. Our feet are large so we can run on sand. Our large feet and hands make it easier to swim fast, as does not having fur. Our ancestors were chased by predators, if they got to the sand and the water, the predators would not catch them. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Bruce McNeely Bruce McNeely 9 months ago I know this is probably a stupid question but, I am wondering how a type M would differ from say a type h? I mean would they have looked different? What would have been different about them besides the DNA type? 1 Reply 3 replies Michelle Forte Michelle Forte 8 months ago I am a black U.S. American woman and my haplogroup is L1c. I would like to know more about haplogroup L1. Where can I find more information about L1c and/or L1? Reply Curtis Thomas Curtis Thomas 10 months ago Can Mount Kilimanjaro being a free standing mountain and in the area of the beginning of humanity be the source of the "primordial mound" prevalent in countless ancient cultures and religions on all continents??? 2 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies rkvidekar rkvidekar 1 month ago Thanks for the video! 1 GeoNomad Reply Bala Aiyer Bala Aiyer 11 months ago MtDNA goes from Mother to all her children, both boys and girls. 28 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 11 replies slkozma is here slkozma is here 4 months ago I know this may be late but can you make a video explaining basal eurasians? Reply franl155 franl155 9 months ago (edited) Fascinating, thank you. One question: at about 5.16 you say that "The group leaving Africa must have been very small, given that only two mtDNA lineages survived". - I'm assuming that you mean survived to the present day. Might this not have been more due to the Toba Supervolcano about 72,000 years ago? The only supervolcano witnessed by humans took them almost to the edge of extinction, leaving so few survivors that it created a population bottleneck . Reply 2 replies DIMITRIOS FROM GREECE DIMITRIOS FROM GREECE 3 weeks ago Thanks for the video ❤️❤️❤️❤️ Reply kiriya su kiriya su 10 months ago Wow. You are the best. Keep doing what you are doing and you will get millions of subs for sure. 8 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Robert Gotschall Robert Gotschall 3 months ago I would have said: ONLY 20 years since DNA analysis etc. I am amazed. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply jack damron jack damron 9 months ago Very good presentation. Subscribed. Please lose the sound effects: very annoying. 3 Reply cookie k cookie k 10 months ago This is so brilliant , the explanation and diagram is easy to understand, and we learn how people migrated to the America's and Australia even before it was discovered. Astounding. Thank you. 29 Reply GeoNomad · 12 replies Amiranis Goro Amiranis Goro 10 months ago (edited) While mtDna tree seems to point to east Africa, ydna tree seems to point instead to central-west Africa as the cradle of humankind... however, if one look at the archeological situation in this region it’s seems that there was not much human populations, at least when compared to other Africa regions... this could mean that high variability of uniparental DNA in a given region is not necessarily the result of our common ancestors’s living there 3 Reply GeoNomad · 10 replies David Lynn Prepper Principal David Lynn Prepper Principal 8 months ago A rock struck the North American Ice Sheet 11,800 years ago. Sea levels rose 200 feet in less than a year. 2 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 5 replies Yeap Teik Bu Yeap Teik Bu 10 months ago 👍👍👍very comprehensive and easy to understand. 7 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply kim alexis kim alexis 10 months ago During the ice age the only place humans could flourish would be Africa. Even the Sahara would be very cold even if it was not covered with ice. The Atlantic would have been much shallower than it is right now, so it would have been possible that Africans would have crossed the Atlantic hopping from one island to another until they reached the shores of Brazil. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Bob Roman Bob Roman 3 weeks ago I'm not so sure that Mitochondrial Eve was the ancestor of this narrator. I think he was born from a lab in Silicon Valley. 2 Reply 1 reply Richard Miller Richard Miller 9 months ago (edited) Interesting theory. Cromagnon doesn't seem to have originated in sub saharan Africa however. Strange that this is omitted. Also, the idea that no humanoids set foot in the Americas prior to 10k BC is very hard to believe 1 Reply 4 replies Hanoa Freitas Hanoa Freitas 10 months ago Humans started the journey near the largest mountain and ended their journey on top the larger mountain in the world. Proud to be Hawaiian 11 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Hlz Hlz 9 months ago Hi I’m North Indian and my family are Sunni Muslims from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. My my-dna haplogroup was U2C1 according to 23andme. What information is there on this specific branch and what does it reveal about my lineage? Reply 1 reply A Finn A Finn 10 months ago You should have mentioned how the mitochondrial eve is not a static individual it'll change over time 5 Reply GeoNomad · 9 replies Dato Spora Dato Spora 1 month ago YESSSSSSSSSSSS. THANK YOU. EAST AFRICAN OROMO MYTHOLOGY TOLD US THIS SINCE THE DAWN OF HISTORY 1 Reply Shashi Menon Shashi Menon 9 months ago The ancient Hindu world view of Vasudeyva kuthumbakam (world is one family) takes on special meaning. 11 Reply 7 replies Marcelino Deseo Marcelino Deseo 10 months ago 9:20 wow, the migration path from the Philippines and elsewhere is the same as how Austronesian languages spread. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Audio Videando Audio Videando 9 months ago I don't have a personal preference regarding the place where the mitochondrial Eve lived. There is a recent hypothesis that places her in lake Magdikadi, in the present Kalahari desert in Botswana. Maybe she lived in the Serengeti in Tanzania. We don't know yet for sure. Reply 3 replies vinm300 vinm300 10 months ago 5:27 600,000, should be 60,000 "The M and N types which left India SIXTY thousand years ago" Not "Six hundred thousand" Its a great video, I'm only mentioning this for young students. 4 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies paul snor paul snor 10 months ago At 5:45 you say that the people who crossed from Bali to Lombok were the first navigators. Of course they weren’t. Building a raft is quite simple. Just 2 or more trunks together make a ‘raft’. As those people arrived there after a long coastal journey, we can assume they had already quite some experience with rafts. Nowadays, e.g. in Brazil and Tamil Nadu, people still use ‘jangadas’ and so, simply consisting of 5 trunks, sailing from, and in sight of, the coast. The crossing from Bali to Lombok however is very dangerous, so they must have been very experienced and advanced navigators. 5 Reply GeoNomad · 14 replies bboysjb bboysjb 3 months ago I learned in school about how adam and eve meet for the first time at north africa and saudi hills call arafah mountain for the first time after arrive on earth. Such a romantic stories 1 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Ar M.D Ar M.D 8 months ago To those more scientifically enlightened: Can convergent evolution be responsible for the same 'type' of mtDNA to show up in distinct populations without them having necessarily inherited it? Reply 1 reply ChriS RocKz U ChriS RocKz U 10 months ago Awesome video.learning a lot about human migration.My Mtdna is L3E1B. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Glenn MC Glenn MC 10 months ago Isn't this timeline a little young, shouldn't it be closer to 300K or older? Reply Filmon Sissay Filmon Sissay 11 months ago This is good keep it up. 8 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Sasachiminesh Sasachiminesh 10 months ago Hate to break it to you, but there are dozens of confirmed radio carbon dates before 12 KYA al over North and South America, and up to 26 KYA. Your map is at least 7-10 thousand years off in the Americas, across the board. 5 Reply besticud cumupwith besticud cumupwith 2 months ago ...people migrated east looking for the sun? That's pretty deep. Never really thought of it like that before. Reply Infinite Infinite 10 months ago That explains, why we Indians have been so diverse throughout history, 3 strains of DNA can be found in the same country, isn't it? 24 Reply GeoNomad · 12 replies lovsette lovsette 9 months ago Halogroup T is also found in Western asia, and is common among modern-day Iranians. 2 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Divine Snefer Bashiyr Douglas!! Divine Snefer Bashiyr Douglas!! 10 months ago We are Global African Indigenous people!! Love and Unity is the best key for us all together!!💯Also Giving thanks to the Great Mother's/Goddesses and Great Father's/Gods and the Ancestors and Guardians!! Saying from Snefer aka Bashiyr!!👸🏿🤴🏿 12 Reply GeoNomad · 8 replies Atiq Rahman Atiq Rahman 10 months ago Lot of interesting information. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Judy K Judy K 10 months ago To what to we attribute the racial characteristics of modern day Asians? Denisovans went to Southeast Asia. What about other Asian populations? Please do a show about this. 4 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 6 replies Bryce Management Bryce Management 10 months ago We're never as strong, as we are until we have to be. Never Do as much, unless the need we see. Only give our best, when we fail at mediocrity. We Love rather than hate when we admit we're one humanity. We always give more, when compassion moves our heart with unbridled generosity. We Become more of our potential when we are made to see, that clearly our minds can believe in unfathomable possibilities, while seizing every opportunity, here in lies one's destiny. More than our scars, higher than our stars, for in our flaws are what defines our features, they're uniquely ours, as human creatures. We can run faster than on our slowest day. Reason better, and thinking it through all the way, regardless which direction our emotions may sway. We can find our voice when speechless, our strong words with meekness and our Courage in weakness. Always patience not quickness. Silence for peace than loudness, quietness of fear, not hopeless, for time and effort are equally unbiased. We are more than the stories we're told, we're the one's we write, each page unfold. We are the sum of our Lies and truth, fantasy, fiction, faith, and myths, no matter how uncouth. These are what shape us, our lives lived is the proof. We can be more right than wrong. More just than judge. More godlike than unlike. Reflecting Sunlight in our darkest night. Providing refuge. Never more alive until we die within and begin again. A Human Ark Divine in our human spark. by Steven Gooden 2 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Luke Foster Luke Foster 2 weeks ago Good video, but the only thing is that the world started as Pangaea then started to change sea levels rose. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply slymnkrmyhn slymnkrmyhn 10 months ago Did massive MU much larger than Australia exist?? Reply L. B. L. B. 3 days ago (edited) Judging by the map, it looks like most mitochondrial haplogroups -HV, U, I, M,N, X, W originated (derived from ancestral L) where historic Mesopotamia and Armenia is Reply Hung Choong How Hung Choong How 10 months ago Very good. Thanks. 1 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Chaitanya Reddy Muthyala Chaitanya Reddy Muthyala 10 months ago Please can you make a video on Dravidians ( first people of India) , there is a lot of controversy on it 5 Reply GeoNomad · 4 replies Shawn Dehkhodaei Shawn Dehkhodaei 9 months ago The content and material is great -- the graphics are really good. However, the narration is awful -- I don't think reading this text with a human voice would have been that difficult -- it's obvious that the voice-dictation from a robot is quite handy-capped, and it really messes up the flow of the clip. It also makes mistakes, which is a shame, given the amount of work that's gone into making the visuals. 1 Reply SAPPERJASON1 SAPPERJASON1 9 months ago This video was awesome 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Jason Gerrard Jason Gerrard 8 months ago I come from the tribe of "B' 😊 awesome outline of mtDNA Eve 🤙🤙🤙 Reply 1 reply Hot Lewis Hot Lewis 6 days ago Funny how trying to make mtdna X go through the bering land bridge makes it do completely different things from every other haplogroup. Might as well just send it up through the arctic then across to orkney iceland greenland then america. Reply Louie Sanchez Louie Sanchez 3 months ago genius Reply Box 5 Box 5 10 months ago My MTDNA is M1a1 and my Y-dna is e-m78 V-32.I'm from northeastern Kenya 5 Reply GeoNomad · 7 replies Lindsay Waterman Lindsay Waterman 5 days ago The narrator made an error; he said: "The M and N types which left india 600 000 years ago..." should have been 60 000 years ago, as shown in the subtitles. It is understood that he meant to say that, since the progenitors of those early Indians left Africa about 200 000 years ago. However, Creationists will be quick to lash on to that statement in an effort to discredit science and evolution. Reply Carson Devitt Carson Devitt 4 months ago The Garden of Eden is said to have been in Africa. Also where we all descended from, so science and religion can agree! 2 Reply 1 reply Michael P Cooksey Michael P Cooksey 10 months ago Nice summary. Lot of Data. Not sure exactly where all the letters became possible if only one original female. So what differentiates one letter from another? I liken the original female to Eve, not the scientific name. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Rohit Nair Rohit Nair 10 months ago I’m wondering what made that x group go so much more into the cold 🥶 5 Reply 2 replies startup startup 10 months ago this was a best video :) 1 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Jay Steve Jay Steve 10 months ago Tanzania's Olduvai Gorge and Lake Victoria's Black Africans are the proud parents of humanity. That's it---Thats's all! 8 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Richie Hoyt Richie Hoyt 10 months ago (edited) If I might make a negative observation, the 'chatty' style of the script ("Will you not follow along with me..?" "Thanks for watching for a long time", etc.) doesn't really come off when combined with the digitized narration. I can never understand why videos like this do not use a human - narrated soundtrack - a competent narrator could surely be found who would undertake the job without charging an exorbitant fee. I have rather come to suspect the fear is that the narrator's voice and accent, wherever s/he were from, would get up somebody's nose, somewhere. The solution that would have been used in the past, to have the speaker use 'received pronunciation', or the US equivalent, something like in those old War Office training films - "Having completed their run - in, the Bombardier opens the bomb - bay doors at aiming point 'baker' and calls 'Bombs Away' "... (Or the Civilian version thereof) wouldn't work today, the almost contrived 'anti - accent' being taken for an accent in its own right. And most certainly have ethnic associations! ...Yes, I think I'm beginning to see the nature of the problem. I don't think there would be that much difficulty in the other direction, not nowadays. The days when BBC Home Counties (London Area) listeners rebelled at hearing a Scottish Accented presenter coming over the airwaves are surely in the past. Are we not all grown - up enough to see no issue with a clearly enunciated speaker from anywhere narrating or presenting a video? I suppose that would be naïve. A video about the war in Ukraine with either a Russian or a Ukrainian presenter would obviously be bringing difficulties down on our heads! That much, I suppose, is understandable. Perhaps less seriously, would a video narrated in 'Ebonics' be acceptable? On a generalist channel? Perhaps we need more videos narrated 'in' Ebonic?! I feel that the question today is almost the opposite, that producers worry about the issue of "Middle - Class White Man 'taint' "(all White men being, of course, Middle Class, by default!) when making decisions about narration; either in the sense of it being an actual thing, - at all costs to be avoided in the interests of social justice... or an invented thing, to be avoided at all costs in the interests of keeping the hounds off one's back! I do see a case for it occasionally being a legitimate source for concern in a video about, say, (to use an obvious example) colonisation. But I have to admit to perceiving it as, essentially, a made~y up~py thing. But then, I am White! At the end of the day though, I can't see why it's not possible to just reduce the problem to it's bare essentials. Do you have a decent voice? Can you read? Do you have a basic grasp of this subject? "Hello, can someone phone James Earl Jones' agent? Is Roger Moore still working? The post - boy; He has a nice voice, doesn't he? What is so difficult about all this?!!" 7 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 4 replies Tawni Tawni 4 months ago I've had suspicions for a long time that we're all related. It's pretty much common sense that we all came from Mitochondrial Eve. And Y-chromosomal Adam lived thousands of years AFTER Mitochondrial Eve. So don't bring up religion. But we're all brothers and sisters and cousins. People, love everyone as if they're your relative. Because they are. Stop spreading hate in this world. Each life is truly a miracle 💜 1 Reply Mylvakanam Kandiah Mylvakanam Kandiah 10 months ago 200,000 years ago earth wasn't been like this, many continents are joint together! can't believe they moved like this. maybe africa madagascar and india joint together that time. you can even guess this by comparing peoples colour this region. Reply Mohamad Hammad Mohamad Hammad 9 months ago enlightening Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Jess Fulbright Jess Fulbright 1 month ago @7:45 A few "type" As and Ds crossed the bearing sea 20,000 years ago. Begs the question what "type" had been living in New Mexico for at least 3,000 years. Reply C Maurice C Maurice 10 months ago Thanks 4 the info. 3 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Caren Ogalo Caren Ogalo 10 months ago Afrika the hpme for all humanity. Proud to be the original. 8 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Swamy Bl Swamy Bl 2 days ago Why nobody is considering continental drifts with global geography and archaeological connections. One possible approach in all species migration through coastal travel considering water resources and fishing, a basic need for species survival, and also travel distances safely nearer at continental tips, for example southern tips Africa and South America. This may please be noted. Reply Darla Lei Darla Lei 10 months ago Do we share mtDNA with any other species? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Refi Refi 10 months ago (edited) Your timeline needs to be updated slightly traces of human occupation in Australia have been dated to 65000 BCE recently 7 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Mel Campbell Mel Campbell 9 months ago KYA means X 1000 - he forgot to tell y’all “101 KYA” means 101 thousand years 1 Reply Margaret Hinton Margaret Hinton 10 months ago I am haplogroup K1a - not mentioned at all in this map;.what is their migrational path? 6 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 6 replies Gaurav K.s. Gaurav K.s. 10 months ago 🙏 The most victorious Island haven't been exposed by any colour bubble ,most linked to them & being ignored unjustified! 1 Reply Rajib Joshi Rajib Joshi 2 months ago I disagree with a liniar model of migration instead evaluation is more like a blender moving in all direction and back and forth 😄 Reply J H J H 10 months ago We should show this to the EFF in South Africa !! Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply janetmillsrice janetmillsrice 8 months ago if what you say is true, then why doesn't everyone have L, L2, L3? 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply david mildenhall david mildenhall 10 months ago Very good video Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Currie Nerd Currie Nerd 9 months ago Do we really need the comparisons to cities, for how big a lake is? It's nearly as condescending as comparing something to a 'football field'. 3 Reply totalfreedom45 totalfreedom45 3 weeks ago Most scientists agree with these findings: 1 Humans originated in Africa. 2 There were between 15 to 20 species of early humans. 3 Ardi, Ardipithecus ramidus, a female fossil excavated in 1994–97, has been isotopically dated at 4.4 million years old. Move over, Lucy! (Lucy, Australopithecus afarensis, a 3.2 million-year-old female fossil, was discovered in 1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia.) 4 The Neanderthal genome sequence published in 2010 showed interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans. 5 Current human beings are a subspecies: Homo sapiens sapiens. 💕☮🌎🌌 1 Reply Curious Cynic Curious Cynic 2 weeks ago It is rather curious that those who stayed in Africa retained their black pigment. The time span did not affect them! While vast majority in Europe lost their pigment with none resting that level which they originally carried! The facial features too undergo significant changes. We then have intermediate groups in middle East, India and China. Guess a lot more explanation will come in due course. Origin from one woman and men is a bit too much to grasp. We are talking big scale inbreeding. Reply moth moth 3 days ago 8:49 Beside the red arrow along the icefree corridor, there is a purple arrow > 1,470 yra, Why does that not have DNA ID. Reply Muhammad Umar Muhammad Umar 10 months ago If this is true, Africa should be most densely populated continent as humans have been living there for longest period. But in fact India is much more densely populated than other regions, moreover, we find a variety of races and complexions in Southern Asia and we see black, white, brown and other races there. These facts suggest that most probably humans spread from South Asia. 5 Reply 14 replies Steven Wright Steven Wright 10 months ago (edited) mtDNA is HV9a and Y-DNA is I2a2a 1 Reply 1 reply J G J G 10 months ago This can not be true if it was ; everyone doing a DNA test would show you have African DNA 6 Reply 9 replies Sus Kagusip Sus Kagusip 9 months ago Hehe there's planes, ships, boats, rafts already no need to travel as Nomads. There's already a dishwasher and here I am still using my hands to wash the dishes. Now this dishwasher broke because it hasn't been used. Great Map, I grew up in ASEAN countries. We have black people still there, our original DNA. They all live peacefully in the jungles and mountains of our islands. They stay away from the drama of these new DNA/mitochondria. Thanks for sharing your Map. 1 Reply Ad Roest Ad Roest 2 months ago The main misunderstanding about our ancient history is that we deny that there is a cycle of natural disasters which cause a huge tidal wave and floods. There have been hundreds of floods, similar and even worse than Noah's Flood. Many living beings die or die out. And parts of our planet change, mountains appear and island disappear is told in a legend. This cycle of seven natural disasters creates a cycle of five civilizations. Four are less lucky and live only a few thousand years. The fifth civilization develops longer and reaches, in the end, a higher level of knowledge and skills than we have today. They knew they were going to vanish because of the next recurring, thus predictable disaster. And they left signs and warnings for us like the Great Pyramid but also the Aztec sun stone. To learn much more about planet 9, the inescapable recurring flood cycle and its timeline, the re-creation of civilizations and ancient high technology, read the e-book: "Planet 9 = Nibiru". This book answers many of your questions. It can be read on any computer, tablet or smartphone. Search: invisible nibiru 9 Reply Frankie Frankie 6 months ago You had the chance to say “the powerhouse of the cell” and you didn’t take full advantage?! Reply Dr. Caleb ROBBINS. Dr. Caleb ROBBINS. 10 months ago Really would prefer to be informed by a real human voice than a computer generated voice over. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply عبدالملك الفارس عبدالملك الفارس 3 weeks ago The most weirdest thing we discovered and we have difficult colors 1 Reply 張理 張理 10 months ago (edited) 0:17 "escape"? moving is very different from "escaping". Human moved out from Africa wave by wave, it's not escaped . People did not even know they were leaving "Africa". 9 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply footrubin footrubin 10 months ago Sumerians explained how humans were created and that is for me best explanation of our existence 2 Reply 2 replies Greg Lincoln Greg Lincoln 9 months ago Awesome video. The voice is really hard to listen to though. You should try reading the voiceover yourself 😀👍 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply SANJIB MUKHERJEE SANJIB MUKHERJEE 8 months ago Really interesting i have y dna r1a1a1b1* and mt dna u2b1.where from u2b1 starts and why r is called macro haplogroup? Reply ILikeMyYT123 ILikeMyYT123 8 months ago Still doesn't explain how human phenotypes evolved or, rather, appeared in such a short time for genetic mutations to create the diversity in such a short time relative to the diversities of other creatures. 2 Reply jp codnia jp codnia 10 months ago That reason for the idea that india then linked to Australia comes from the fact that india was always in Asia, while Australia broke off from between india and eastern Africa 2 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Me Ocean Me Ocean 10 months ago (edited) When all Halopgroups appeared the entire Humankind were still Black, it took further thousands of years for humans to lose their dark melanated skin. 90 Reply GeoNomad · 99 replies Vesselizsa Vesselizsa 7 months ago (edited) New speculative opinions in the video contrasting long known verified traditions, when the world archaeological and historical consensus even still taught as late as the in the 1980s was the traditionally held view at least 2,000 years that the earliest human civilizations existed in the FERTILE CRESCENT such as near parts of modern day Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, and near the upper east tip of Egypt. 2,000 years ago, retained maps of the known world among all were but of a rectangular view of the general Mediterranean regions. Futhermore, through human history there have existed multiple cosmological maps of the world and or realms by many thinkers, a few retained. All this newfangled "everyone is originally from Africa" revisioning has no proveable basis, just like claiming the planet is 4 billion years old has none or Darwinism; yet all are speculative hypotheses some prefer to promote. Carbon dating was scientifically proven to be false by 2000 in the biggest respected journals only to later be hushed, with recent examples of volcanic eruptions being dated wildly inaccurate when dated using that method. The activity of science in general is speculative, until proven by pragmatic litmus tests, such as in applied engineering. Revisionists keep basing their new ideas on political aims rather than the hard traditions of practical and unquestionable authenticity. It is good to question and present new ideas and try new methods but to say something is undeniably true by humans is not quite so simple when surmising the complexities of natural histories we were not even capable of fully witnessing. Reply Miss Manu Miss Manu 10 months ago The mapping seems so counterintuitive. Were there any civilizations present during Pangea? Reply GeoNomad · 4 replies calmplease calmplease 5 months ago My MTDNA mixed China, Southern Laos and Taiwan Reply nwo foe nwo foe 9 months ago Columbus discovered America in 1492. I am so thankful for my early education. I will always trust the Government. Please don't complicate things. 1 Reply 3 replies Patty's Hobby World Patty's Hobby World 10 months ago Amazing..... 2 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Gustav Derkits Gustav Derkits 10 months ago Out of date before you published. Look up the footprints in New Mexico, near White Sands, reliably dated to 21,000 to 23,000 years before present. 4 Reply 2 replies Eric Koch Eric Koch 2 months ago my comment to the Leakey Foundation, ( i am serious ) we had to start somewhere, it's so complex the mind needs the simplifications for initial organization.... but i think Linear human evolution will be looked back upon as tragically over respected, forcing thought to follow suit into a completely blinding oversimplification... human evolution is clearly Not linear, dare i say animals are not plants??? We Can Still Respect The Work Done, it is part of history's history:... But Please, let scientists get this strait without feeling like they are steeping on a giant's toes.... yeah we have to go back over everything....it's a complete mess...... So By All Means, GET OFF HIS SHOULDERS, AND DOWN ONTO HIS TOES !!!! Reply 1 reply Nigar Akthar Nigar Akthar 10 months ago The Eve met Adam at Jabley Rehma Mount of Mercy. Adam landed in srilanka and travelled to Saudi and brought back his wife to South India. They had some children here. Abled and canes graves are here in Rameshwaram. The earliest mitochondrial DNA is found here in south India. Later Adam and Eve returned to her place. 2 Reply 7 replies José Mauro Santos José Mauro Santos 4 days ago please translate all into Portuguese Brazil is very important because we Brazilians are the most missigenated people in the world.. I have 9 European nations. German. Dutch. French. Irish. Scottish. Welsh. Italian .Ukrainian. Portuguese. Nigerian.Kenya.West Africa. mbuti congo. mandé .seneganbia .is Mesoamerican Andean Central and South America 1 GeoNomad Reply Donecia Whittaker Donecia Whittaker 5 months ago Im always interested in these types of videos, but what i cant get pass most of the time is scientific bias. The overt emphasis on the few that migrated rather than the whole that remained. Yes, I'll acknowledge the few wayward that contributed to some other diversity. But the rest that remains is still largely diverse from the few that roamed. This is exactly why we cannot see more of the complete pic. Dim-sightedness. 1 Reply 1 reply Shini Papaya Shini Papaya 10 months ago Tanzania 🇹🇿🇹🇿🇹🇿🇹🇿🇹🇿 to the world 🌎 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Smyth Harris Smyth Harris 10 months ago I'm European, so, as the female Doctor Who said "I'm the upgrade." 4 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Lourenco Fernandes Lourenco Fernandes 10 months ago This Eve must be the wife of Adam. God's creation. 7 Reply GeoNomad · 8 replies Sheimbi Muachinonge Sheimbi Muachinonge 6 months ago Human life started in Middle East, where our first parents Adam and Eve were created from. The paradise of Eden was between Euphrate- and Tigris river. We disseminated from there, not from Lake Victoria, Africa. 1 Reply 2 replies Gibb's Gibb's 6 months ago Tanzania 🇹🇿 is the mother of the World 🌍 1 Reply 1 reply Lovern Temple Lovern Temple 9 months ago Woe to the rebellious children, saith the LORD, that take counsel,but not of me; and that cover with a covering(witchcraft, illuminati, freemasonry,voodoos, psyche, eastern religion, ects) but not of my spirit(Holy Spirit) that they may add sin to sin: Isaiah 30:1 KJV But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: to whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power of God. And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had bewitched them with sorceries. But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women. Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done.8 Acts 8:9‭-‬13 KJV Incline your ear, and come unto me: hear, and your soul shall live; and I will make an everlasting covenant with you, even the sure mercies of David. Seek ye the LORD while he may be found, call ye upon him while he is near: let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts: and let him return unto the LORD, and he will have mercy upon him; and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon. For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the LORD. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. Isaiah 55:3‭, ‬6‭-‬9 KJV. Repent and turn to The Most High God people because hell is very real. We all are eternal spirits living in temporary bodies..no repentance In the grave...hell is eternity of total regrets, pain and miseries.... while you have your being seek the Lord with all of your heart and you will be found of Him. And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart. Jeremiah 29:13 KJV. For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved. He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God. John 3:16‭-‬21 KJV.....please go to YouTube"pastor died and was in the morgue 3days" 1 Reply Kalyebara Paul Kalyebara Paul 10 months ago But what could have been the cause for that migration? Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Listen up Listen up 10 months ago It's shameful that this lake is still named Lake Victoria. 5 Reply GeoNomad · 15 replies Allen Clark Allen Clark 6 months ago One thing confuses me. We know there are several other species of human in our past the bred with us, Neanderthal and Denisovan to name but two. Are we suggesting that none of those females had surviving offspring that made it through to today? You have to account for this hurdle before you can say anything conclusive with regards to L0 being Eve. We also have to consider the divergence from a MRCA, which is presumably far earlier (600kya?) than the origin of L0. I'm not suggesting your info is wrong, just incomplete. Reply 4 replies Barbara Hoffman Barbara Hoffman 8 days ago So much great information in this video, but the narration needs a couple of corrections: MtDNA and haplo are consistently mispronounced, making this vid questionable for use in the classroom. Any chance you can correct them? Reply Gino Matusa Siamen Gino Matusa Siamen 9 months ago Sorry for a dumb question.. Why is she our mitochondrial eve and not her mother? 2 Reply 1 reply 가니サプテラ 가니サプテラ 10 months ago Some people believe this explanation Some people believe adam & eve was first human Some people also believe that human was from alien civilization that came to earth long time ago 😆😁 3 Reply GeoNomad · 5 replies Mapper Gaming Mapper Gaming 5 months ago Started between Euphrates and Tigris rivers in middle east. But I have theory that this is Noah's family line that landed in Africa and spread from there after the reset flood. Reply Dharam धर्म Dharam धर्म 10 months ago How about people on Andaman and North Sentinal island ? Reply 1 reply xiao jun xiao jun 10 months ago 中国山东半岛6500年前发现HV与B5.B4.MTDNA 3 Reply HarmonyB2011 HarmonyB2011 7 months ago What about type K? Reply Gino Gino 9 months ago So if we can somehow modify sperm to "push" into the egg further than they do could we make Mitochondrial Chimeras? Wooooo Reply Ludigo Mhagama Ludigo Mhagama 10 months ago Elkebulan means mankind or the garden of Eden. Africa was called Elkebulan but for no reason they changed it to Africa. Africa came from roman general whose name wa s africanus.The first place to be called Africa was Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania and mali. Just look how Tanzania looks now. It have many species there. They just lied to us garden of Eden was in Iraq or Egypt. Garden of Eden must be on the place is rich with water ,animals , plants and more. Genesis 2:8 the scripture tell us the Eden is located on the source of Nile river. So where is the source of Nile river?. Source of Nile river is lake Victoria and lake tana.archeology might lead us astray or tell us the truth. But the truth we can see now by our eyes open. But we still finding other places. 5 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Eric Koch Eric Koch 2 months ago I WANT A SECOND OPINION !!! Reply Shini Papaya Shini Papaya 10 months ago #Tanzania #Africa 2 Reply FoBy PaWz FoBy PaWz 10 months ago so Europeans, Middle-Easterners, and people from the American continents are the newest genetic variations. hehe 20 Reply GeoNomad · 7 replies Noosa21 Noosa21 10 months ago Australia was inhabited by at least 70k years ago to be correct 2 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Larry Belo Larry Belo 4 months ago Confirm and disclose this information about us I agree and understand….. Reply 🇵🇭homa 🇵🇭homa 10 months ago better than bible. 6 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Carmen Deliman Carmen Deliman 5 months ago Interesting Reply Dwardo Dwardo Dwardo Dwardo 3 months ago Both camels and dogs originated in North America, can you explain the timeline? Reply Y2K Y2K 10 months ago DNA can also trace the trail that Deez nuts left on your chin Geo Nomad. 4 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies youtube boy youtube boy 10 months ago hey man i am from uzbekistan, i am turk descendant what do you think about my results? 2 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Arlene Katz Arlene Katz 10 months ago Thank you 2 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply William Fowler William Fowler 10 months ago her husbands name was Adam? 4 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies make taco make taco 9 months ago but what about Eve's mother? and grandmother? Reply 1 reply D.E 303- A new, low cost, home buildable, solar electric concentrator. D.E 303- A new, low cost, home buildable, solar electric concentrator. 10 months ago with simple skin covered boats the indians of the northwest got around well, and could have arrived from siberia this way. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Playboy Smooth Playboy Smooth 10 months ago Black complexion is the first ever existed 4 Reply GeoNomad · 4 replies Just Sayin' Just Sayin' 6 days ago Who were Eve's parents? 1 Reply Shivanand Sendri Shivanand Sendri 6 months ago Can anyone plz tell the 1987 thesis title and author name? Reply Green Pill Green Pill 10 months ago This is pseudo scientific at best 60 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 84 replies Allin7days Allin7days 7 months ago "Type D advances to Japan via the Korean peninsula" Japanese will hate that statement. lol Reply Cynthia McLaglen Cynthia McLaglen 10 months ago A MAN CAN FIND OUT WHAT HIS MOTHER'S DNA WAS. Cynthia Allen McLaglen Reply Red Matters Red Matters 2 months ago Good. Source truth. G'day Australia from Australia 🇦🇺. 1 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). 9 months ago The distribution of haplogroups only describes such a thing and not which one emerged before another. In other words, you cannot know the direction of the arrows in the timeline. To find out such a thing while there are no other scientific means, which I think there will be for a long time, we have three premises: That the most archaic groups had more time to develop the frontal lobe and refined their food (more micro and macroelements, cooked food and varied) with which there was distribution of the facial and skull massif ( With a larger surface area of the cerebral cortex) they were able to advance socially and technologically (less armed conflicts, more trade, more agreements, more religious uniformity). That there was genetic intervention, and here I say they will open their minds, a genetic intervention is also when "crosses" are carried out with knowledge of the cause. Also the intervention of more intelligent beings or of the deity itself is accepted as an explanation, for this reason they will never find a "lost slave", it was an accelerated advance, as it indicates that they carried the reproductive pattern. The final explanation and that can be shocking, is that there were no favorable crosses and there are races less "favored" intellectually and they simply did not advance. There may be 2 premises that are true or not, but necessarily one of them is.Ishtar fall asleep in East Central Africa. Reply Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). 9 months ago The distribution of haplogroups only describes such a thing and not which one emerged before another. In other words, you cannot know the direction of the arrows in the timeline. To find out such a thing while there are no other scientific means, which I think there will be for a long time, we have three premises: That the most archaic groups had more time to develop the frontal lobe and refined their food (more micro and macroelements, cooked food and varied) with which there was distribution of the facial and skull massif ( With a larger surface area of the cerebral cortex) they were able to advance socially and technologically (less armed conflicts, more trade, more agreements, more religious uniformity). That there was genetic intervention, and here I say they will open their minds, a genetic intervention is also when "crosses" are carried out with knowledge of the cause. Also the intervention of more intelligent beings or of the deity itself is accepted as an explanation, for this reason they will never find a "lost slave", it was an accelerated advance, as it indicates that they carried the reproductive pattern. The final explanation and that can be shocking, is that there were no favorable crosses and there are races less "favored" intellectually and they simply did not advance. There may be 2 premises that are true or not, but necessarily one of them is.Ishtar fall asleep in East Central Africa. Reply Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). Dr. Fabricio Gerardo Aceves Placencia(II). 9 months ago The distribution of haplogroups only describes such a thing and not which one emerged before another. In other words, you cannot know the direction of the arrows in the timeline. To find out such a thing while there are no other scientific means, which I think there will be for a long time, we have three premises: That the most archaic groups had more time to develop the frontal lobe and refined their food (more micro and macroelements, cooked food and varied) with which there was distribution of the facial and skull massif ( With a larger surface area of the cerebral cortex) they were able to advance socially and technologically (less armed conflicts, more trade, more agreements, more religious uniformity). That there was genetic intervention, and here I say they will open their minds, a genetic intervention is also when "crosses" are carried out with knowledge of the cause. Also the intervention of more intelligent beings or of the deity itself is accepted as an explanation, for this reason they will never find a "lost slave", it was an accelerated advance, as it indicates that they carried the reproductive pattern. The final explanation and that can be shocking, is that there were no favorable crosses and there are races less "favored" intellectually and they simply did not advance. There may be 2 premises that are true or not, but necessarily one of them is.Ishtar fall asleep in East Central Africa. Reply Sebastian Rusu Sebastian Rusu 10 months ago If we have between 0-4% Neanderthal DNA , why we don t have mDNA neither Y cromosome from them? 1 Reply xiao jun xiao jun 10 months ago 中国山东省半岛威海市6500年前发现HV型MTDNA与青岛市即墨区6000年前B5.B4.型MTDNA 1 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Sara Murray Sara Murray 1 month ago Where & when did Cro Magnon appear? Reply King Clan King Clan 10 months ago I can't how science says, we are at one point of time NOTHING, just nothing (void). And from nothing comes something. Reply Arzoo Singh Arzoo Singh 1 month ago We are missing lot of points if we are missing geography. Imagine psngea and how land mass could be looked then ? What if Africa ,Middle east and India was one landmass ? Think about it ? So From Africa moved to India but in. Between their were many land mass no trace there ? Strange right ? What if India and Africa was one big landmass (psngea) Counter question ,How would you know how this land mass split ? It's very difficult and unlike many people predict . Reply 1 reply KZ KZ 9 months ago One perspective based on certain facts. 1 Reply Chaton Mignon Chaton Mignon 7 months ago djebel irhoud oldest homosapien found in morocco Reply yc c yc c 2 months ago There’s only one race : human 2 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Jack Kims Jack Kims 7 months ago this is mans homeland Reply Thomas Raymer Thomas Raymer 10 days ago Wow Reply R B R B 10 months ago Even each generation migrate for half a km then also this migration can happen... I wonder why they show family walking long distance in every migration video... Reply Lars Lindström Lars Lindström 10 months ago Haplogroup Z also live in northen Sweden Finland etc. I'm Z1a1a, a late migration about 1000 years ago brought it here , not very common but some saami and finnish etc. Have Z 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply TheEnabledDisabled TheEnabledDisabled 10 months ago how do you make that text to speech voice? I have been trying to find it for a while 1 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Theeraphat Sunthornwit Theeraphat Sunthornwit 10 months ago Does this take into account of earth plate movement... Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply russchadwell russchadwell 3 weeks ago And, then more recently, all types converged in the U.S. 1 Reply Eric Koch Eric Koch 4 months ago watching this video, i just realized i repeated crap.... So Thank You, for saying " this is where mitochondrial eve MAY HAVE lived " ... i heard Botswana before, IF THEY DON'T KNOW, THEY SHOULD SAY THAT !!!.... and when i think about it, there would be no way to determine the geographic origin of the surviving maternal line .... but it makes MUCH More Sense to hypothesize the origin is East afica..... Reply 9 replies Sweetheart Shire Sweetheart Shire 1 month ago Is the really accurate though? What about Pangea? 1 Reply 1 reply Steve Wiles Steve Wiles 9 months ago So who were Eves parents then? Reply Manik Roy Manik Roy 6 months ago They did not travel. Due to the split of the Pangea human splitted into different continents. Reply M N M N 9 months ago Try explaining this to azov battalion 1 Reply Darrin Burkowske Darrin Burkowske 9 months ago Interesting theory.. Reply 1 reply Idris Sulaimon Idris Sulaimon 10 months ago This should be shown to America schools..both primary and high school so maybe it can help those racist to get out off evil doctrine and just enjoy the life as it is. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply bob bray bob bray 2 days ago So this explains the DNA of humans living today, but what about the White Sands, NM human foot prints dated to 23k years ago? Reply Mag Nificent Mag Nificent 10 months ago Let's mention that "genetic Adam" is about 100k younger and from Asia or Eurasia. So that's odd. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Mary Hageman Mary Hageman 9 months ago Now humans have not the balls ! To each other’s to live in peace . That’s how I see it ! Reply melis türk melis türk 10 months ago still to complicated for my brain Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies CoffeeAndTea CoffeeAndTea 2 weeks ago Problem: continents were one land mass. Initial human migration did not have as far to go. Reply DanSk451 DanSk451 2 weeks ago (edited) Wait, should update by 10,000 years the N American continent. But still an interesting map. 1 Reply Revolvermaster Revolvermaster 8 months ago Now with 23.000 y/o footprints in the sw US, this is obsolete Reply David Trotman David Trotman 6 months ago "tried to escape from Africa." Was Africa holding them against their will? Reply JESUS aint Real JESUS aint Real 3 months ago 🌻 1 Reply Ray Robinson Ray Robinson 2 weeks ago (edited) How did M and N emerge? Reply Temi Lola Temi Lola 6 months ago (edited) L2 is from west africa and west africa has the most diverse branches of this haplogroup not east africa or north africa, multiple studies have shown this so I don't know why everyone now is saying it is from east africa this map is wrong Reply thesjkexperience thesjkexperience 9 months ago This is off. Footprints were found in White Sands New Mexico that are 23,000 years old! They must have gotten here by boat. Reply YTN00b YTN00b 9 months ago So garden of Eden was Serengeti ? Reply Hannah Hägg Hannah Hägg 7 months ago Y chromosome tracing can only be used for people born male. While mitrocndrial dna tracing works for everyone, but it's only passed down from mother to child. The father doesn't pass down his mitrocndrial dna. 1 Reply Mark Shearer Mark Shearer 10 months ago So w spend the first several minutes describing something an area of the world as it is today. Not 200K ago 1 Reply Nigar Akthar Nigar Akthar 10 months ago Adam was 60 cubits tall and white Eve was 4 feet and dark Reply 1 reply Victor Kimuyu Victor Kimuyu 10 months ago (edited) 0:16 They were not ESCAPING from Africa. They were SPREADING OUT from Africa. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies SANJIB MUKHERJEE SANJIB MUKHERJEE 8 months ago We are then all from africa.i think r haplogroup and j they mainly seemed apparently to be from central asia and middle east from steppe and iranian farmers migrations. Reply Re Baz Re Baz 9 months ago Great vedio 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Skeptic Skeptic 2 months ago Not too much about Europe, mostly Asia and the Americas. Reply Dimitrios Ginis Dimitrios Ginis 10 months ago How was mitochondriac Eve born? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Kavita Gurappaji Kavita Gurappaji 10 months ago (edited) MY DNA SHOWS THE TRUTH OF THE PUT OF AUSTRALUA THEORY AND THE DREAM TIME!!! Reply PHILL CLAUSS PHILL CLAUSS 9 months ago JUST PROVES WE ARE ALL BROTHERS AND SISTERS... Reply Stephan Stephan 2 weeks ago Thanks for mentioning W. Reply Mayra Barros-Couttinho Mayra Barros-Couttinho 10 months ago (edited) My mtDNA is K1A4, I'm Brazilian. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Renu Marley Renu Marley 9 months ago Therefore I am in understanding that 200k years ago Earth had more land perhaps Atlantis where Tamil Raams neanthdrathol story is related Diwali festival. Buddha statues are full of curly hair. Interesting 🤔 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Mengele Ugulumo Mengele Ugulumo 9 months ago One day Mars people will trace their DNA origins to Earth Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply F1Fanatic F1Fanatic 8 months ago so if we’re all african technically, does that mean i have the n-word pass? asking for a friend 2 Reply Nick Usalis Knight Nick Usalis Knight 8 months ago This is not exactly accurate, as it leaves out a lot of cross breeding, and returning. However, that would make the video too complicated Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Sunil kumawat Sunil kumawat 9 months ago Means Nile river is Life line of human 1 Reply xiao jun xiao jun 8 months ago 东波利尼西亚人起源于青岛市即墨区6000年前B5.B4.型MTDNA Reply Osmar Lopez Osmar Lopez 10 months ago In the bible it doesnt say anything about lake ,garden of eve was between four river not a lake middle east Reply 1 reply Olivia_gv_lo Olivia_gv_lo 4 weeks ago Some men sperm has to travel longer than others.😂 Reply Thor Karlsen Thor Karlsen 8 months ago Type W is missed on this video! Reply Danny Archer Danny Archer 9 months ago And there are literally people out there that say there's no such thing as race. Reply R R R R 10 months ago It was the Khoisan tribes Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Basyir Hamirdin Basyir Hamirdin 10 months ago If you put the world map upside down,the human migration from start to end actually writes an Arabic name.. muhammad. 1 Reply John Madata John Madata 5 months ago Tanzania is the home Reply Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed 10 months ago Africa is the world 1 others are world 2 and 3 1 Reply Gigs Z Gigs Z 8 months ago Mah beautiful map Reply R69NiX R69NiX 3 months ago 1:21 yeh but 1.8m years ago it was totally different. Going to google earth is pointless as it was nothing like that back then. I mean the sahara desert was lush green jungle with lakes and shit. The earth has changed so much in 1.8m year that the place she was born raised is nothing like it is now. Reply Faez Mohtar Faez Mohtar 10 months ago Me as a Malaysian (orang Melayu) probably have a B or F type 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Sam Mayen Sam Mayen 6 months ago Is it not the mountain of the noon that said by the ancient Egyptian Reply Sunil Kulkarni Sunil Kulkarni 1 month ago Humans didn't show up about 200,000 years. What are the different phases of human formation? Reply Meghana Raj Meghana Raj 10 months ago All hail mitrochondrial queen mom! Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply JAYFUL FILMZ JAYFUL FILMZ 2 months ago So thousands of years ago people crossed oceans with no way of bringing enough food & water or no navigation while on rafts for probably weeks to months ? Ok! Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply satya guru satya guru 9 months ago what about concept of pangea? whole land was connected and thats why humans migrated everywhere and you cant tell for sure where eve originated Reply GeoNomad · 3 replies Fadhili Romwald Fadhili Romwald 10 months ago Me watching from Tanzania 🇹🇿 2 Reply GeoNomad · 4 replies William Kirby William Kirby 8 months ago How could they leave Africa 60,000 years ago but then migrate from India 600,000 years ago? Reply 1 reply David McCann David McCann 9 months ago But who were the ancestors of Eve and her family? Reply Andrew Andrew 9 months ago Except the genomic. DNA tells a different story. Reply Pete V Pete V 7 months ago There were already humans in Europe c.200,000 kya Reply 蔡宗梁 蔡宗梁 3 months ago Africa Kilimanjaro mountain and Victory Lake is constitutional to human native land elements ; So that human migration in the globe like search new habitat land will require mountain that's neighbors lake like African homeland ! structure ! Reply Jonathan Herman Jonathan Herman 5 months ago The audacity of us to think we can predict the past or future of human anything.the earth has a cycle,reconstructing itself over and over again..we r seeing 1 cycle only... Reply Fernando Peña Fernando Peña 10 months ago (edited) This video: exists Book of Genesis: Am I a joke to you? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Andre Love Andre Love 9 months ago Yes listen very clearly people did not try to escape from the motherland in ancient times people migrated out of the motherland into a different atmosphere. Listen to the words clearly dude you learn something. 2 Reply 2 replies Harmon Hendricks Harmon Hendricks 5 months ago Modern man was in the United States 12000 years ago for a fact more than likely longer more research is needed Reply macewan macewan 9 months ago Australia has been populated passed 50,000 BCE. 1 Reply 3 replies Colin G Colin G 10 months ago I thought they discovered older homo sapiens remains in the caucuses? Was that suppressed---? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Shablé Shablé 8 months ago Your off on your timing around 8:20 by at least 5 k years. How do I know this? Evidence has been proved that the white sands footprint is 21-25k old so that itself makes your patterns off, at least in years alone, many years alone 1 Reply MsPokey1234 MsPokey1234 2 weeks ago But who was Eve's parents? Reply 1 reply Parthasarathy Venkatadri Neo Vlogs Parthasarathy Venkatadri Neo Vlogs 10 months ago I dont understand the connectivities .. couldnt evolutionary pressures created similar organisms throughout the world or atleast multiple places ... 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply This-abled: The Extraverted Hermit This-abled: The Extraverted Hermit 10 months ago Why did you skip K? Are you including it with U? 🧐🤔😊 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies InsideOutside UpsideDown InsideOutside UpsideDown 9 months ago The human race began in Mesopotamia/fertile crescent area, not Africa. Reply 1 reply Astien Perez Astien Perez 7 months ago Africa is close to south America u think they could've made boats to get there? Reply BW Bailey BW Bailey 2 months ago No, Mt Ararat 🇦🇲 Reply Pokemon Monster Pokemon Monster 9 months ago There are 7 origin all over the places, don't let the somebody fool you with fake data. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply JO JO 1 month ago Just Curious, what Country in Africa is L0a1a find in? 1 Reply Shri Pope Al Khalifa Shri Pope Al Khalifa 2 months ago You left the european migration to americas and ausses And east africans to americas And middle easterns to north africa and central asia Reply Nazir Life101 Nazir Life101 9 months ago Eve was the mother of the LIVING - MANY are the walking DEAD! 1 Reply Pratik Singh Pratik Singh 9 months ago Super research and editing but why use computer generated voice? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Robert Alpha Robert Alpha 2 weeks ago Excuse me sur but in 2027 anthropologists found thé oldest homo sapiens in North Africa exactly in Morocco ...it's old of 300k years ... Reply Marcus Calloway Marcus Calloway 9 months ago So we are all black ✊🏾 love all of y’all Reply RobertBobby PelletreauJr RobertBobby PelletreauJr 2 weeks ago Whoa! Reply zinzi maranjana zinzi maranjana 5 months ago Anyone who brings any acts of hate and racism should be struck down.!we all belong to one Mother. 1 Reply itsjamesclarence itsjamesclarence 5 months ago do you know where L3b comes from. because 23andMe could not trace or find it Reply Polychronis Drone Polychronis Drone 10 months ago Unfortunately this video is based on old knowledge. New scientific evidence tells us that the first humans extisted in Greece and the southern Balkans much earlier then the first humans of the African continent 2 Reply 7 replies riptorn riptorn 9 months ago The oldest woman was just a Khoisan Reply nonya0 nonya0 3 months ago wait u telling me these people already invented boat? 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply xiao jun xiao jun 10 months ago 中国山东省半岛威海市6500年前发现HV型MTDNA与青岛市即墨区6000年前B5.B4.型MTDNA怎么起源的? 1 Reply riley escabor riley escabor 8 months ago Wow I was born here Reply Ranjith Paramashivam Ranjith Paramashivam 10 months ago But we have discovered tools use by human ancestors in ATHIRAMPAKKAM, TAMIL NADU dating back to more thaan 3,50,000 years... Then how come out of Africa possible??? Xplain that please... Reply 1 reply Monny Yell Monny Yell 9 months ago Escape 🤔 what were they fleeing 🤔 Reply SOCO TROCO SOCO TROCO 1 month ago this explanation arises many other questions not fully answered like the diversities of the human race or if only a bunch of people left Africa how they multiply in a biblical way around the world? Reply 3 replies Destroying Angel Destroying Angel 10 days ago W r o n g Reply Hậu Nguyễn Hậu Nguyễn 10 months ago We are all have the same homeland, this is Africa. 2 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Simon indra Simon indra 2 months ago Humans evolve simultaneously everywhere.and they decent from great sages. A worm can not make a human of a demigod.it happen from higher to lower consciousness .the other way around. Reply DHARMNIRPEKSH BHARAT DHARMNIRPEKSH BHARAT 10 months ago First man Adam A. S ♥ 1 Reply afisnet afisnet 2 months ago You should start with "Hello mortals" Reply Dutch Ceezweh Dutch Ceezweh 6 months ago The whole world is Afrika! Reply Concerned Concerned 10 months ago protect the “Mother Land” it IS in US. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Helder Almeida Helder Almeida 10 months ago China has to say something about that because of their resent finding of our ancestors 1.2 million years ago 1 Reply 2 replies Sandro Botticelli Sandro Botticelli 2 months ago Where did you lose the haplogroup K? Reply Jamilah Wati Jamilah Wati 9 months ago Type B look like conquer the world in the past... 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply chickengeorge chickengeorge 10 months ago No it doesn't, it offers one possibility not the actual evidence 1 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Mick Mouse Mick Mouse 10 months ago We cant discount earlier civilisations than the stated time period Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply John has a long mustache John has a long mustache 2 months ago This didn’t age well Reply Alkebulan Lion Alkebulan Lion 10 months ago The san are the oldest people on earth we all are African also the hadza Reply Jimmy Yang Jimmy Yang 10 months ago So we're all African in a nutshell 2 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Ben Sehon Ben Sehon 8 months ago I don't buy the believe that humans only used the land bridge to enter north America I don't think we give the Polynesians enough credit for their seamanship I believe they where able to sail to the west coast and south America 1 Reply 1 reply kabache ouiza kabache ouiza 10 months ago what if . what if your theory is wrong ?what if the human beings came from the antarctic? Reply GeoNomad · 7 replies Johnny Mosley Johnny Mosley 7 months ago Ask those beings that created us . Earth atmosphere changed. Our people skin was dark purple . Some green Reply Ivan G Ivan G 10 months ago What if, last ice age was not an ice age, but was actually nuclear winter, brought on by nuclear war, and the only humans that survived were in that area, and then they re-populated the world? 1 Reply 2 replies DM DM DM DM 10 months ago Nice video but what is that strange English narrative all about? Is it an actual person or a machine ? 1 Reply GeoNomad · 4 replies Nat Violen Nat Violen 9 months ago (edited) I really have difficulty grasping this. If all of us descended from a single woman, this would mean excessive inbreeding, wouldn't it. Can that be? Or did I miss something? 1 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies WayOfBenandante WayOfBenandante 11 months ago I am C and Im in central Europe:) 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply AFRICA RISEUP TV AFRICA RISEUP TV 6 months ago TANZANIA 🇹🇿 Reply A Telugu Boy from Andhra A Telugu Boy from Andhra 10 months ago Please explain about Ydna haplogroup F 2 GeoNomad Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Amnesty International Amnesty International 11 months ago I am U2e3b (C394T), From Mongolia, But I am a Asian. 2 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply SuperGirl1970 Carver SuperGirl1970 Carver 13 days ago (edited) and then we go back and enslave our grand parents. Reply Danny Bungee Danny Bungee 10 months ago Left India 600,000 years ago? Or, 60,000? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply 蔡宗梁 蔡宗梁 3 months ago I agreed videos concept ! If ET will revise earth animals gene create wisdom life must select Africa victory lake area because that's near equator and animals species diversity use " Ray " that'scan change animals gene so that create human ! The Ray is universe consciousness ! Reply Ramakrishnan Subbiyan Ramakrishnan Subbiyan 10 months ago கிளிநொச்சி கிளி மா ஐந்து✋ ஆரோ.. It's Tamil 🔱📖🌱roots Tanzania🇹🇿 Tamil 🔱same 👍🌱roots Massasai Mass.. Asai Ma means biggest thing🐒 Tamil 🥭ma n goes.. 💪Am Ams 💪💪🤘🌱🌹🌻🌺🙏👣👁 2 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply FRISHR FRISHR 3 weeks ago So we all came from Africa, does that mean everyone has the N word pass? 2 Reply Savarkar IAS Study Circle Savarkar IAS Study Circle 10 months ago This theory is not giving satisfactory answer about Rampithecus. Reply Koula’s World Koula’s World 5 days ago I belong to haplogroup K. This video didn’t speak of them. 1 Reply John John 2 months ago Pure theory that just like the theory that we evolved from apes will be disproved Reply SOCO TROCO SOCO TROCO 8 months ago can you explain how a bunch of people that left Africa multiplied around the world over and into different human races? this is not well explained by mutations and interbreeding with Neanderthals. 1 Reply Juan Carlos Saavedra Juan Carlos Saavedra 10 months ago AFRICA IS WERE MAN BEGAN Charles Darwin Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply John Trex John Trex 9 months ago there're some folks have in them fallen angel genes, knew as the "people of confusion" just follow the trail of devastation you will find them, you welcome Reply Donald Clifford Donald Clifford 10 months ago So we are all related! Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Wm. G. Thilgen Jr. Wm. G. Thilgen Jr. 9 months ago Using what knowledge of known or accepted to be known laws of physics. Humans have come to the conclusion that every thing in the entire known and yet unknown universe consist of only three catagories. In alphabetical order, they are Animal, Minaral and Vegatable. Though thre are those that can and would and have debated it. Human's like it or not, belong to the Animal catagory. And because no two spieces of animals are able to communticate. We have deceided that we are the more intelligent and refer to any and all of the rest as the lower form of animals. Biological life forms that most commonly exist are Animal, Vegatable and micro biological. One of the later is referred to as a virus. Any and all forms of biological life forms have, had and will continue to do, is spread from their orignal location to any and all other locations on the planet. Any and all biological life forms compet with not only other life forms but themselves in the process for their particual lives of seeking food, shelter, and in out case today, clothing. However, we the most intelligent of all the various biological life form that are known and those yet unknown; Are the only biological life form that not only has the ability, but is in the process though we know it will happen and still not do anything to stop it. Cause our own submise. NONE of the supposed less intelligent life forms which are animal, vegatable or micro biological, as far as weve been able to ascertain have such an ability nor if they have, are in a deliberate process as we are to cause their own submise. One can only concure that the only way for humans to stop the process we are deliberately doing is to mandate every single human alive to day to have a labodomy. But then, that would mean there would be at least one becasue doing a lobodomy on ones self isn't possible. He/she/ it, would eventually be the cause when mating with any one who has been labodimize, start the entire process of eventually deliberately starting the whole process again. 1 Reply Samuel Mulambia Samuel Mulambia 7 months ago Help grace my blood group Reply Betty-Boo Betty-Boo 8 days ago Why do they say 'escape' Africa? Reply Kent Milbrandt Kent Milbrandt 9 months ago Sounds like Someone speculating. How come so many colors. Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies nour adis nour adis 6 months ago How do you explain most of the DNA of North African people indicates that they are from North Africa and the rest of their results from Europe, but they attribute us to the Arabs. 🤔 Reply 1 reply AFRICA4AFRICANS AFRICA4AFRICANS 2 months ago Escape from Africa I mean really escape from Africa?????!!!!! Reply Arthur Dent Arthur Dent 9 months ago Great info , would’ve preferred a real human doing the presentation tho … nobody likes these talking info bots 1 Reply GeoNomad · 2 replies Special K Special K 6 months ago This has some big flaws in it better check out Reply Boy in blue Boy in blue 9 months ago Would have been loads better without that terrible AI voice, but other than that this is amazing. 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Gift Mumba Gift Mumba 10 months ago Vital information Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Dcain2 Dcain2 4 months ago Essentially the negrito populations of Asia are so distant from African negros because they are the descendants of the first migrants out of Africa and never went back”… groups who left Africa to the Middle East and to Europe, some migrated back into Africa and back out Reply Paul Waweru Paul Waweru 10 months ago why "escape"? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply tom clams tom clams 5 months ago man started in the middle east region not africa.because u find some bones what makes u so sure that those bones are the oldest bones there just the oldest bones youve found and thats 1 in a billion chance that those are them. on top of that the further u get from africa mans iq gos up not down. Reply Obie Obie 1 month ago None of this correlates with the Sumerian history (first civilization) or any religions or any stories or fables of any ancient cultures. This would make sense if we could figure out human evolution or why it all started in Africa and not anywhere else where there was mammals. How does this all add up when talking about Pangea and the dinosaurs...did we just pop up out of know where well after the continents settled. Where was human's ancestors before mitochondrial eve and after the great asteroid that split Pangea. Did all life go to the void till there was a environment to support it then over millions of years we evolved into a creature that could make the best use of what was left after the dinosaurs and continent shifts? why is it after millions of years no other species is par with us or has a intellect to use what we have or adapt to environments like we have. if this is true 200,000 years is enough to turn a monkey into a human... so why wasn't it enough to turn a dolphin or a reptile into something more then a pet like unintelligent species? After seeing this I have so many questions... I'm even more perplexed about the origins of mankind then ever before... 1 Reply Janae Salome Janae Salome 1 month ago L0 is not on your map. 1 Reply Babu Rao Babu Rao 10 months ago (edited) What about man who ejected the sprem.so there must be vast population consisting of men and women. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Daniel Abednego Daniel Abednego 9 months ago Man never came from Africa but from Mesopotamia. Reply 3 replies Lugano Albert Lugano Albert 10 months ago What about people color. In which way they were changing in color and physical apperance? Example from black to Chines to indiana to Whitw people!!? Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply shanel richard shanel richard 10 months ago Wtf East Africa in not a country, just say Tanzania 2 Reply 1 reply Abubakar Abdallah Abubakar Abdallah 6 months ago In that regard...What is the essence of RACISM?... Reply James Striggles James Striggles 8 days ago Why is your Africa so small? Reply Randel Hodge Randel Hodge 9 months ago Does anyone else find the computer-generated narration a bit off-putting? Otherwise, this is a great video. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Fahmi Kamil Fahmi Kamil 6 months ago ethiopia. say it!!! Reply char char 10 months ago i am D1😁 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Nelson Hoeseb Nelson Hoeseb 6 months ago Really as long as it goes against what God said in the bible neh. Reply U Than Win U Than Win 10 months ago Explain that human beings are from Buma Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Abdull Mohamed Abdull Mohamed 9 months ago 😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣 what?! Reply 1 reply H E H E 4 weeks ago video is missng denisovans that recently discovered. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply K C W K C W 9 months ago THIS is the Bible. I wonder how long it will take humanity to get with it? Reply 1 reply Mattasaraus Mattasaraus 10 months ago Yeah, right. Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply war hammered war hammered 2 months ago If the out of Africa theory is true. why isn't Africa the most advanced place on earth ? Reply nasi goreng pecel es teh nasi goreng pecel es teh 1 month ago Yang menggerakan orang kuno dulu untuk menjelajah dan tinggal apa? Kenapa mereka menjelajah hanya saat jaman es..dan berkembang biak pas jaman es berakhir.. Bukan kan menjelajah dan berkembang biak selalu ada karena perdagangan atau karena bencana atau makanan Reply Jpw property care . Driveways and landscaping Jpw property care . Driveways and landscaping 10 months ago 😂 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Yiannis R Yiannis R 3 months ago nice fairy tale haha 1 GeoNomad Reply maryan farah maryan farah 10 months ago My father side E35 my mother is L2 1 Reply GeoNomad · 1 reply Craig Scott Craig Scott 2 months ago Negative.... Zapteca Mexico, cave with human artifacts dated to 30,000 years. Caral Supe Peru oldest known civilization ... Monte Verde Chile , evidence possibly 5000 years older than Clovis culture. Bearing Straight wasn't where the first human crossed. Reply zombieat zombieat 1 month ago 2:27 / 8:31 Evolution from ape to man. From Proconsul to Homo heidelbergensis Scientists Against Myths 76.3K subscribers Subscribe 125K Share 12,703,297 views Aug 18, 2019 For Millions of years, our planet has been floating in space. Millions of creatures have lived on its surface. Many a quaint being was among them, but they affected only our, human imagination, for in the evolutionary struggle we are the only ones who have obtained the advantage of reason. Evolution from ape to man The animated movie made by Sergey Krivoplyasov and Antropogenez.ru in 2017 Why don’t apes evolve into humans? https://youtu.be/cfqIpr_xWlE Subscribe to our channel: https://clck.ru/Jnmvo Become a Patron: https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?c=19... Сharacters (human ancestors): - Proconsul heseloni - Ardipithecus ramidus - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis - Homo ergaster - Homo heidelbergensis The following people took part in the creation of the cartoon: - Alexander Sokolov - science consultant, project management; - Stanislav Drobyshevskiy - science consultant, screenplay, Russian voiceover. - Sergey Krivoplyasov https://www.facebook.com/krivoplyasov - animation, characters set up, shaders, lighting, characters design, modeling, surrounding modeling, composing, edition, special effects. Optimization and rendering. Screenplay assistance, directing, producing and management. Everything was created and rendered with one computer :) 3D models by: - Oleg Avramenko; - Oleg Prosvirnin; - Dmitriy Shilov; - Vladimir Saenkov; - Alexey Troshin. Episode 3 and 4 motion capture by Vadim Garelin (Vataga Studio) Russian voiceover: MARAKUJA Records; English translation by Ilya Mukhanov; English voiceover by Josh Bloomberg; English voiceover support: Clarus Victoria English voice processing: Ivan Pereligin Spanish subtitles: Luca ML Bulgarian subtitles: Viktoria Tsaryova German subtitles: Yurii Erofeev Serbian subtitles: Elizabeta Musić Information Support: Sci-One Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSaV... Technological Support: XXII century web portal https://22century.ru/ Skulls were provided by the State Biological Museum named after K.A. Timiryazev. Crownfunding and information support - Dmitriy Puchkov and Studio "Polniy P" https://oper.ru (c) ANTROPOGENEZ.RU https://vk.com/antropogenez_ru https://www.facebook.com/antropogenez/ Contact E-mail: g_souris@mail.ru Skype: ya-kudzo Key moments View all 47,942 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... Scientists Against Myths Pinned by Scientists Against Myths Scientists Against Myths 3 years ago (edited) The animated movie made by Sergey Krivoplyasov and Antropogenez.ru Why don’t apes evolve into humans? https://youtu.be/cfqIpr_xWlE Subscribe to our channel: https://clck.ru/Jnmvo Become a patron: https://www.patreon.com/join/antropogenez_world 1K Reply Scientists Against Myths · 325 replies Cactus Cactus 9 months ago It's amazing that the skulls remain in the soil for millions of years for us to do such detailed scientific researches on. Without them, we never knew what they looked like or how they evolved. Fossils really are precious legacy of our ancestors. 997 Reply 100 replies GC OMG GC OMG 2 months ago This brought tears in my eyes. This was so nostalgic for me to watch and reminded me of how different the new generations grew up compared to us straight out of monkey folks. Kids these days will never know the feeling of a successful hunt after a week with barely any food. Thank you for making this video, no matter how much this made me feel old, at least the kids have an idea of how lucky they are right now to be able to have everything we worked billions of years for. 133 Reply 113 replies SolatiumEnDolore SolatiumEnDolore 6 months ago It's truly very fascinating too look at the skulls and fossils of these ancient human ancestors and then seeing their reconstructions. 54 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people, usually creationists, lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 32 Reply 12 replies Nate Myers Nate Myers 6 months ago "Man was now armed." That sounded amazing and highly ominous at the same time 104 Reply 1 reply Abominatrix650 Abominatrix650 1 month ago Remarkable job! This is how to best explain the evolutionary history of humans! Cutting edge science illustrated through equally impressive CGI models and animations is the way to go! 8 Reply Ung chheangly Ung chheangly 2 years ago human long ago: survival mode human now: creative mode 3.8K Reply 98 replies AdamThtGuy AdamThtGuy 7 months ago (edited) Monkeys and apes has long stayed in trees like are ancestors. Most likely they died often from the predators during those times until now. And I believe this was the event that kept them from evolving like we did. Our ancestors that parted ways in caves to keep warm from the Ice age and have better protection from the insane predators that existed at those times, which would had been the biggest factor in humans evolution while at the same time we self domesticated. Living longer, losing hair ( mammals and long term hiding from the elements equals losing hair LOL and changing of color), which allowed our bonds stronger with eachother and surviving better eventually getting smarter do to the fact we lived longer ( more time to learn). Let's say if some of us survived an attack from some predator we could then spread the knowledge they learnt. Otherwise if wiped out there would be no way for them to spread knowledge.(I believe all living things learn this way that's how creatures know things they know now, because of the continuous passing knowledge or them showing the others. For example the parents or elderly acting in a certain way to certain events, the young would always follow their parents foot steps or older family members and do what they seen their elderly do in the same event. Basically creatures still alive had some other to show them things. And if not these creatures would whine up doing something they shouldn't unless instinct tells them different. You can notice different behaviors between a solo creature vs. a group. And these incidents is what brought the Ardipithecus to eventually evolve into the Homo Habilis whom were there at the time of the Ice Age. This is just my theory and what information I find true and accurate. Thanks for this video! 32 Reply 9 replies DasMoken DasMoken 4 months ago Very nicely narrated. I'm a little bothered by the transition to two legs and "life in the trees was left for good" early humans, being much closer to Ape's would be climbing trees and such all the time. Theire Movement would be much more fluid and animalistic compared to the way whe move today. It wasn't just like once they where walking on two legs they instantly just started adapting the movement of the modern man. Here it seems more like a snap of the finger thing. like whe left the trees and boom next stage? I think the transition to walking the way they do in these animations would have been much much slower. Whenever theres a animation or anything they always are just walking like us. Just wouldnt be the case. 2 Reply 2 replies rhager842 rhager842 4 months ago (edited) Here's a list for those who are confused: Proconsul heseloni - 18-15 million years ago, our oldest ancestor to date. Missing Links - A gap in the fossil record. This species connected Proconsuls and Sahelanthropus tchadensis, and lived from 15-9 million years ago. So far, no such species has been found. Sahelanthropus tchadensis - 9-7 million years ago, this is where the evolutionary tree split into chimps and humans. Orrorin tugenensis - 7-4 million years ago, not confirmed to be part of the human evolutionary tree, but widely agreed to be the next step. Ardipithecus ramidus - 4-3 million years ago, the first confirmed species in the evolutionary tree to have acquired bipedalism. Australopithecus afarensis - 3-2 million years ago, the first species in the evolutionary tree to have nearly mastered bipedalism, due to the harsh climates of Africa's savanna. Australopithecus africanus - 2.9-2.5 million years ago, brain was still small and primitive, but they had more defined human characteristics. Homo erectus - 2 million to 700 thousand years ago, known as "upright man" due to them having mastered bipedalism. Homo habilis - 2.5-1.6 million years ago, created the first tools and left the trees for good. Homo ergaster - 1.6-1.4 million years ago, created stone spears and tools, hunting became easier and bigger game was being hunted at this point in time. Homo heidelbergensis - 800-200 thousand years ago, colonized beyond Africa and reached southern Asia. Fire was likely discovered at this point, allowing food to be cooked, which fueled their ever growing brain. Homo neanderthalensis - 200-40 thousand years ago, brain was large enough to develop culture, create crude art, and develop language. Homo sapiens: 300 thousand years ago to now, lived alongside Homo neanderthalensis until they died out 40 thousand years ago, leaving Homo sapiens to be the only one left in the Homo genus. Thanks to increased development of intelligence, they colonized the entire planet, developed more advanced culture and art, created literature, more advanced languages, and created machinery. 68 Reply 21 replies SolracCAP SolracCAP 1 month ago Great animation. Wish this were longer with inclusion of Sahelanthropus Tchadensis, Orrorin Tugenensis, Australopithecus Sediba, and us! 10 Reply 3 replies George George 1 year ago That was a key stage, when they started to bury the dead, showed care and respect for other individuals plus the thinking process to prevent the body from being consumed by other preditory animals. 864 Reply 27 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago FUN FACT: All chordates possess a tail and pharyngeal slits at some point in their lives, and humans are no exception. Early on in human development, the embryo has both a tail and pharyngeal slits, both of which are lost during the course of development. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx of a vertebrate embryo that develop into gill arches in the bony fishes and into the jaws and inner ear in the terrestrial vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits and tails are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share as common ancestors the fish in which these structures first evolved. Every human embryo starts to develop a tail for a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It is most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. 7 Reply 3 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago Genetics is a truly fascinating subject. Of the approximately 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome, less than 2% of it codes for proteins. As much as 8% consists of Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV"s). They are 'fossil' DNA remnants of retroviral infections that at one time infected our ancestors. That makes us part virus. While most of those ERV's are no longer capable of reemerging as pathogens, their DNA comprises a genetic parts bin; bits and pieces of which have been co-opted by host organisms and used to their advantage. Some ERV genes that are involved in regulating replication or overcoming host defenses. Any of these sequences can potentially be co-opted by the host genome. One of the most spectacular examples is that of the syncytins, which are derived from ERV envelope (env) genes. In mammals, they are employed for placental implantation in early pregnancy. If an embryo does not implant in the uterine wall, it is flushed out in the next menstrual cycle. HERVs are those Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's) found in the human genome. A few HERV'S are unique to humans, having infected an ancestral hominin population sometime after their split from their common chimp-bonobo ancestor. Most of those HERVs are also found at the same location in chimps/bonobos, indicating their derivation from a common ancestor. There are other HERV's whose ancestry goes way back to early primates. One of those, HERV-W, originated in Old World Monkeys (OWM) many millions of years prior to the chimp-human split. It is the ENV (envelope) gene from HERV-W that is the source of the Syncytin-1 protein that aids implantation of an embryo in the uterus of humans and other hominids. 6 Reply محمد جاسم /Mohammed Jassim محمد جاسم /Mohammed Jassim 2 weeks ago All respect to the guy who travel all that time to record this 6 Reply 3 replies Jacobb Chapman Jacobb Chapman 7 months ago I learned this in my physical anthropology class. 4 Reply GoldTheRealMc? GoldTheRealMc? 1 month ago love this video. It amazes me how humanity went from stone tools to going to the moon! 3 Reply 2 replies XVITNG XVITNG 7 months ago Wow. I would love an hour long video with who ever made this. That was so informative. And to the point. Thank you 68 Reply 10 replies Abyss Creature Katsu Abyss Creature Katsu 1 year ago (edited) Humans million years ago: Hunts various animals with ease Humans now: Scared of flying cockroach Edit: There’s a dumb conflict going on in my reply section 2.4K Reply 147 replies Boosie DaHarris Boosie DaHarris 5 months ago (edited) I remember first finding out about evolution got me really into prehistoric animals more and more I also believe that god helped us evolve to survive or created a cell that would help animals evolve to survive harsh environments but the process took 1 million years to adapt and some animals went extinct overtime not being able to adapt quick enough 1 Reply 5 replies WEB SERIES WEB SERIES 3 months ago Thank you saved me a lot of time trying to browse videos for an actual working one 2 Reply Jopo Jopo 2 months ago To that one ancestor millions of years ago that I evolved from, thanks. 4 Reply 1 reply Smb Smb 4 months ago Great job! Reply Squicx Squicx 1 year ago Knowing they roamed an empty earth where there’s now cities and houses musta been surreal 934 Reply 24 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 4 Reply Juliand Angelo Gumpal Juliand Angelo Gumpal 3 months ago Nice story love it, also It gave me goose bumps I don't know why :)) 3 Reply X-Lendrow X-Lendrow 9 days ago Your ancestor may be an ape, but mine is human. 5 Reply 6 replies Zan The RoboFooxX👑 Zan The RoboFooxX👑 3 months ago Best Demonstration Of Evolution 1 Reply Fishee Fishee 3 months ago Holy crap this animation is so good 8 Reply Big Brother Big Brother 2 years ago What blows my mind is that out of all the generations of hominids born before me stretching back millions of years; I was lucky enough to be born now, in the only time it's been possible to know about our hominid ancestors! hits bong again 1.2K Scientists Against Myths Reply 100 replies Tic Toc Melody Tic Toc Melody 4 months ago Excellent, excellent job. Reply focus focus focus focus 7 months ago this is so much interesting and amazing as well 2 Reply Business History Business History 2 months ago Nice one - Evolution from ape to man. From Proconsul to Homo heidelbergensis 👌👌👌👍👍👍👍👍 Reply Happily Secular Happily Secular 1 month ago (edited) More questions for creatards: Where can I find a map of your space frisbee that makes geometrically accurate flight patterns? What is the flerfer explanation for the phases of the moon? What is the flat earth method for predicting a lunar or solar eclipse? 4 Reply Willy willy Willy willy 1 year ago This is the proof, cameramen are immortal 3.3K Reply 86 replies Happily Secular Happily Secular 1 month ago Questions creatards never answer: Why do endogenous retroviruses like syncityn exist? Why do antibiotics need to kept up do date with micro organisms if they don’t evolve? How do you explain ring species? Where can I find a single example of a non-transitional fossil? Why does DNA show that some species are more distantly related than others? Why have there been three new variations of American Goatsbeard flowers if macro evolution doesn’t happen? 5 Reply Cameron Hall Cameron Hall 2 months ago Title is a bit misleading since we are still apes but I get the point 3 Reply Chris C Chris C 4 months ago I wish this was longer and just fascinating 3 Reply Praneeth 814 Praneeth 814 3 months ago That looks so cool ,thanks! 1 Reply Aadithyadev 777 Aadithyadev 777 1 year ago Thanks to the animation team who worked hard for this 419 Reply 130 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Appartently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationist have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 10 Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago A COMMON MISCONCEPTION is that evolution should lead to some particular trait, such as a large brain. There is no "goal' to evolution; not speed, not strength, not intelligence and certainly not 'humanity'. Evolution is about one thing: survival. Evolution occurs at the molecular level. In every living species, mutations copy errors) occur with every cell division and replication Those mutations are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. It is the then current environment which wields the pruning shears, favoring those mutations that best suit the organism for that environment and apes were very well suited for their forest environment. Millions of years ago, when forests covered much of Africa, those forests harbored 30 or more species of apes, but as the climate of east Africa changed becoming dryer, the forests diminished and grasslands expanded. Competition among apes species increased and many went extinct. One population of apes that, as the forests retreated, opted for life on the open savanna, stood on two feet and faced different evolutionary pressures that set their descendants on an evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. The populations of apes that stayed in the forests became today's chimps, bonobos, orangs and gorillas. The modern human brain is about 2% of total body mass, yet is requires fully 20% of total caloric consumption. I think you can understand that for most animals it is a daily challenge to consume enough calories just to survive, and the energy demands of a larger brain would be more of a burden than an asset. It is also the case that the larger human brain requires that babies be born at a less advanced stage of neural development placing an additional burden primarily on the mother. Japanese researchers have compared brain scans of baby macaques, chimps and human children and found that brain volume for both chimp and human babies increase at three times the rate of infant macaques, however, during early childhood, human brain expansion was twice that of chimpanzees due to rapid growth of connections between brain cells. In the human infant, fully 60% of caloric intake go into neuronal development. For most other species, the necessity for such a long childhood would place them at a survival disadvantage. Two human characteristics, a large brain and a long childhood are interrelated and both had their beginnings in our primate ancestors. Unlike many other mammals whose survival was dependent on large litters of young and the odds that at least some of them would survive, Primates already had a larger brain than most other mammals of comparable size, and parlayed that benefit into having fewer offspring (only two 'feeding stations') and investing time and effort in teaching survival tactics to one, or at most two, offspring. Primates have a comparatively long 'childhood' during which time the brain continues to grow and add neurons. Humans have the longest childhoods of all primates. Evolution occurs by incremental modification of existing structures. Among primates, we see increases in brain size from Prosimians (like Lemurs and Lorises) to Simians (Monkeys, apes and humans). Among those simians we see increases in brain size and cognition from New World Monkeys to Old World Monkeys and still further expansion in apes, particularly in the Great Apes (Hominids). In general, that expansion of the brain follows primate evolution. That trend toward an ever larger cranial capacity (brain size) is also seen in the evolution of the human species. A brain, being soft tissue, has not been found in fossils, but brain size can be inferred from cranial capacity. Our early bipedal ancestors, Australopithecines, such as the famous "Lucy" fossil (Australopithecus afarensis), had a cranial capacity (375 to 550 cc) somewhat larger than that of modern chimpanzees. Fossils from that species are dated 3.9–2.9 mya. They were followed by Australopithecus africanus, which lived from 3.67 to 2 mya, then by the genus Homo lineage: H. habilis 2.3–1.65 mya (500–900 cm3); H. erectus (aka H. ergaster) about 2 mya to ca. 117 to108kya (They had a large variation in brain size - from 546–1,251 cc). H. erectus was the most successful hominid species, with populations existing for 2 mya and spanning Africa and much of Eurasia. They diverged into multiple species, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, et al, including the common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. sapiens. Several hominin species were contemporaries in time and interbreeding between them took place. Some fossils are difficult to classify, quite possibly due to such interbreeding. See: 'List of human evolution fossils'. We are just now beginning to understand the environmental pressures that lead to a larger brain; increasingly complex social networks, and in humans, where the development of language enabled a culture built around tool manufacture and use. Cooperative hunting no doubt played a role as well. The challenges of a rapidly changing climate may also have been a contributing factor. If it had not been for the development of language, humanity would have had to continuously re-invent the Acheulian Hand Axe. Two factors allowing human speech are the hyoid bone, also present in Neanderthals, to which the muscles of the tongue are attached, and a particular variant of the FOXP2 gene found in other mammals that allows for complex speech. Humans share this variant with both Neanderthal and Denisovans, indicating that it was inherited from a common ancestor. Neither chimps, bonobos or other apes have that variation, indicating that it arose sometime after the species diverged. So, yes, the human evolutionary history is indeed complex, but as Richard Feynman said, "Science is the joy of finding things out.". We are getting a lot of clues as to the expansion of the human brain from embryology and comparative genomics, but we see a progression in brain size from early mammals to primates, to monkeys, to apes and to humans. In addition, while most mammal brains are smooth, primate brains have convolutions which increase the surface area of the cortex. Those convolutions increase from monkeys to apes and more in humans. See: "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Wolfgang Enard, Molly Przeworski, Simon E. Fisher, Cecilia S. L. Lai, Victor Wiebe, Takashi Kitano, Anthony P. Monaco, Svante Pääbo Nature 418, 869 - 872 (22 Aug 2002) ------------------ "The increase in total cerebral volume during early infancy and the juvenile stage in chimpanzees and humans was approximately three times greater than that in macaques," the researchers wrote in the journal article. But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter. Chimpanzee brain volumes ballooned about half that of humans' expansion during that time period. Human Intelligence Secrets Revealed by Chimp Brains By Tia Ghose, Senior Writer | December 18, 2012 07:01pm with additional increaseabout 1.6 mi 4 Reply 1 reply Munis is channel Munis is channel 10 days ago நான் ஒரு தமிழன் என்பதில் பெருமை கொள்கிறேன்... ஊமையாக இருந்த மனித இனம், பேச ஆரம்பித்த முதல் மொழி, எங்கள் தமிழ் மொழி ❤️💪 1 Reply briezzy365 briezzy365 7 months ago (edited) 9/10 men are extremely satisfied with the animation, no changes necessary. Reply L8ralT3sh L8ralT3sh 1 year ago " Man was now armed " sounds more of a threat than a evolutionary level-up 1K Reply 79 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing) and the mammalian brain developed an expanded cortex to accommodate that demand. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands, although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disbled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 3 Reply Ted Krasicki Ted Krasicki 6 days ago Some can not see the forest because of the trees. Rise above it and see the whole. Intellectual hustle, what a concept. Reply Happily Secular Happily Secular 1 month ago More questions that creatards run away from: Why do we have vomeronasal organs despite not using pheromones? Where did we get chromosome 2 and cytochrome B from? Why do we have pseudogenes, appendixes, wisdom teeth, Plica semilunaris and Nictitating membranes? 5 Reply 2 replies Aditya Jha Aditya Jha 1 month ago thats nostalgic back when we lived on trees and ate apples 1 Reply nepistic __ nepistic __ 2 years ago (edited) why is no one talking about how beautiful the animation is. 3.1K Reply 54 replies Caroline Tarpey Caroline Tarpey 7 months ago All fossils are precious, they give so much information 4 Reply 5 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 3 Reply Cohen Cohen 8 days ago Props to the camera man 😎 Reply A.J. Presto A.J. Presto 2 years ago The most incredible thing about this is that these hominin creatures lived millions of years ago to eventually give rise to more intelligent creatures, capable of recreating their long forgotten boob physics when swinging from trees. Remarkable. 182 Reply 15 replies Frantz Pierre Frantz Pierre 7 months ago Although their faces were still savage, their eyes shone with the new light of reason...what a bar 6:47 1 Reply SABOtage Labs SABOtage Labs 7 months ago Yes, humans have the ability to reason. Sometimes... we actual use this skill! 9 Reply 5 replies Donnie Buza Donnie Buza 4 days ago (edited) Heidelbergensis? I was born in Heidelberg Germany that's pretty interesting 🤔 Reply 1 reply Ynwedy Ynwedy 1 year ago wish i had a time machine so i could know wtf happened back then 848 Reply 139 replies Sruti Kana Saha Sruti Kana Saha 6 months ago 'non-aggressiveness' - one of the major features that led to reason. 🤔 Reply 1 reply Thomas Bunker Thomas Bunker 7 months ago Excellent animation Reply Vibania Music Vibania Music 1 month ago Millions of years later new humans will be studying us Reply 1 reply Joe Momma Joe Momma 6 months ago Im crying i wanna be a frickin’ monke again Reply CheEzy CheEzy 1 year ago Monke no wanted leave tree. Monke leave tree. Sad monke. Now human. 2.6K Reply 116 replies Jay Breese Jay Breese 7 months ago I believe in the Stoned Ape Theory. We followed the herds and consumed the psilocybin rich cubensis (aka magic mushrooms). Reply Abigail Hee Abigail Hee 1 month ago I love the music. I love these types of videos. 1 Reply Psalm 51:12-13 Psalm 51:12-13 5 months ago I say this nicely and I like science myself, but I want to give a suggestion that might give some ideas from other perspectives on the history of us humans, and of the world. Answers in Genesis talk about the facts against evolutionary views and give Biblical answers-Just wanted to suggest that to anyone curious or bored 🙂They go over morality, too 3 Reply 3 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago FACT: No one is born with a language or religion. A developing child is capable of learning any language, just as it is capable of learning any religion. The ability of a child to learn another language diminishes with age, as also happens with patterns of thought. As Albert Einstein noted "What passes for common sense is the collection of prejudices we acquire by age 18". He also said; "Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment. Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions." In essence a child is imprinted by the family and society into which it is born. It takes concentrated effort to alter those learned behaviors and few are capable of doing so. Being confronted by new information that conflicts with those learned behaviors will likely result in the discomfort known as 'cognitive dissonance'. Ideas and attitudes absorbed by a child's mind were not reasoned there, and in most cases, cannot be reasoned out of them. There is no evidence for ANY creation event. NONE, ZIP. NADA. It does not exist because there was no 'creator'. What anyone chooses to believe exists in their mind and cannot be distinguished from delusion. There are more than 3000 creation stories; they all originated in the imaginations of primitive peoples. They exist today as culturally sanctioned superstitions. 3 Reply Ka Trippin Ka Trippin 2 years ago Humans billions of years ago: killing elephants with ease Humans now: scared of barking dog 1.4K Reply 119 replies Brandon Moyo Brandon Moyo 7 months ago Its amazing how the complexion changes as they get "smarter" through evolution. 2 Reply 4 replies Amir Alrwayshedy Amir Alrwayshedy 2 weeks ago I love this when did you learn all this ? Reply 1 reply Clermont Studios Clermont Studios 1 month ago Heidelberg man was said to have a Broken Hill Skull, or the Kabwe Cranium Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION and ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. As free living (active) viruses they are referred to as an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. When such a virus invaded a sperm or egg cell, they can become entrapped in the genomes of those cells and upon the union of such cells, passed from parent to offspring, generation after generation to the present day. They are then referred to as ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). Those found within the human genome are designated as HERV's, despite the fact that most of those ERV's are not 'human specific'. There are 31 different families of HERV's comprising that 8% of the human genome. Each family is derived from a single infection in an ancestral population by an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. Most were inserted in the genomes of our pre-human ancestors millions of years ago and passed from parent to offspring generation to generation up to the present day. One of those ERV's, HERV-W, entered the genome of catarrhines (Old World Monkeys [OWM] and apes) over 23 million years ago. HERV-W comprises 1% of the human genome. As with other Retroviruses (ERV's), it contains 3 genes: GAG, POL and ENV flanked by Long Terminal Repeats (LTR's). The envelop gene (ENV) encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the ENV gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane. Syncytin is a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene of an endogenous retrovirus. The gene appears to be almost exclusively expressed in placenta. The protein invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother. Early mammals evolved from a population of cynodonts during the late Triassic. Those ancestors laid eggs as did early mammals and one branch of mammalia still do. They are the Monotremes which lay eggs rather than give live birth. The only surviving monotremes are the platypus and 4 species of echidnas (Spiney Anteaters) in Australia and New Guinea. As evidence of their egg laying ancestry, the genomes of all mammals contain 3 genes for the production of yolk The common characteristic of all mammals is the existence of mammary glands which secrete milk to nourish offspring. Rather than nipples, they have modified sweat glands that secrete milk onto the surface of the skin which newly hatched young lick up. Eutherian (Placental) Mammals, which comprise the vast majority of today's mammals, rely on implantation of an embryonic placenta in the wall of the uterus. That placenta, part of the developing embryo, is a temporary organ that enables transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the embryo and carbon dioxide and waste products from that embryo to the mother's blood stream while preventing its rejection as foreign tissue. Implantation is made possible by Syncytin, a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene (Env) of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). The first of those proteins to be discovered in humans was Syncytin-1 found active in the human placenta. Syncytin-1 is derived from the Envelope gene (Env) of HERV -W which is also found in the genomes of all of primate sub order Haplorhini, having entered the ancestral primate lineage more than 23 mya. The second such such protein discovered , Syncytin -2, also comes into play in the implantation of the placenta in humans. It too was derived from the envelop gene (ENV) of another retrovirus, HERV-FRD which was co-opted by an ancestral primate host more than 40 mya. Subsequent research has found other forms of syncytins active in other mammalian lineages, but had their origins in the envelope genes of different ERV"s. (NOT the primate derived HERV's.) In each case, they are evidence of common ancestry: Rodents (rats, mice, beaver, capybara et al) utilize syncytins A and B. Carnivores, cats, dogs, seals et al, all utilize the syncytin-CAR1. In Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) it is syncytin-Ory. Other mammalian lineages utilized still other syncytins derived from the envelop (ENV) genes of other ERV's. Here we have viruses, specifically the fossil remnants of Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's), that were critical in mammalian evolution and remain in their respective genomes, still providing essential benefit to the host. Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's) were critical in mammalian evolution It is not merely the commonality of ERV's and Pseudogenes that are evidence of common ancestry, there are also those various forms of Syncytin. When all lines of evidence converge to the same conclusion, that is as close to absolute certainty as it gets in science. 3 Reply chilipeper08 chilipeper08 4 months ago This video feels so surreal. 1 Reply JJ JJ 8 months ago It's truly mind-blowing to know how far we've come and how we've become the dominant species on Earth in such a short amount of time. Considering how advanced we've become technologically, it seems almost impossible to think that we are also animals. Evolution is truly amazing! 201 Reply 49 replies Awesome Express Awesome Express 5 months ago Life is like leaves on a tree. The tree doesn't go straight up. it makes branches. That my friend is how it all works. 2 Reply 2 replies Happily Secular Happily Secular 4 months ago Q: Why did the creatard jump off the building? A: He thought gravity was "just a theory" Q: Why did the creatard ask a snake to help him with his illness instead of a doctor? A: Creatards believe in talking snakes but not antibiotic research. Q: What’s a creatard’s favorite animal? A: Storks, because they still think that’s where babies come from. Q: What do you call a creatard who works in a science lab? A: The janitor. Q: What’s an “evolutionist”? A: A creatard’s attempt at spelling the word “educated”. Q: Why do creatards belong in zoos with gorillas? A: They admit it themselves that they haven’t evolved 5 Reply 4 replies Z Z 1 month ago this video always makes me emotional, i love it. Reply Meriam Daquiado Meriam Daquiado 3 weeks ago The theory was nice and the animation are beautiful.I appreciate that education 🙂🧐👍. 2 Reply Phumla Yawli Phumla Yawli 2 months ago We are the future and the masters. We are the game changers 💡🌏💜 Reply 𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎧𐏁𐏂 𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎧𐏁𐏂 1 year ago Imagine million of years later they making video how humans todays looked like 899 Reply 137 replies Happily Secular Happily Secular 5 months ago Q: What’s an “evolutionist”? A: A creatard’s attempt at spelling the word “educated”. Q: Why did the creatard ask a snake to help him with his illness instead of a doctor? A: Creatards believe in talking snakes but not antibiotic research Q: Why did the creatard jump off the building? A: He thought gravity was "just a theory" 8 Reply 3 replies Noumenon Noumenon 6 months ago (edited) 0:23 -- we are the only ones who have obtained the advantage of reason . Yet many still repudiate reason when they refuse to recognize demonstrative patterns. 1 Reply 1 reply Shine racs Shine racs 4 days ago the cameraman is still alive😂😂😂 Reply Eugene H. Krabs Eugene H. Krabs 5 months ago Can we all just take moment to thank early hominids for outrunning a goddamn bear so we can go on a PlayStation. 1 Reply ayoungwoman-namedhope ayoungwoman-namedhope 3 months ago I wanna experience this in VR lol 3 Reply 3 replies TheNakedasshole TheNakedasshole 2 years ago Thanks to cameraman live from million years ago for the documentary 16K Reply 491 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago The following statements are what scientists say. The creationist answer: "Nuh-uh", "Nuh-uh", "Nuh-uh", ad nauseum They think it is a really powerful argument. 3 Reply Gav Siregar Gav Siregar 2 weeks ago Human Before : Stronk Brave Powerful Human Now : Scared Weak No power 1 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago “We are the product of 4.5 billion years of fortuitous, slow biological evolution. '' There is no reason to think that the evolutionary process has stopped. man is a transitional animal. He is not the climax of creation.“ Carl Sagan (November 9, 1934 - December 20, 1996) 3 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 10 months ago Fun Fact: All chordates possess a tail and pharyngeal slits at some point in their lives, and humans are no exception. Early on in human development, the embryo has both a tail and pharyngeal slits, both of which are lost during the course of development. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx of a vertebrate embryo that develop into gill arches in the bony fishes and into the jaws and inner ear in the terrestrial vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits and tails are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share as common ancestors the fish in which these structures first evolved. 238 Reply 88 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago HUMANS ARE APES.- Part 2 One often sees simplified illustrations of human evolution that depict progression from what appears to be a chimpanzee through various stages to modern humans. While the purpose of such illustrations is to show change from earlier forms, it fosters misconceptions about how evolution actually occurs. There is first of all diversification, in which different populations of an ancestral species evolve different characteristics due to genetic variations, genetic drift, environmental pressures and natural selection. Some of those subsequent populations will survive, others won't. That same process is repeated continuously. In our lineage (Homo), only one has ultimately survived (Us, Homo sapiens). The ancestral population that ultimately diverged into chimps/bonobos and humans derived from a population that about 10 million years ago included the ancestors of gorillas. However, chimps/bonobos and humans are closer related to each other than any of them are related to gorillas. An even more ancient population gave rise to orangutans. Ancestral apes evolved from catarrhines in Africa during the Miocene Epoch. Apes are divided into the lesser apes (Hyblobatidae) and the Great Apes (Hominidae) about 35 million years ago. Skeletal changes to shoulder bones allowed swinging their arms over their heads; something monkeys cannot do. Monkeys move through the trees by running on top of the limbs. Apes on the other hand, could now swing from branch to branch (brachiation), allowing them to attain greater size. Since the tail used by monkeys for balance was no longer needed by brachiating apes, it was lost through evolution. The remnant in both humans and other apes is called the coccyx. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago Where is Homo erectus? This is an excellent video that crams a lot of information into 8.5 minutes. The curious thing is that they never mention the most successful hominin of all time, - Homo erectus. That ancestral species walked the earth for almost two million years. What the video does say is this at 04:51 - "Around 1.5 million years ago a new species appeared – Homo ergaster (‘working man’)." Their information is somewhat out of date. Most paleo anthropologists regard Homo ergaster as merely an African variant of Homo erectus, the earliest fossil of which is dated at 1.9 mya in Africa. It seems H. erectus got wanderlust soon afterwards, as 5 fossil skulls of H. erectus have been found in the Republic of Georgia. dated at 1.8 mya. The original discovery of H. erectus took place in 1890 in Java, which at that time was part of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), by Dutch anatomist Eugene DuBois. He originally named it Pithecanthropus erectus, or "Java Man". They were estimated to be between 700.000 and 1 million years old. In the 1920's teeth, skull fragments and tools were discovered at Zhoukoudian near Beijing (then Peking), China and named Sinanthropus pekinensis (Peking Man). Recent tests of soils that held the fossils dates them at 770, 000 years old In 1950, a study of the comparative anatomy of Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man) and Sinanthropus pekinensis (Peking Man) led Ernst Mayer to reclassify both as Homo erectus. It appears that a population of H. erectus survived until quite recently on the island of Java. The last known H. erectus lived near the Solo River in Ngandong, Java. Twelve Homo erectus skull caps and two lower leg bones were discovered there in the 1930s. They were in river sediment, apparently washed there in a flood. scientists have struggled ever since to date them. In 2019, using various dating methods, a team of scientists led by Geochronologist Kira Westaway of Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, narrowed the range of dates for those H. erectus fossils to between 117,000 and 108,000 years ago. Our species, Homo sapiens, was still confined to Africa at that time, but the possibility exists that H. erectus and H. denisova could have met. Homo floresiensis (aka 'Hobbits') in Indonesia and the more recently discovered Homo luzonensis in the Philippines also existed in that time frame, And of course Neanderthals, H. neanderthalensis, in Europe. That means that, little more than 100,000 years ago, there were at least 5 species of genus Homo in contemporaneous existence, and today there is but one. Us. 2 Reply Astro Titian Plays Astro Titian Plays 7 days ago we evolved from fish, but I'm a mammal. 2 Reply 1 reply Dale Andrews Dale Andrews 9 months ago I'll never forget visiting the Natural History section of the Smithsonian Institute as a kid with my parents back in the 60's (I'm 69 now, BTW). They had an exhibit there that would blow your mind! It consisted of a wall depicting human evolution where they had probably a hundred or so skulls in rows against a dark backdrop, I assume so the images would stand out better. It led the viewer visually from human's earliest known ancestors with authentic fossil skulls from the most primitive (e.g. Australopithicus) all the way to modern man (Homo sapiens). It was quite impressive and left the viewer with no doubt about human evolution. There it was - in terms of a tangible fossil record, expertly organized - right before the viewers eyes. 😵‍💫 164 Reply 6 replies Kylie Kylie 5 months ago I recommend “The New Answer Book” series the books are amazing! 1 Reply 1 reply Tim Lim Tim Lim 4 months ago (edited) Wow top 5 evolusions of human Reply MGHOW MGHOW 1 month ago Авторы молодцы, знай наших) 1 Reply Maxwell Gameing Maxwell Gameing 3 months ago this is the moment Proconsul became Heidelsenberg 2 Reply 13 replies Matxe9212 Matxe9212 1 year ago Thats some of the most wonderful animation work i've ever seen. Naive yet perfect. 116 Scientists Against Myths Reply 1 reply Mahian Mohsin Mahian Mohsin 1 month ago Okay, so how did the first ever proconsul popped into existence? Reply 3 replies Lessons For My Children Lessons For My Children 2 years ago Evolution, in all of its forms, is one of the most important things anyone can learn. By the way - great animation! 239 Scientists Against Myths Reply 67 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 day ago The 'similarities' between monkeys, apes and humans have been noted since ancient times. One hundred years before Darwin, Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus invented a classification system based on physiological characteristics. He named us Genus Homo species sapiens and placed us with apes and monkeys in the order Primates, meaning 'first order'. He went even further though in placing chimpanzees and orangutans in Genus Homo (gorillas were unknown in Europe at the time). And this from a creationist; he still believed in 'special creation'. He was a scientist and had he been born at a later time and been exposed to Darwin's radical ideas there is little doubt he would have seen the connection. Today's classification systems use DNA to establish relationships, again based on similarities. In most cases, DNA has confirmed Linnaean taxonomy. So, physical similarities and DNA similarities are EVIDENCE for common ancestry, not 'proof', but the science of genetics has established far more convincing evidence of common ancestry. You should be aware that DNA is used to establish paternity and ancestry due to unique mutations in each individual which are heritable. You may be aware that only about 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins, while a larger percentage functions as control sequences. Within the genome of all vertebrates studied are traces of ancestral viral infections. Retroviruses are a class of viruses that replicate by penetrating a cell nucleus and inserting DNA copies of their RNA into the genome of the cell. As the cell replicates, so does the genome with its viral sequence. Such infections of somatic (body) cells do not survive the life of the host. However, when such a virus infects sperm or egg cells, the inserted viral sequence has the potential of being transmitted to successive generations and are known as Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's). While some of those ERV's may retain the ability to induce new infections, over time accumulating mutations neutralize them. There is at present a recent ERV that infects the Koala population and is still active. It has the potential of causing the extinction of Koalas, if further mutations fail to neutralize it. Ancestors of yours, perhaps a recent one, had just such an infection and the remnants of that infection are within your DNA. Recently acquired ERV's may exist within some human populations, and not others. A few are unique to humans, but ERV's account for 8% of the human genome and most of those are shared with other related species. The point is that during the initial infection, the viral DNA is inserted into a RANDOM location in the genome. When that genome is replicated in successive generations, that viral sequence remains AT THAT LOCATION and is prima facie evidence of shared ancestry. Each and every one of those ERV's can be traced to its time of origin and its incidence in related species confirmed. There are multiple ERV's shared between humans and chimps/bonobos as would be expected of our closest and most recent relatives, that are not shared with more distant relatives. There are also ERV's shared between gorillas, chimps/bonobos and gorillas indicating its origins to be in the common ancestor of those species. Still other ERV's can be traced further back in time to the common ancestor of all the great apes as they also appear in the orangutan genome. Still other ERV's can be traced further back in time to other primate common ancestors. If there were but one instance of a shared ERV at a specific location across the 3 billion plus loci in the genomes of several species one might conceivably argue it to be mere coincidence, but when the evidence shows specific ERV's, each at a specific locus on the different genomes of multiple species, coincidence is not a viable explanation. Common ancestry is supported by the evidence. As they say in commercials, "But, wait, there's more". Indeed there is more, a completely different line of evidence, Pseudo-Genes, reach the same conclusion. 1 Reply Ryan Blanche Ryan Blanche 3 months ago Crazy to think we once all ran around naked together and didn’t think anything of it 1 Reply 2 replies jessie mayfield jessie mayfield 1 year ago Damn the ardipithicus swinging in the tree part is cursed lol so uncanny 738 Reply 31 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - The Human Tail rev 2.0 Everyone knows that humans don't have tails. Except, sometimes they do. On rare occasions infants are born with one. In biblical times such a child would have been deemed offspring of Satan and destroyed, most likely in some horrible fashion. Modern science and embryology reveals that Every Human Embryo starts to develop a tail for only a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It's most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then it regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. In rare cases, the regression is incomplete. The human tail is an atavism that arises if the signal that normally stops the process of vertebrate elongation during embryonic development fails to activate on time. In such cases, the appendage is usually surgically removed at birth. A gene called TBXT is what serves to produce a tail in other primates. However, about 25 million years ago, a transposable element (A 'jumping gene), an Alu that is unique to primates, got inserted into the TBXT gene of one particular linage of Old World Monkeys, resulting in the loss of their tail. The fossil Proconsul, from about 25 mya to 14 mya, is considered to be the first apes. They had no tail and a somewhat larger brain, but as with transitional fossils, retained ancestral characteristics such as being obligate quadrupeds. Later apes evolved changes to shoulder bones that allowed swinging their arms over their head and moving through trees by swinging arm over arm from branch to branch (brachiation). Their descendants are today's apes, one branch of which produced Homo sapiens, our species. 3 Reply Beans either233 Beans either233 1 month ago This cameraman is now oldest person on earth 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago "Religious bondage shackles and debilitates the mind and unfits it for every noble enterprise." James Madison, Fourth President of the United States. He was known as the “Father of the Constitution” and created the foundation for the Bill of Rights. 2 Reply dilz dilz 1 year ago Brilliant animation and hugely informative. Many thanks! 570 Reply 81 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago THE ORIGIN OF RELIGIONS: Thousands of years ago, some goat herders were sitting around, wondering why they were so totally ignorant. They thought it really sucked that they didn't know shit. Then one of them had a brilliant idea. "Let's just make up shit and pretend it is real." he said. Then another said "yeah, that's great, we can be the world's greatest experts on the shit we make up." They all agreed it was a great idea. It was such a great idea, creationists have been doing it ever since. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people, usually creationists, lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Judith Beech Judith Beech 1 month ago My ex husband still hasn't crossed the Rubicon of brain size 2 Reply THAT GUY THAT GUY 1 year ago Man it's amazing that we were able to walk on two legs, control fire, use tools even before we were humans. 243 Reply 18 replies Happily Secular Happily Secular 8 days ago Questions that creatards never answer: Why do endogenous retroviruses like syncityn exist? Why do antibiotics need to kept up do date with micro organisms if they don’t evolv? How do you explain ring species? Where can I find a single example of a non-transitional fossil? 3 Reply Happily Secular Happily Secular 5 months ago Saying the earth is 6,000 years old is just as embarrassing as claiming the earth is flat. 21 Reply 3 replies Splashify. Splashify. 3 months ago Damn this is interesting 1 Reply Bong Kia Bong Kia 3 weeks ago We are from God, God Great all things , We are not from the monkey 🐵🐵🐵 Jesus is God of the world . 6 Reply 1 reply Timothy Thompson Timothy Thompson 1 year ago That was an amazing video. Many of the primitive skulls have concussions. From being hit hunting some of those huge animals. They had a hard life. 37 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago National Academy of Sciences: “The concept of biological evolution is one of the most important ideas ever generated by the application of scientific methods to the natural world. The evolution of all the organisms that live on earth today from ancestors that lived in the past is at the core of genetics, biochemistry, neurobiology, physiology, ecology, and other biological disciplines. It helps to explain the emergence of new infectious diseases, the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, the agricultural relationships among wild and domestic plants and animals, the composition of the earth's atmosphere, the molecular machinery of the cell, the similarities between human beings and other primates, and countless other features of the biological and physical world. As the great geneticist and evolutionist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote in 1973, ‘Nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution’.” The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was chartered by act of congress 1863, at the height of the Civil War, and is a private, nonprofit organization of the country’s leading researchers. It was signed into law by president Lincoln. Patterned after the British Royal Society, one does not simply choose to join, as membership is by invitation only. Election to membership in the NAS is considered one of the highest honors that a scientist can receive. The 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences' (PNAS) is one of the world’s most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,200 research papers annually. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago We live in a world made possible by science. In the 15,000 years that religions controlled the mind of man, they benefited humanity not one whit. From our earliest recorded history we know that few children lived to see their 5th birthday. Religion could offer solace, nothing more. To ancient man who lacked the tools by which to understand the forces of nature, supernatural explanations seemed plausible, and certainly preferable to no explanation at all. That such beliefs persist in today's world is due solely to the indoctrination to which virtually every child in subjected by parent and society before they are able to reason for themselves. Following in the religion of those who imposed it upon you is not free will, it is the path of least resistance. Once one awakes, it is hard to go back to sheep. 3 Reply Knockout Nörko Knockout Nörko 4 months ago ,,It was not power or agression but intelligence that protected the first humans." Proceeds to single-handedly spear a deinotherium Reply 2 replies Jeevan Samagar ♪ Jeevan Samagar ♪ 3 months ago Really thank you 2 Reply It's All Coming Together Now It's All Coming Together Now 1 year ago Thanks for animated the journey. Just a family tree with hard to pronounce species names is difficult to understand for some. 10 Reply LIL BLISS LIL BLISS 4 months ago Intelligence will always prevail Reply 1 reply John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy 2 months ago much more truthful than any kind of religion 7 Reply محمد ابن التميمي محمد ابن التميمي 3 months ago لا اله الا الله وحده لا شريك له 4 Reply 1 reply Jack9172 Jack9172 2 weeks ago (edited) Regarding adaption, how exactly does natural selection work ? A) Is it actively “choosing/preferring” a certain advantageous mutation which now enables it to survive, and be more appropriate to it’s current environment, as there is somehow a link between the two; the genetic world receives and processes information from a person’s environment, and responds accordingly. B) Or, the selection occurs without any external stimuli, independently, and, it just so happened that a certain adaption matched and was suitable to its current habitat? Reply 21 replies Purple and grey Purple and grey 4 weeks ago I want to go back to monkey😢 Reply Gus JaKa Gus JaKa 11 months ago When humans began to bury the dead, they demonstrated care and respect for other people, as well as the ability to think about how to save the body from being eaten by predatory animals. 87 Reply 4 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago The difference between faith and insanity is that insanity is the ability to hold firmly to a conclusion that is incompatible with the evidence, whereas faith is the ability to hold firmly to a conclusion that is incompatible with the evidence. 2 Reply Nayeon Nayeon 3 months ago Human watching my comment after 10 million years : Hi 😁👋 1 Reply Harriet Harlow Harriet Harlow 2 years ago Very nice. Now I understand the path to Homo sapiens better. Thank you so much for posting! 20 Reply 6 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago EDUCATION MAKES A GREATER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN AND MAN, THAN NATURE HAS MADE BETWEEN MAN AND BRUTE. - John Adams, Second President of the United States 1 Reply Guest Guest 2 years ago One thing I learned.... we evolved into scared humans from fearless animals 372 Reply 64 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago TRUTH is determined by EVIDENCE, not by what anyone says and not by words in an old book. The rules of evidence are this: If you don't have any...YOU LOSE! 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago Hey, did you hear of the creationist who won a Nobel Prize after thoroughly disproving evolution? No, neither did I. 1 Reply Aman Rehan Aman Rehan 2 years ago The calming music ,the animations,the little bit shake in the animations makes this video on the next level 17 Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago HOW EVOLUTION WORKS It is helpful to understand that evolution is a molecular process. The random mutations that naturally occur during cell division and replication (mitosis and meiosis) are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. Mutations are ongoing and continuous for every living species. Mutations are essential to evolution; they are the raw material of genetic variation. Without mutation, evolution could not occur. WITH mutations, evolution is inevitable. [NOTE: My original essay had links to applicable illustrations and scientific studies, but YouTube keeps deleting it. My apologies for their absence here.] Those genetic variants are subjected to a selection process that is performed by whatever environment the organisms find themselves. In this respect, evolution is an ongoing, continuous set of natural experiments. Those that work get perpetuated, those that don't, perish. It is as if the environment acted as an umpire who says "There are good mutations and there are bad mutations and there are neutral mutations, but they ain't nuthin' until I (the environment) calls 'em." That is Natural Selection. Neutral mutations just go along for the ride producing neither immediate benefit nor harm (Genetic Drift). The result of those selection processes is organisms best suited for their current environment. Should that environment change, it would put the population under stress. If the population gene pool has sufficient genetic variation it increases the likelihood that at least some offspring should be able to survive and perpetuate the species (albeit one of slightly different genetic makeup). What everyone should understand is that genetic changes do not occur because of some 'need'. The mutations are RANDOM and get selected if they are USEFUL. That is a process called Natural Selection and it is anything BUT random. Let's take the example of the Panda. Bears in general are omnivores, eating plant matter, but with a marked preference for meat when available. The preferred food of the Panda however, is bamboo leaves, which have such low nutritional value that they must eat almost continuously. The Panda would certainly be able to extract more nutrition with a four chambered stomach (as in ungulates and whales) or something akin to a cecal valve that would slow the passage of food, but it has neither in its genetic toolbox. In feeding themselves, pandas are continuously stripping bamboo leaves from their stalks, a process that could be facilitated if they had a thumb. Bears however do not have thumbs, nor do they have genes for them in their genetic toolbox. Nor do new features simply spring into existence. However, if a slightly altered body component provides some benefit, natural selection will perpetuate it. Evolution is modification with descent and results in incremental alterations to what is already there. As an analogy, imagine a robot gardener dragging a hose around various obstacles it encounters in a garden until it can go no further. Now an intelligent gardener could simply retrace his steps and take a different path, avoiding those obstacles. The robot gardener (evolution) is not an intelligent force and cannot do that. With a limited tool kit, it can only (figuratively) add more hose to get the job done. While a thumb would be quite useful to a panda for stripping leaves, evolution cannot rewind to produce one. Instead, it has taken "a piece of hose' (a wrist bone) and enlarged it to act as a stand in for a thumb. That is not an elegant solution and not a perfect one, but it gets the job done. Evolution is does not produce perfect solutions, but tweaks here and there to get the job done". THAT is how evolution operates. The panda’s "thumb", developed over thousands of generations of holding things, is clearly an enlarged bone (the “radial sesamoid”) in the the paw of a bear. Based in part on the fact that no tetrapods, (terrestrial vertebrates) exist in the fossil record prior to about 370 million years ago, the Theory of Evolution would predict that tetrapods evolved from fish. If that were the case, there should have existed at one time a fish with characteristics of both fish and tetrapods. In other words a Transitional Species. Until about 2005, there was little evidence for such a creature. There were however, a class of fish called Sarcopterygians or Lobe Finned Fishes, that dominated Devonian seas. What characterized those lobe finned fishes was that those fins were supported by external bones and muscles. Those bones, a single bone, connected to two bones connected to smaller bones, are analogous to the limb bones of all tetrapods, including humans. Most Sarcopterygian Fishes have long been extinct, but they are survived today by two species of coelacanth and six species of lungfish. Still, what was missing was a fossil showing characteristics of fish AND tetrapods. When Neil Shubin and his team decided to search for a fossil that filled the gap between the Lobe Finned Fishes that dominated Devonian Seas and the earliest tetrapod fossils represented by Ichthyostega and Acanthostega dated about 370 mya. Since those fossils were found in geologic deposits indicating a freshwater environment and if the Theory of Evolution is correct in its hypothesis that tetrapods evolved from fish, then transitional fossils should be found in similar deposits somewhat older in age. The problem was that geologic deposits of that age are exposed at few places on the earth's surface. Fortunately, a great deal of geologic exploration has been done throughout the world, financed often times by oil and mining interests. They selected an area in the Canadian Arctic, Ellesmere Island, as having the greatest likelihood of success. It took 4 years of searching during the short summers of that hostile environment but succeeded, returning in 2004 with 9 specimens of the fish they named Tiktaalik. It was exactly what one would expect a transitional fish-tetrapod to look like and was found in deposits dated 375 mya. If this was not the direct ancestor of tetrapods, it was something very much like it.This is a great example of using evolutionary theory as a predictive tool. Btw, biointeractive(dot)org is a great source of information for all of science. If anyone has an interest in expanding their knowledge of science they should use it. The genetic variation within a population is referred to as a gene pool. Organisms can move freely within that population breeding with each other, perpetuating any new mutations that work and eliminating those that are less than optimal. Each offspring will most resemble its parents, yet will vary slightly genetically because of unique mutations acquired during meiosis. Thus the genetic makeup of a population will change ever so slightly with each successive generation. Populations are not stable, they expand and contract with changing conditions. So long as there is sufficient genetic variation within a population there will be some members capable of surviving those conditions and perpetuating the species. The alternative is extinction. When populations expand and migrate to new territories, some portions of it will become genetically isolated from each other and no longer share a common gene pool. In such cases, each such sub population will carry a subset of the parent population genome, but subsequent mutations will be unique to each new population (the genotype) that will come to differentiate that population from others (Genetic Drift). To the extent that such populations encounter differing environmental conditions, that environment will exert different evolutionary pressures on that population. New mutations will have a much greater chance of coming to dominance within a smaller population than they would in the larger parent population where they would be one among the many. Over thousands of generations genetic differences accumulate in the different gene pools making interbreeding ever more difficult until at some point speciation can be said to have occurred. Because speciation is a process, rather than an event, it would be no more possible to pinpoint where speciation occurred than to identify where on the color spectrum orange becomes red. 1 Reply Abdirahmania Abdulahi Abdirahmania Abdulahi 4 months ago You editing is good Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking upright. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago IS EVOLUTION A THEORY OR A FACT? Answer from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences: It is both. But that answer requires looking more deeply at the meanings of the words "theory" and "fact." - In everyday usage, "theory" often refers to a hunch or a speculation. When people say, "I have a theory about why that happened," they are often drawing a conclusion based on fragmentary or inconclusive evidence. - The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word. It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence. - Many scientific theories are so well-established that no new evidence is likely to alter them substantially. For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun (heliocentric theory), or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales (the theory of plate tectonics). Like these other foundational scientific theories, the theory of evolution is supported by so many observations and confirming experiments that scientists are confident that the basic components of the theory will not be overturned by new evidence. However, like all scientific theories, the theory of evolution is subject to continuing refinement as new areas of science emerge or as new technologies enable observations and experiments that were not possible previously. - One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed. For example, the theory of gravitation predicted the behavior of objects on the moon and other planets long before the activities of spacecraft and astronauts confirmed them. The evolutionary biologists who discovered Tiktaalik predicted that they would find fossils intermediate between fish and limbed terrestrial animals in sediments that were about 375 million years old. Their discovery confirmed the prediction made on the basis of evolutionary theory. In turn, confirmation of a prediction increases confidence in that theory. - In science, a "fact" typically refers to an observation, measurement, or other form of evidence that can be expected to occur the same way under similar circumstances. However, scientists also use the term "fact" to refer to a scientific explanation that has been tested and confirmed so many times that there is no longer a compelling reason to keep testing it or looking for additional examples. In that respect, the past and continuing occurrence of evolution is a scientific fact. Because the evidence supporting it is so strong, scientists no longer question whether biological evolution has occurred and is continuing to occur. Instead, they investigate the mechanisms of evolution, how rapidly evolution can take place, and related questions. - From Science, Evolution, and Creationism, National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine. © 2008 National Academy of Sciences © 2019 U.S. National Academy of Sciences. 2 Reply ʀusн ʀusн 2 years ago "Reject humanity" "Return to Monke" 865 Reply 36 replies Pink Pasa Pink Pasa 4 months ago ❤👌 1 Reply Abdirahmania Abdulahi Abdirahmania Abdulahi 4 months ago You editing is nice Reply Jhon Cinco Jhon Cinco 4 months ago Sad to say my original family is from monke😂 Reply 1 reply 0l1vier 0l1vier 1 year ago Kinda hard to believe how painful his death was 😔 28 Reply 1 reply SkyrimLover10 SkyrimLover10 2 months ago Humans are Animals. Idiotic Karen: “NO WE ARE NOT!” Process’s to show them video: The Idiotic Karen: “THIS STATES WE WERE ANIMALS” Me: Speaks in ancient human Reply g y u t ar o gaming g y u t ar o gaming 2 months ago 6:30 i felt bad for this dude 2 Reply 1 reply Allwin Paul Allwin Paul 1 year ago Humans 10000 B.C.E: " The future is going to be amazing. Endless opportunities for the human kind" Humans 2021 C.E: "I'm depressed. I don't want to be human anymore, all I want to be is monke" 629 Reply 16 replies Jesus is the truth Jesus is the truth 4 months ago Amen Reply 1 reply W o0sh W o0sh 2 years ago F for that one ancestor who killed by the bear 829 Reply 76 replies John S. John S. 4 months ago Evos classify animals into families based on "evolved" similarities. But this creates many problems. For example, marsupials. From the tiny 2 inch planigale to the giant kangaroos in Australia, to the opossums in America. But Evo's can't explain how these drastically dissimilar animals evolved from each other. Its like saying a horse evolved from a duck. Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 2 months ago FUN FACT: All chordates possess a tail and pharyngeal slits at some point in their lives, and humans are no exception. Early on in human development, the embryo has both a tail and pharyngeal slits, both of which are lost during the course of development. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx of a vertebrate embryo that develop into gill arches in the bony fishes and into the jaws and inner ear in the terrestrial vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits and tails are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share as common ancestors the fish in which these structures first evolved. Every human embryo starts to develop a tail for a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It is most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. 1 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 3 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 3 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago A COMMON MISCONCEPTION is that evolution should lead to some particular trait, such as a large brain. There is no "goal' to evolution; not speed, not strength, not intelligence and certainly not 'humanity'. Evolution is about one thing: survival. Evolution occurs at the molecular level. In every living species, mutations (copy errors) occur with every cell division and replication Those mutations are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. It is the then current environment which wields the pruning shears, favoring those mutations that best suit the organism for that environment and apes were very well suited for their forest environment. Millions of years ago, when forests covered much of Africa, those forests harbored 30 or more species of apes, but as the climate of east Africa changed becoming dryer, the forests diminished and grasslands expanded. Competition among apes species increased and many went extinct. There are 8 extant species of Great Apes (Hominids) including humans. One population of apes that, as the forests retreated, opted for life on the open savanna, stood on two feet and faced different evolutionary pressures that set their descendants on an evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. The populations of apes that stayed in the forests became today's chimps, bonobos, orangs and gorillas. The modern human brain is about 2% of total body mass, yet is requires fully 20% of total caloric consumption. I think you can understand that for most animals it is a daily challenge to consume enough calories just to survive, and the energy demands of a larger brain would be more of a burden than an asset. It is also the case that the larger human brain requires that babies be born at a less advanced stage of neural development placing an additional burden primarily on the mother. Japanese researchers have compared brain scans of baby macaques, chimps and human children and found that brain volume for both chimp and human babies increase at three times the rate of infant macaques, however, during early childhood, human brain expansion was twice that of chimpanzees due to rapid growth of connections between brain cells. In the human infant, fully 60% of caloric intake go into neuronal development. For most other species, the necessity for such a long childhood would place them at a survival disadvantage. Two human characteristics, a large brain and a long childhood are interrelated and both had their beginnings in our primate ancestors. Unlike many other mammals whose survival was dependent on large litters of young and the odds that at least some of them would survive, Primates already had a larger brain than most other mammals and parlayed that benefit into having fewer offspring (only two 'feeding stations') and investing time and effort in teaching survival tactics to those offspring. Evolution occurs by incremental modification of existing structures. Among primates, we see increases in brain size from Prosimians (like Lemurs and Lorises) to Simians (Monkeys, apes and humans). Among those simians we see increases in brain size and cognition from New World Monkeys to Old World Monkeys and still further expansion in apes, particularly in the Great Apes (Hominids). In general, that expansion of the brain follows primate evolution. That trend toward an ever larger cranial capacity (brain size) is also seen in the evolution of the human species. A brain, being soft tissue, has not been found in fossils, but brain size can be inferred from cranial capacity. Our early bipedal ancestors, Australopithecines, such as the famous "Lucy" fossil (Australopithecus afarensis), had a cranial capacity (375 to 550 cc) somewhat larger than that of modern chimpanzees. Fossils from that species are dated 3.9–2.9 mya. They were followed by Australopithecus africanus, which lived from 3.67 to 2 mya, then by the genus Homo lineage: H. habilis 2.3–1.65 mya (500–900 cm3); H. erectus (aka H. ergaster) about 2 mya to ca. 117 to 108kya (They had a large variation in brain size - from 546–1,251 cc). H. erectus was the most successful hominid species, with populations existing for 2 mya and spanning Africa and much of Eurasia. They diverged into multiple species, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, et al, including the common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. sapiens. Several hominin species were contemporaries in time and interbreeding between them took place. Some fossils are difficult to classify, quite possibly due to such interbreeding. See: 'List of human evolution fossils'. We are just now beginning to understand the environmental pressures that lead to a larger brain; increasingly complex social networks, and in humans, where the development of language enabled a culture built around tool manufacture and use. Cooperative hunting no doubt played a role as well. The challenges of a rapidly changing climate may also have been a contributing factor. If it had not been for the development of language, humanity would have had to continuously re-invent the Acheulian Hand Axe. Two factors allowing human speech are the hyoid bone, also present in Neanderthals, to which the muscles of the tongue are attached, and a particular variant of the FOXP2 gene found in other mammals that allows for complex speech. Humans share this variant with both Neanderthal and Denisovans, indicating that it was inherited from a common ancestor. Neither chimps, bonobos or other apes have that variation, indicating that it arose sometime after the species diverged. So, yes, the human evolutionary history is indeed complex, but as Richard Feynman said, "Science is the joy of finding things out.". We are getting a lot of clues as to the expansion of the human brain from embryology and comparative genomics, but we see a progression in brain size from early mammals to primates, to monkeys, to apes and to humans. In addition, while most mammal brains are smooth, primate brains have convolutions which increase the surface area of the cortex. Those convolutions increase from monkeys to apes and more in humans. See: "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Wolfgang Enard, Molly Przeworski, Simon E. Fisher, Cecilia S. L. Lai, Victor Wiebe, Takashi Kitano, Anthony P. Monaco, Svante Pääbo Nature 418, 869 - 872 (22 Aug 2002) ------------------ "The increase in total cerebral volume during early infancy and the juvenile stage in chimpanzees and humans was approximately three times greater than that in macaques," the researchers wrote in the journal article. But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter. Chimpanzee brain volumes ballooned about half that of humans' expansion during that time period. Human Intelligence Secrets Revealed by Chimp Brains By Tia Ghose, Senior Writer | December 18, 2012 07:01pm 3 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION and ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. As free living (active) viruses they are referred to as an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. When such a virus invaded a sperm or egg cell, they can become entrapped in the genomes of those cells and upon the union of such cells, passed from parent to offspring, generation after generation to the present day. They are then referred to as ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). Those found within the human genome are designated as HERV's, despite the fact that most of those ERV's are not 'human specific'. There are 31 different families of HERV's comprising that 8% of the human genome. Each family is derived from a single infection in an ancestral population by an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. Most were inserted in the genomes of our pre-human ancestors millions of years ago and passed from parent to offspring generation to generation up to the present day. One of those ERV's, HERV-W, entered the genome of catarrhines (Old World Monkeys [OWM] and apes) over 23 million years ago. HERV-W comprises 1% of the human genome. As with other Retroviruses (ERV's), it contains 3 genes: GAG, POL and ENV flanked by Long Terminal Repeats (LTR's). The envelop gene (ENV) encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the ENV gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane. Syncytin is a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene of an endogenous retrovirus. The gene appears to be almost exclusively expressed in placenta. The protein invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother. Eutherian (Placental) Mammals, which comprise the vast majority of today's mammals, rely on implantation of an embryonic placenta in the wall of the uterus. That placenta, part of the developing embryo, is a temporary organ that enables transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the embryo and carbon dioxide and waste products from that embryo to the mother's blood stream while preventing its rejection as foreign tissue. Implantation is made possible by Syncytin, a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene (Env) of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). The first of those proteins to be discovered in humans was Syncytin-1 found active in the human placenta. Syncytin-1 is derived from the Envelope gene (Env) of HERV -W which is also found in the genomes of all of primate sub order Haplorhini, having entered the ancestral primate lineage more than 23 mya. The second such such protein discovered , Syncytin -2, also comes into play in the implantation of the placenta in humans. It too was derived from the envelop gene (ENV) of another retrovirus, HERV-FRD which was co-opted by an ancestral primate host more than 40 mya. Subsequent research has found other forms of syncytins active in other mammalian lineages, but had their origins in the envelope genes of different ERV"s. (NOT the primate derived HERV's.) In each case, they are evidence of common ancestry: Rodents (rats, mice, beaver, capybara et al) utilize syncytins A and B. Carnivores, cats, dogs, seals et al, all utilize the syncytin-CAR1. In Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) it is syncytin-Ory. Other mammalian lineages utilized still other syncytins derived from the envelop (ENV) genes of other ERV's. Here we have viruses, specifically the fossil remnants of Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's), that were critical in mammalian evolution and remain in their respective genomes, still providing essential benefit to the host. Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's) were critical in mammalian evolution It is not merely the commonality of ERV's and Pseudogenes that are evidence of common ancestry, there are also those various forms of Syncytin. When all lines of evidence converge to the same conclusion, that is as close to absolute certainty as it gets in science. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands (aka 'feeding stations'), although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains averages 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 weeks ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people, usually creationists, lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago THE ORIGIN OF RELIGIONS: Thousands of years ago, some goat herders were sitting around, wondering why they were so totally ignorant. They thought it really sucked that they didn't know shit. Then one of them had a brilliant idea. "Let's just make up shit and pretend it is real." he said. Then another said "yeah, that's great, we can be the world's greatest experts on the shit we make up." They all agreed it was a great idea. It was such a great idea, creationists have been doing it ever since. 1 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago HOW EVOLUTION WORKS It is helpful to understand that evolution is a molecular process. The random mutations that naturally occur during cell division and replication (mitosis and meiosis) are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. Mutations are ongoing and continuous for every living species. Mutations are essential to evolution; they are the raw material of genetic variation. Without mutation, evolution could not occur. WITH mutations, evolution is inevitable. [NOTE: My original essay had links to applicable illustrations and scientific studies, but YouTube keeps deleting it. My apologies for their absence here.] Those genetic variants are subjected to a selection process that is performed by whatever environment the organisms find themselves. In this respect, evolution is an ongoing, continuous set of natural experiments. Those that work get perpetuated, those that don't, perish. It is as if the environment acted as an umpire who says "There are good mutations and there are bad mutations and there are neutral mutations, but they ain't nuthin' until I (the environment) calls 'em." That is Natural Selection. Neutral mutations just go along for the ride producing neither immediate benefit nor harm (Genetic Drift). The result of those selection processes is organisms best suited for their current environment. Should that environment change, it would put the population under stress. If the population gene pool has sufficient genetic variation it increases the likelihood that at least some offspring should be able to survive and perpetuate the species (albeit one of slightly different genetic makeup). What everyone should understand is that genetic changes do not occur because of some 'need'. The mutations are RANDOM and get selected if they are USEFUL. That is a process called Natural Selection and it is anything BUT random. Let's take the example of the Panda. Bears in general are omnivores, eating plant matter, but with a marked preference for meat when available. The preferred food of the Panda however, is bamboo leaves, which have such low nutritional value that they must eat almost continuously. The Panda would certainly be able to extract more nutrition with a four chambered stomach (as in ungulates and whales) or something akin to a cecal valve that would slow the passage of food, but it has neither in its genetic toolbox. In feeding themselves, pandas are continuously stripping bamboo leaves from their stalks, a process that could be facilitated if they had a thumb. Bears however do not have thumbs, nor do they have genes for them in their genetic toolbox. Nor do new features simply spring into existence. However, if a slightly altered body component provides some benefit, natural selection will perpetuate it. Evolution is modification with descent and results in incremental alterations to what is already there. As an analogy, imagine a robot gardener dragging a hose around various obstacles it encounters in a garden until it can go no further. Now an intelligent gardener could simply retrace his steps and take a different path, avoiding those obstacles. The robot gardener (evolution) is not an intelligent force and cannot do that. With a limited tool kit, it can only (figuratively) add more hose to get the job done. While a thumb would be quite useful to a panda for stripping leaves, evolution cannot rewind to produce one. Instead, it has taken "a piece of hose' (a wrist bone) and enlarged it to act as a stand in for a thumb. That is not an elegant solution and not a perfect one, but it gets the job done. Evolution is does not produce perfect solutions, but tweaks here and there to get the job done". THAT is how evolution operates. The panda’s "thumb", developed over thousands of generations of holding things, is clearly an enlarged bone (the “radial sesamoid”) in the the paw of a bear. Based in part on the fact that no tetrapods, (terrestrial vertebrates) exist in the fossil record prior to about 370 million years ago, the Theory of Evolution would predict that tetrapods evolved from fish. If that were the case, there should have existed at one time a fish with characteristics of both fish and tetrapods. In other words a Transitional Species. Until about 2005, there was little evidence for such a creature. There were however, a class of fish called Sarcopterygians or Lobe Finned Fishes, that dominated Devonian seas. What characterized those lobe finned fishes was that those fins were supported by external bones and muscles. Those bones, a single bone, connected to two bones connected to smaller bones, are analogous to the limb bones of all tetrapods, including humans. Most Sarcopterygian Fishes have long been extinct, but they are survived today by two species of coelacanth and six species of lungfish. Still, what was missing was a fossil showing characteristics of fish AND tetrapods. When Neil Shubin and his team decided to search for a fossil that filled the gap between the Lobe Finned Fishes that dominated Devonian Seas and the earliest tetrapod fossils represented by Ichthyostega and Acanthostega dated about 370 mya. Since those fossils were found in geologic deposits indicating a freshwater environment and if the Theory of Evolution is correct in its hypothesis that tetrapods evolved from fish, then transitional fossils should be found in similar deposits somewhat older in age. The problem was that geologic deposits of that age are exposed at few places on the earth's surface. Fortunately, a great deal of geologic exploration has been done throughout the world, financed often times by oil and mining interests. They selected an area in the Canadian Arctic, Ellesmere Island, as having the greatest likelihood of success. It took 4 years of searching during the short summers of that hostile environment but succeeded, returning in 2004 with 9 specimens of the fish they named Tiktaalik. It was exactly what one would expect a transitional fish-tetrapod to look like and was found in deposits dated 375 mya. If this was not the direct ancestor of tetrapods, it was something very much like it.This is a great example of using evolutionary theory as a predictive tool. Btw, biointeractive(dot)org is a great source of information for all of science. If anyone has an interest in expanding their knowledge of science they should use it. The genetic variation within a population is referred to as a gene pool. Organisms can move freely within that population breeding with each other, perpetuating any new mutations that work and eliminating those that are less than optimal. Each offspring will most resemble its parents, yet will vary slightly genetically because of unique mutations acquired during meiosis. Thus the genetic makeup of a population will change ever so slightly with each successive generation. Populations are not stable, they expand and contract with changing conditions. So long as there is sufficient genetic variation within a population there will be some members capable of surviving those conditions and perpetuating the species. The alternative is extinction. When populations expand and migrate to new territories, some portions of it will become genetically isolated from each other and no longer share a common gene pool. In such cases, each such sub population will carry a subset of the parent population genome, but subsequent mutations will be unique to each new population (the genotype) that will come to differentiate that population from others (Genetic Drift). To the extent that such populations encounter differing environmental conditions, that environment will exert different evolutionary pressures on that population. New mutations will have a much greater chance of coming to dominance within a smaller population than they would in the larger parent population where they would be one among the many. Over thousands of generations genetic differences accumulate in the different gene pools making interbreeding ever more difficult until at some point speciation can be said to have occurred. Because speciation is a process, rather than an event, it would be no more possible to pinpoint where speciation occurred than to identify where on the color spectrum orange becomes red. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago TRUTH is determined by EVIDENCE, not by what anyone says and not by words in an old book. The rules of evidence are this: If you don't have any...YOU LOSE! 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - The Human Tail rev 2.0 Everyone knows that humans don't have tails. Except, sometimes they do. On rare occasions infants are born with one. In biblical times such a child would have been deemed offspring of Satan and destroyed, most likely in some horrible fashion. Modern science and embryology reveals that Every Human Embryo starts to develop a tail for only a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It's most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then it regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. In rare cases, the regression is incomplete. The human tail is an atavism that arises if the signal that normally stops the process of vertebrate elongation during embryonic development fails to activate on time. In such cases, the appendage is usually surgically removed at birth. A gene called TBXT is what serves to produce a tail in other primates. However, about 25 million years ago, a transposable element (A 'jumping gene), an Alu that is unique to primates, got inserted into the TBXT gene of one particular linage of Old World Monkeys, resulting in the loss of their tail. The fossil Proconsul, from about 25 mya to 14 mya, is considered to be the first apes. They had no tail and a somewhat larger brain, but as with transitional fossils, retained ancestral characteristics such as being obligate quadrupeds. Later apes evolved changes to shoulder bones that allowed swinging their arms over their head and moving through trees by swinging arm over arm from branch to branch (brachiation). Their descendants are today's apes, one branch of which produced Homo sapiens, our species. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 25 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 8 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 3 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people, usually creationists, lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 14 Reply 20 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people, usually creationists, lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 6 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people, usually creationists, lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 10 Reply 7 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago FUN FACT: All chordates possess a tail and pharyngeal slits at some point in their lives, and humans are no exception. Early on in human development, the embryo has both a tail and pharyngeal slits, both of which are lost during the course of development. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx of a vertebrate embryo that develop into gill arches in the bony fishes and into the jaws and inner ear in the terrestrial vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits and tails are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share as common ancestors the fish in which these structures first evolved. Every human embryo starts to develop a tail for a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It is most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. 2 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 weeks ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 2 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands (aka 'feeding stations'), although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains averages 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands, although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya, Homo habilis brains average 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands, although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains averages 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands, although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains averages 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 11 Reply 16 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people, usually creationists, lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 4 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago FUN FACT: All chordates possess a tail and pharyngeal slits at some point in their lives, and humans are no exception. Early on in human development, the embryo has both a tail and pharyngeal slits, both of which are lost during the course of development. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx of a vertebrate embryo that develop into gill arches in the bony fishes and into the jaws and inner ear in the terrestrial vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits and tails are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share as common ancestors the fish in which these structures first evolved. Every human embryo starts to develop a tail for a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It is most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. ================================================ 2 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 5 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 7 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION and ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. As free living (active) viruses they are referred to as an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. When such a virus invaded a sperm or egg cell, they can become entrapped in the genomes of those cells and upon the union of such cells, passed from parent to offspring, generation after generation to the present day. They are then referred to as ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). Those found within the human genome are designated as HERV's, despite the fact that most of those ERV's are not 'human specific'. There are 31 different families of HERV's comprising that 8% of the human genome. Each family is derived from a single infection in an ancestral population by an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. Most were inserted in the genomes of our pre-human ancestors millions of years ago and passed from parent to offspring generation to generation up to the present day. One of those ERV's, HERV-W, entered the genome of catarrhines (Old World Monkeys [OWM] and apes) over 23 million years ago. HERV-W comprises 1% of the human genome. As with other Retroviruses (ERV's), it contains 3 genes: GAG, POL and ENV flanked by Long Terminal Repeats (LTR's). The envelop gene (ENV) encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the ENV gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane. Syncytin is a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene of an endogenous retrovirus. The gene appears to be almost exclusively expressed in placenta. The protein invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother. Eutherian (Placental) Mammals, which comprise the vast majority of today's mammals, rely on implantation of an embryonic placenta in the wall of the uterus. That placenta, part of the developing embryo, is a temporary organ that enables transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the embryo and carbon dioxide and waste products from that embryo to the mother's blood stream while preventing its rejection as foreign tissue. Implantation is made possible by Syncytin, a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene (Env) of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). The first of those proteins to be discovered in humans was Syncytin-1 found active in the human placenta. Syncytin-1 is derived from the Envelope gene (Env) of HERV -W which is also found in the genomes of all of primate sub order Haplorhini, having entered the ancestral primate lineage more than 23 mya. The second such such protein discovered , Syncytin -2, also comes into play in the implantation of the placenta in humans. It too was derived from the envelop gene (ENV) of another retrovirus, HERV-FRD which was co-opted by an ancestral primate host more than 40 mya. Subsequent research has found other forms of syncytins active in other mammalian lineages, but had their origins in the envelope genes of different ERV"s. (NOT the primate derived HERV's.) In each case, they are evidence of common ancestry: Rodents (rats, mice, beaver, capybara et al) utilize syncytins A and B. Carnivores, cats, dogs, seals et al, all utilize the syncytin-CAR1. In Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) it is syncytin-Ory. Other mammalian lineages utilized still other syncytins derived from the envelop (ENV) genes of other ERV's. Here we have viruses, specifically the fossil remnants of Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's), that were critical in mammalian evolution and remain in their respective genomes, still providing essential benefit to the host. Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's) were critical in mammalian evolution It is not merely the commonality of ERV's and Pseudogenes that are evidence of common ancestry, there are also those various forms of Syncytin. When all lines of evidence converge to the same conclusion, that is as close to absolute certainty as it gets in science. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION and ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. As free living (active) viruses they are referred to as an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. When such a virus invaded a sperm or egg cell, they can become entrapped in the genomes of those cells and upon the union of such cells, passed from parent to offspring, generation after generation to the present day. They are then referred to as ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES (ERV's). Those found within the human genome are designated as HERV's, despite the fact that most of those ERV's are not 'human specific'. There are 31 different families of HERV's comprising that 8% of the human genome. Each family is derived from a single infection in an ancestral population by an EXOGENOUS retrovirus. Most were inserted in the genomes of our pre-human ancestors millions of years ago and passed from parent to offspring generation to generation up to the present day. One of those ERV's, HERV-W, entered the genome of catarrhines (Old World Monkeys [OWM] and apes) over 23 million years ago. HERV-W comprises 1% of the human genome. As with other Retroviruses (ERV's), it contains 3 genes: GAG, POL and ENV flanked by Long Terminal Repeats (LTR's). The envelop gene (ENV) encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the ENV gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane. Syncytin is a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene of an endogenous retrovirus. The gene appears to be almost exclusively expressed in placenta. The protein invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother. Early mammals evolved from a population of cynodonts during the late Triassic. Those ancestors laid eggs as did early mammals and one branch of mammalia still do. They are the Monotremes which lay eggs rather than give live birth. The only surviving monotremes are the platypus and 4 species of echidnas (Spiney Anteaters) in Australia and New Guinea. As evidence of their egg laying ancestry, the genomes of all mammals contain 3 genes for the production of yolk The common characteristic of all mammals is the existence of mammary glands which secrete milk to nourish offspring. Rather than nipples, they have modified sweat glands that secrete milk onto the surface of the skin which newly hatched young lick up. Eutherian (Placental) Mammals, which comprise the vast majority of today's mammals, rely on implantation of an embryonic placenta in the wall of the uterus. That placenta, part of the developing embryo, is a temporary organ that enables transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the embryo and carbon dioxide and waste products from that embryo to the mother's blood stream while preventing its rejection as foreign tissue. Implantation is made possible by Syncytin, a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene (Env) of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). The first of those proteins to be discovered in humans was Syncytin-1 found active in the human placenta. Syncytin-1 is derived from the Envelope gene (Env) of HERV -W which is also found in the genomes of all of primate sub order Haplorhini, having entered the ancestral primate lineage more than 23 mya. The second such such protein discovered , Syncytin -2, also comes into play in the implantation of the placenta in humans. It too was derived from the envelop gene (ENV) of another retrovirus, HERV-FRD which was co-opted by an ancestral primate host more than 40 mya. Subsequent research has found other forms of syncytins active in other mammalian lineages, but had their origins in the envelope genes of different ERV"s. (NOT the primate derived HERV's.) In each case, they are evidence of common ancestry: Rodents (rats, mice, beaver, capybara et al) utilize syncytins A and B. Carnivores, cats, dogs, seals et al, all utilize the syncytin-CAR1. In Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) it is syncytin-Ory. Other mammalian lineages utilized still other syncytins derived from the envelop (ENV) genes of other ERV's. Here we have viruses, specifically the fossil remnants of Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's), that were critical in mammalian evolution and remain in their respective genomes, still providing essential benefit to the host. Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's) were critical in mammalian evolution It is not merely the commonality of ERV's and Pseudogenes that are evidence of common ancestry, there are also those various forms of Syncytin. When all lines of evidence converge to the same conclusion, that is as close to absolute certainty as it gets in science. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 day ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago A COMMON MISCONCEPTION is that evolution should lead to some particular trait, such as a large brain. There is no "goal' to evolution; not speed, not strength, not intelligence and certainly not 'humanity'. Evolution is about one thing: survival. Evolution occurs at the molecular level. In every living species, mutations (copy errors) occur with every cell division and replication Those mutations are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. It is the then current environment which wields the pruning shears, favoring those mutations that best suit the organism for that environment and apes were very well suited for their forest environment. Millions of years ago, when forests covered much of Africa, those forests harbored 30 or more species of apes, but as the climate of east Africa changed becoming dryer, the forests diminished and grasslands expanded. Competition among apes species increased and many went extinct. There are 8 extant species of Great Apes (Hominids) including humans. One population of apes that, as the forests retreated, opted for life on the open savanna, stood on two feet and faced different evolutionary pressures that set their descendants on an evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. The populations of apes that stayed in the forests became today's chimps, bonobos, orangs and gorillas. The modern human brain is about 2% of total body mass, yet is requires fully 20% of total caloric consumption. I think you can understand that for most animals it is a daily challenge to consume enough calories just to survive, and the energy demands of a larger brain would be more of a burden than an asset. It is also the case that the larger human brain requires that babies be born at a less advanced stage of neural development placing an additional burden primarily on the mother. Japanese researchers have compared brain scans of baby macaques, chimps and human children and found that brain volume for both chimp and human babies increase at three times the rate of infant macaques, however, during early childhood, human brain expansion was twice that of chimpanzees due to rapid growth of connections between brain cells. In the human infant, fully 60% of caloric intake go into neuronal development. For most other species, the necessity for such a long childhood would place them at a survival disadvantage. Two human characteristics, a large brain and a long childhood are interrelated and both had their beginnings in our primate ancestors. Unlike many other mammals whose survival was dependent on large litters of young and the odds that at least some of them would survive, Primates already had a larger brain than most other mammals and parlayed that benefit into having fewer offspring (only two 'feeding stations') and investing time and effort in teaching survival tactics to those offspring. Evolution occurs by incremental modification of existing structures. Among primates, we see increases in brain size from Prosimians (like Lemurs and Lorises) to Simians (Monkeys, apes and humans). Among those simians we see increases in brain size and cognition from New World Monkeys to Old World Monkeys and still further expansion in apes, particularly in the Great Apes (Hominids). In general, that expansion of the brain follows primate evolution. That trend toward an ever larger cranial capacity (brain size) is also seen in the evolution of the human species. A brain, being soft tissue, has not been found in fossils, but brain size can be inferred from cranial capacity. Our early bipedal ancestors, Australopithecines, such as the famous "Lucy" fossil (Australopithecus afarensis), had a cranial capacity (375 to 550 cc) somewhat larger than that of modern chimpanzees. Fossils from that species are dated 3.9–2.9 mya. They were followed by Australopithecus africanus, which lived from 3.67 to 2 mya, then by the genus Homo lineage: H. habilis 2.3–1.65 mya (500–900 cm3); H. erectus (aka H. ergaster) about 2 mya to ca. 117 to 108kya (They had a large variation in brain size - from 546–1,251 cc). H. erectus was the most successful hominid species, with populations existing for 2 mya and spanning Africa and much of Eurasia. They diverged into multiple species, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, et al, including the common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. sapiens. Several hominin species were contemporaries in time and interbreeding between them took place. Some fossils are difficult to classify, quite possibly due to such interbreeding. See: 'List of human evolution fossils'. We are just now beginning to understand the environmental pressures that lead to a larger brain; increasingly complex social networks, and in humans, where the development of language enabled a culture built around tool manufacture and use. Cooperative hunting no doubt played a role as well. The challenges of a rapidly changing climate may also have been a contributing factor. If it had not been for the development of language, humanity would have had to continuously re-invent the Acheulian Hand Axe. Two factors allowing human speech are the hyoid bone, also present in Neanderthals, to which the muscles of the tongue are attached, and a particular variant of the FOXP2 gene found in other mammals that allows for complex speech. Humans share this variant with both Neanderthal and Denisovans, indicating that it was inherited from a common ancestor. Neither chimps, bonobos or other apes have that variation, indicating that it arose sometime after the species diverged. So, yes, the human evolutionary history is indeed complex, but as Richard Feynman said, "Science is the joy of finding things out.". We are getting a lot of clues as to the expansion of the human brain from embryology and comparative genomics, but we see a progression in brain size from early mammals to primates, to monkeys, to apes and to humans. In addition, while most mammal brains are smooth, primate brains have convolutions which increase the surface area of the cortex. Those convolutions increase from monkeys to apes and more in humans. See: "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Wolfgang Enard, Molly Przeworski, Simon E. Fisher, Cecilia S. L. Lai, Victor Wiebe, Takashi Kitano, Anthony P. Monaco, Svante Pääbo Nature 418, 869 - 872 (22 Aug 2002) ------------------ "The increase in total cerebral volume during early infancy and the juvenile stage in chimpanzees and humans was approximately three times greater than that in macaques," the researchers wrote in the journal article. But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter. Chimpanzee brain volumes ballooned about half that of humans' expansion during that time period. Human Intelligence Secrets Revealed by Chimp Brains By Tia Ghose, Senior Writer | December 18, 2012 07:01pm with additional increaseabout 1.6 mi 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago A COMMON MISCONCEPTION is that evolution should lead to some particular trait, such as a large brain. There is no "goal' to evolution; not speed, not strength, not intelligence and certainly not 'humanity'. Evolution is about one thing: survival. Evolution occurs at the molecular level. In every living species, mutations (copy errors) occur with every cell division and replication Those mutations are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. It is the then current environment which wields the pruning shears, favoring those mutations that best suit the organism for that environment and apes were very well suited for their forest environment. Millions of years ago, when forests covered much of Africa, those forests harbored 30 or more species of apes, but as the climate of east Africa changed becoming dryer, the forests diminished and grasslands expanded. Competition among apes species increased and many went extinct. There are 8 extant species of Great Apes (Hominids) including humans. One population of apes that, as the forests retreated, opted for life on the open savanna, stood on two feet and faced different evolutionary pressures that set their descendants on an evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. The populations of apes that stayed in the forests became today's chimps, bonobos, orangs and gorillas. The modern human brain is about 2% of total body mass, yet is requires fully 20% of total caloric consumption. I think you can understand that for most animals it is a daily challenge to consume enough calories just to survive, and the energy demands of a larger brain would be more of a burden than an asset. It is also the case that the larger human brain requires that babies be born at a less advanced stage of neural development placing an additional burden primarily on the mother. Japanese researchers have compared brain scans of baby macaques, chimps and human children and found that brain volume for both chimp and human babies increase at three times the rate of infant macaques, however, during early childhood, human brain expansion was twice that of chimpanzees due to rapid growth of connections between brain cells. In the human infant, fully 60% of caloric intake go into neuronal development. For most other species, the necessity for such a long childhood would place them at a survival disadvantage. Two human characteristics, a large brain and a long childhood are interrelated and both had their beginnings in our primate ancestors. Unlike many other mammals whose survival was dependent on large litters of young and the odds that at least some of them would survive, Primates already had a larger brain than most other mammals and parlayed that benefit into having fewer offspring (only two 'feeding stations') and investing time and effort in teaching survival tactics to those offspring. Evolution occurs by incremental modification of existing structures. Among primates, we see increases in brain size from Prosimians (like Lemurs and Lorises) to Simians (Monkeys, apes and humans). Among those simians we see increases in brain size and cognition from New World Monkeys to Old World Monkeys and still further expansion in apes, particularly in the Great Apes (Hominids). In general, that expansion of the brain follows primate evolution. That trend toward an ever larger cranial capacity (brain size) is also seen in the evolution of the human species. A brain, being soft tissue, has not been found in fossils, but brain size can be inferred from cranial capacity. Our early bipedal ancestors, Australopithecines, such as the famous "Lucy" fossil (Australopithecus afarensis), had a cranial capacity (375 to 550 cc) somewhat larger than that of modern chimpanzees. Fossils from that species are dated 3.9–2.9 mya. They were followed by Australopithecus africanus, which lived from 3.67 to 2 mya, then by the genus Homo lineage: H. habilis 2.3–1.65 mya (500–900 cm3); H. erectus (aka H. ergaster) about 2 mya to ca. 117 to 108kya (They had a large variation in brain size - from 546–1,251 cc). H. erectus was the most successful hominid species, with populations existing for 2 mya and spanning Africa and much of Eurasia. They diverged into multiple species, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, et al, including the common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. sapiens. Several hominin species were contemporaries in time and interbreeding between them took place. Some fossils are difficult to classify, quite possibly due to such interbreeding. See: 'List of human evolution fossils'. We are just now beginning to understand the environmental pressures that lead to a larger brain; increasingly complex social networks, and in humans, where the development of language enabled a culture built around tool manufacture and use. Cooperative hunting no doubt played a role as well. The challenges of a rapidly changing climate may also have been a contributing factor. If it had not been for the development of language, humanity would have had to continuously re-invent the Acheulian Hand Axe. Two factors allowing human speech are the hyoid bone, also present in Neanderthals, to which the muscles of the tongue are attached, and a particular variant of the FOXP2 gene found in other mammals that allows for complex speech. Humans share this variant with both Neanderthal and Denisovans, indicating that it was inherited from a common ancestor. Neither chimps, bonobos or other apes have that variation, indicating that it arose sometime after the species diverged. So, yes, the human evolutionary history is indeed complex, but as Richard Feynman said, "Science is the joy of finding things out.". We are getting a lot of clues as to the expansion of the human brain from embryology and comparative genomics, but we see a progression in brain size from early mammals to primates, to monkeys, to apes and to humans. In addition, while most mammal brains are smooth, primate brains have convolutions which increase the surface area of the cortex. Those convolutions increase from monkeys to apes and more in humans. See: "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Wolfgang Enard, Molly Przeworski, Simon E. Fisher, Cecilia S. L. Lai, Victor Wiebe, Takashi Kitano, Anthony P. Monaco, Svante Pääbo Nature 418, 869 - 872 (22 Aug 2002) ------------------ "The increase in total cerebral volume during early infancy and the juvenile stage in chimpanzees and humans was approximately three times greater than that in macaques," the researchers wrote in the journal article. But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter. Chimpanzee brain volumes ballooned about half that of humans' expansion during that time period. Human Intelligence Secrets Revealed by Chimp Brains By Tia Ghose, Senior Writer | December 18, 2012 07:01pm 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Appartently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationist have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 1 Reply Too stupid for science? Try religion Too stupid for science? Try religion 4 months ago CAN JOHN GIVE ONE EXAMPLE OF MORAL ABSOLUTES THAT EXIST IN THE ABSENCE OF HUMANS? I’M WAITING… 1 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Monke Monke 1 year ago Back in my day's..... 1.8K Reply 68 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago EVOLUTION is a BIOLOGICAL PROCESS, NOT AN EVENT. Evolution proceeds by incremental modification of existing structures. That is what we see, for instance, in the evolution of the heart, from simple muscular contraction of a blood vessel, to the two chambered heart of fish that is basically a thickening of a section of the circulatory system. Higher order vertebrates, like amphibians and reptiles, evolved a 3 chamber heart; two atria(inflow) and one ventricle (out flow). Warm blooded animals, birds and mammals, required the greater oxygenation provided by a 4 chamber heart. Our brain evolved in a similar manner; it did not just "pop into existence". 2 Reply Xx_KISSandMAKEUP_xX Xx_KISSandMAKEUP_xX 4 months ago Trees became sparse.. as if that is an explanation on the reproductive portion of this evolution which is practically always left out 😂 Reply 1 reply Jonathan Berglund Jonathan Berglund 4 months ago awesome 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply RefLEKS RefLEKS 1 month ago (edited) first human: we need survive 2022 human: we need money, we need s*x, we need love, we need phone, we need clear water, we need society, we need courtesy, we need religion, we need toxic furry, we need tiktok, we need more type foods, we need science Reply musteren musteren 1 year ago Humans then: finally i can make tools Humans now: go back i want to be monke 313 Reply 29 replies Space Lemur Space Lemur 5 months ago I heard a pretty convincing argument that we must have mastered fire when we left the trees, as sleeping on the ground without it to frighten preditors would probably have wiped us out, especially as we have pretty poor night vision compared to almost all African preditors. Reply 5 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply rootsandvulture rootsandvulture 2 weeks ago "Their faces were savage" , come on , was a great film up until theat point! Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago A COMMON MISCONCEPTION is that evolution should lead to some particular trait, such as a large brain. There is no "goal' to evolution; not speed, not strength, not intelligence and certainly not 'humanity'. Evolution is about one thing: survival. Evolution occurs at the molecular level. In every living species, mutations copy errors) occur with every cell division and replication Those mutations are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. It is the then current environment which wields the pruning shears, favoring those mutations that best suit the organism for that environment and apes were very well suited for their forest environment. Millions of years ago, when forests covered much of Africa, those forests harbored 30 or more species of apes, but as the climate of east Africa changed becoming dryer, the forests diminished and grasslands expanded. Competition among apes species increased and many went extinct. One population of apes that, as the forests retreated, opted for life on the open savanna, stood on two feet and faced different evolutionary pressures that set their descendants on an evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. The populations of apes that stayed in the forests became today's chimps, bonobos, orangs and gorillas. The modern human brain is about 2% of total body mass, yet is requires fully 20% of total caloric consumption. I think you can understand that for most animals it is a daily challenge to consume enough calories just to survive, and the energy demands of a larger brain would be more of a burden than an asset. It is also the case that the larger human brain requires that babies be born at a less advanced stage of neural development placing an additional burden primarily on the mother. Japanese researchers have compared brain scans of baby macaques, chimps and human children and found that brain volume for both chimp and human babies increase at three times the rate of infant macaques, however, during early childhood, human brain expansion was twice that of chimpanzees due to rapid growth of connections between brain cells. In the human infant, fully 60% of caloric intake go into neuronal development. For most other species, the necessity for such a long childhood would place them at a survival disadvantage. Two human characteristics, a large brain and a long childhood are interrelated and both had their beginnings in our primate ancestors. Unlike many other mammals whose survival was dependent on large litters of young and the odds that at least some of them would survive, Primates already had a larger brain than most other mammals of comparable size, and parlayed that benefit into having fewer offspring (only two 'feeding stations') and investing time and effort in teaching survival tactics to one, or at most two, offspring. Primates have a comparatively long 'childhood' during which time the brain continues to grow and add neurons. Humans have the longest childhoods of all primates. Evolution occurs by incremental modification of existing structures. Among primates, we see increases in brain size from Prosimians (like Lemurs and Lorises) to Simians (Monkeys, apes and humans). Among those simians we see increases in brain size and cognition from New World Monkeys to Old World Monkeys and still further expansion in apes, particularly in the Great Apes (Hominids). In general, that expansion of the brain follows primate evolution. That trend toward an ever larger cranial capacity (brain size) is also seen in the evolution of the human species. A brain, being soft tissue, has not been found in fossils, but brain size can be inferred from cranial capacity. Our early bipedal ancestors, Australopithecines, such as the famous "Lucy" fossil (Australopithecus afarensis), had a cranial capacity (375 to 550 cc) somewhat larger than that of modern chimpanzees. Fossils from that species are dated 3.9–2.9 mya. They were followed by Australopithecus africanus, which lived from 3.67 to 2 mya, then by the genus Homo lineage: H. habilis 2.3–1.65 mya (500–900 cm3); H. erectus (aka H. ergaster) about 2 mya to ca. 117 to108kya (They had a large variation in brain size - from 546–1,251 cc). H. erectus was the most successful hominid species, with populations existing for 2 mya and spanning Africa and much of Eurasia. They diverged into multiple species, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, et al, including the common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. sapiens. Several hominin species were contemporaries in time and interbreeding between them took place. Some fossils are difficult to classify, quite possibly due to such interbreeding. See: 'List of human evolution fossils'. We are just now beginning to understand the environmental pressures that lead to a larger brain; increasingly complex social networks, and in humans, where the development of language enabled a culture built around tool manufacture and use. Cooperative hunting no doubt played a role as well. The challenges of a rapidly changing climate may also have been a contributing factor. If it had not been for the development of language, humanity would have had to continuously re-invent the Acheulian Hand Axe. Two factors allowing human speech are the hyoid bone, also present in Neanderthals, to which the muscles of the tongue are attached, and a particular variant of the FOXP2 gene found in other mammals that allows for complex speech. Humans share this variant with both Neanderthal and Denisovans, indicating that it was inherited from a common ancestor. Neither chimps, bonobos or other apes have that variation, indicating that it arose sometime after the species diverged. So, yes, the human evolutionary history is indeed complex, but as Richard Feynman said, "Science is the joy of finding things out.". We are getting a lot of clues as to the expansion of the human brain from embryology and comparative genomics, but we see a progression in brain size from early mammals to primates, to monkeys, to apes and to humans. In addition, while most mammal brains are smooth, primate brains have convolutions which increase the surface area of the cortex. Those convolutions increase from monkeys to apes and more in humans. See: "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Wolfgang Enard, Molly Przeworski, Simon E. Fisher, Cecilia S. L. Lai, Victor Wiebe, Takashi Kitano, Anthony P. Monaco, Svante Pääbo Nature 418, 869 - 872 (22 Aug 2002) ------------------ "The increase in total cerebral volume during early infancy and the juvenile stage in chimpanzees and humans was approximately three times greater than that in macaques," the researchers wrote in the journal article. But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter. Chimpanzee brain volumes ballooned about half that of humans' expansion during that time period. Human Intelligence Secrets Revealed by Chimp Brains By Tia Ghose, Senior Writer | December 18, 2012 07:01pm with additional increaseabout 1.6 mi 2 Reply The Unavator The Unavator 2 years ago " for millions of years our planet has been floating in space " Yes. That's what a planet does 94 Reply 8 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago HUMAN VARIATION - Skin Color There are really no peoples who are actually "white", unless they are albinos, which can occur among any human population but are most noticeable among Africans. Everyone has melanin in their skin to protect against the harmful UV radiation in sunlight. Since humans evolved in tropical Africa, dark skin is the ancestral condition and it naturally tends to predominate in areas of intense tropical sunlight. Even in Africa, there is a wide variation in skin tones, from the ebony of Nilotic peoples of the tropic north to the cafe-au-lait of the Khoi and San (KhoiSan) people that predominated in southern Africa prior to the influx of the agricultural Bantu peoples from the north. Those more recent emigrants displaced the original Khoi and San peoples, often taking their women much as European colonists did in the Americas. As a result, many dark skinned South Africans have KhoiSan mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a female ancestor. Light skinned peoples in tropical areas are generally there due to migration and they must take precautions against UV radiation or risk skin cancer. Light skin does have an advantage in areas of less intense sunlight, since it allows the body to produce vitamin D from sunlight. Europeans and peoples of northern Asia are thought of as being light skinned, but the genomes derived from the bones of early European hunter gatherers show that they had genes for dark skin and apparently got sufficient vitamin D from a diet of native plants and wild game animals. The development of agriculture in the middle east about 12,000 years ago, brought about a big change in the human diet. The domestication of wild grains provided a foodstuff that could be grown in huge quantities and stored for long periods of time. This change to a starch based diet, coupled with natural selection, brought about changes to the genomes of peoples who came to depend on grains for sustenance. While starch provided calories, it did not provide vitamin D. As a result, in those peoples, natural selection favored those with lighter skin. While starches were part of the diet of other primates, they are not so easily digested. Primates and other animals produce the Amylase enzyme in the pancreas which breaks down starches into simple sugars. It is the AMY2 gene that is expressed in the pancreas that begins that process in the intestine. At some point in primate evolution, the ancestral AMY2 gene mutated into the AMY1 gene (so named because it was discovered first) which is expressed in saliva, jump starting the conversion process. Our nearest cousins have a single copy of that gene but humans have multiple copies of it in their genome. That Copy Number Variation (CNV) differs in different human populations dependent on the starch consumption of their culture. Skin color, starches, gene duplications 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago WE SHARE GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) WITH ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaques. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - The Human Tail rev 2.0 Everyone knows that humans don't have tails. Except, sometimes they do. On rare occasions infants are born with one. In biblical times such a child would have been deemed offspring of Satan and destroyed, most likely in some horrible fashion. Modern science and embryology reveals that Every Human Embryo starts to develop a tail for only a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It's most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then it regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. In rare cases, the regression is incomplete. The human tail is an atavism that arises if the signal that normally stops the process of vertebrate elongation during embryonic development fails to activate on time. In such cases, the appendage is usually surgically removed at birth. A gene called TBXT is what serves to produce a tail in other primates. However, about 25 million years ago, a transposable element (A 'jumping gene), an Alu that is unique to primates, got inserted into the TBXT gene of one particular linage of Old World Monkeys, resulting in the loss of their tail. The fossil Proconsul, from about 25 mya to 14 mya, is considered to be the first apes. They had no tail and a somewhat larger brain, but as with transitional fossils, retained ancestral characteristics such as being obligate quadrupeds. Later apes evolved changes to shoulder bones that allowed swinging their arms over their head and moving through trees by swinging arm over arm from branch to branch (brachiation). Their descendants are today's apes, one branch of which produced Homo sapiens, our species. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago HUMAN VARIATION - Skin Color There are really no peoples who are actually "white", unless they are albinos, which can occur among any human population but are most noticeable among Africans. Everyone has melanin in their skin to protect against the harmful UV radiation in sunlight. Since humans evolved in tropical Africa, dark skin is the ancestral condition and it naturally tends to predominate in areas of intense tropical sunlight. Even in Africa, there is a wide variation in skin tones, from the ebony of Nilotic peoples of the tropic north to the cafe-au-lait of the Khoi and San (KhoiSan) people that predominated in southern Africa prior to the influx of the agricultural Bantu peoples from the north. Those more recent emigrants displaced the original Khoi and San peoples, often taking their women much as European colonists did in the Americas. As a result, many dark skinned South Africans have KhoiSan mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a female ancestor. Light skinned peoples in tropical areas are generally there due to migration and they must take precautions against UV radiation or risk skin cancer. Light skin does have an advantage in areas of less intense sunlight, since it allows the body to produce vitamin D from sunlight. Europeans and peoples of northern Asia are thought of as being light skinned, but the genomes derived from the bones of early European hunter gatherers show that they had genes for dark skin and apparently got sufficient vitamin D from a diet of native plants and wild game animals. The development of agriculture in the middle east about 12,000 years ago, brought about a big change in the human diet. The domestication of wild grains provided a foodstuff that could be grown in huge quantities and stored for long periods of time. This change to a starch based diet, coupled with natural selection, brought about changes to the genomes of peoples who came to depend on grains for sustenance. While starch provided calories, it did not provide vitamin D. As a result, in those peoples, natural selection favored those with lighter skin. While starches were part of the diet of other primates, they are not so easily digested. Primates and other animals produce the Amylase enzyme in the pancreas which breaks down starches into simple sugars. It is the AMY2 gene that is expressed in the pancreas that begins that process in the intestine. At some point in primate evolution, the ancestral AMY2 gene mutated into the AMY1 gene (so named because it was discovered first) which is expressed in saliva, jump starting the conversion process. Our nearest cousins have a single copy of that gene but humans have multiple copies of it in their genome. That Copy Number Variation (CNV) differs in different human populations dependent on the starch consumption of their culture. Skin color, starches, gene duplications 2 Reply Drelezar Drelezar 8 months ago (edited) So over 70,000 years ago, we actually came to, what experts believe, the closest to extinction we’ve ever been. It’s believed to have been caused by a supervolcano. The Toba supervolcano then sunk into the ground and became lake Toba 61 Reply 8 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands (aka 'feeding stations'), although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains averages 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands, although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains averages 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 1 Reply Peeeons Peeeons 8 days ago based on that chart at the end, our brains will become larger and therefore our heads lmao Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands (aka 'feeding stations'), although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains average 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. A gorilla could slap you into next month, but it cannot make a fist. 1 Reply KengHengGaming KengHengGaming 3 months ago 5:15 is that elephant Deinotherium??? 2 Reply 2 replies Breezy G Breezy G 2 years ago How did they film this this was like millions of years ago Impressive 👍 39 Reply 5 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 2 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands (aka 'feeding stations'), although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains average 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. A gorilla could slap you into next month, but it cannot make a fist. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 weeks ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands (aka 'feeding stations'), although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains average 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. A gorilla could slap you into next month, but it cannot make a fist. 1 Reply Richard Pietrusinski Richard Pietrusinski 2 days ago the branch comes from the vine and not the vine from the branch! YES YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IF YOUR WILLING! Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago SOME PEOPLE STILL ASK, "WHY ARE THERE STILL APES (OR MONKEYS)?" It should be obvious that such people lack an understanding of what evolution is and how it works. Apparently someone told such people that humans evolved from apes, and from that, due to their lack of education, they assumed that all apes were supposed to evolve into humans. That is not how evolution works, but creationists have no interest in learning anything other than creation mythology. They might just as well have asked "If dogs are descended from wolves, why are there still wolves?" Or even "If Americans came from Europe, why are there still Europeans?" Just as dogs descended from a population of wolves, so too did humans evolve from one particular population of apes. What we know is that the first apes evolved in Africa about 25 million years ago from a population of Old World Monkeys. Whereas monkeys run on all four feet across the TOPS of branches, apes evolved the ability to swing, arm over arm, from branch to branch. Evolution works to make each species best suited to their environment. For apes, that environment was the forest and they are well suited for it. At one time there were about 30 different species of apes in those forests. Had environmental conditions remained the same, we would still see forests covering the whole African continent. However, conditions did not stay the same; the climate became drier. As a result, forested areas shrank in size and were replaced by grasslands, the African savanna, with just a few scattered trees. The shrinking forests put different ape species in competition with each other and many went extinct. Then, about 6 or 7 million years ago, one population of apes split, with some of them opting for life on that open savanna. All apes are capable of walking upright, they are just not comfortable doing so for long periods of time. Recent experiments with trained chimps on a treadmill have shown that for them, walking upright was more efficient in terms of energy expended than quadrupedal walking. Chimps and other apes though must shift their weight from side to side while walking bipedaly. That savanna environment favored skeletal changes that placed the knees directly under the center of gravity. by about 4 mya, our ancestral australopithecines had almost the same pelvis, femur, knees and feet as modern humans. That gave them a smooth stride that was efficient for long distance travel. They did however, retain long arms and curved fingers enabling them to climb a tree when danger threatened. The apes that remained in a forest environment were under little pressure to change. They became the ancestors of today's chimps and bonobos. Those living in the open were presented challenges not experienced by woodland apes, and that required greater intelligence and cooperation to overcome them. It set their descendants on a different evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. 2 Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago THAT IS WHAT SCIENTISTS SAY. THE CREATIONIST ANSWER: "NUH-UH", "NUH-UH", "NUH-UH". They seem to think that is a very powerful argument. (They really do.) 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 9 months ago "Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge: it is those who know little, and not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science." - Charles Darwin 42 Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago A COMMON MISCONCEPTION is that evolution should lead to some particular trait, such as a large brain. There is no "goal' to evolution; not speed, not strength, not intelligence and certainly not 'humanity'. Evolution is about one thing: survival. Evolution occurs at the molecular level. In every living species, mutations copy errors) occur with every cell division and replication Those mutations are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. It is the then current environment which wields the pruning shears, favoring those mutations that best suit the organism for that environment and apes were very well suited for their forest environment. Millions of years ago, when forests covered much of Africa, those forests harbored 30 or more species of apes, but as the climate of east Africa changed becoming dryer, the forests diminished and grasslands expanded. Competition among apes species increased and many went extinct. One population of apes that, as the forests retreated, opted for life on the open savanna, stood on two feet and faced different evolutionary pressures that set their descendants on an evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. The populations of apes that stayed in the forests became today's chimps, bonobos, orangs and gorillas. The modern human brain is about 2% of total body mass, yet is requires fully 20% of total caloric consumption. I think you can understand that for most animals it is a daily challenge to consume enough calories just to survive, and the energy demands of a larger brain would be more of a burden than an asset. It is also the case that the larger human brain requires that babies be born at a less advanced stage of neural development placing an additional burden primarily on the mother. Japanese researchers have compared brain scans of baby macaques, chimps and human children and found that brain volume for both chimp and human babies increase at three times the rate of infant macaques, however, during early childhood, human brain expansion was twice that of chimpanzees due to rapid growth of connections between brain cells. In the human infant, fully 60% of caloric intake go into neuronal development. For most other species, the necessity for such a long childhood would place them at a survival disadvantage. Two human characteristics, a large brain and a long childhood are interrelated and both had their beginnings in our primate ancestors. Unlike many other mammals whose survival was dependent on large litters of young and the odds that at least some of them would survive, Primates already had a larger brain than most other mammals of comparable size, and parlayed that benefit into having fewer offspring (only two 'feeding stations') and investing time and effort in teaching survival tactics to one, or at most two, offspring. Primates have a comparatively long 'childhood' during which time the brain continues to grow and add neurons. Humans have the longest childhoods of all primates. Evolution occurs by incremental modification of existing structures. Among primates, we see increases in brain size from Prosimians (like Lemurs and Lorises) to Simians (Monkeys, apes and humans). Among those simians we see increases in brain size and cognition from New World Monkeys to Old World Monkeys and still further expansion in apes, particularly in the Great Apes (Hominids). In general, that expansion of the brain follows primate evolution. That trend toward an ever larger cranial capacity (brain size) is also seen in the evolution of the human species. A brain, being soft tissue, has not been found in fossils, but brain size can be inferred from cranial capacity. Our early bipedal ancestors, Australopithecines, such as the famous "Lucy" fossil (Australopithecus afarensis), had a cranial capacity (375 to 550 cc) somewhat larger than that of modern chimpanzees. Fossils from that species are dated 3.9–2.9 mya. They were followed by Australopithecus africanus, which lived from 3.67 to 2 mya, then by the genus Homo lineage: H. habilis 2.3–1.65 mya (500–900 cm3); H. erectus (aka H. ergaster) about 2 mya to ca. 117 to108kya (They had a large variation in brain size - from 546–1,251 cc). H. erectus was the most successful hominid species, with populations existing for 2 mya and spanning Africa and much of Eurasia. They diverged into multiple species, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, et al, including the common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. sapiens. Several hominin species were contemporaries in time and interbreeding between them took place. Some fossils are difficult to classify, quite possibly due to such interbreeding. See: 'List of human evolution fossils'. We are just now beginning to understand the environmental pressures that lead to a larger brain; increasingly complex social networks, and in humans, where the development of language enabled a culture built around tool manufacture and use. Cooperative hunting no doubt played a role as well. The challenges of a rapidly changing climate may also have been a contributing factor. If it had not been for the development of language, humanity would have had to continuously re-invent the Acheulian Hand Axe. Two factors allowing human speech are the hyoid bone, also present in Neanderthals, to which the muscles of the tongue are attached, and a particular variant of the FOXP2 gene found in other mammals that allows for complex speech. Humans share this variant with both Neanderthal and Denisovans, indicating that it was inherited from a common ancestor. Neither chimps, bonobos or other apes have that variation, indicating that it arose sometime after the species diverged. So, yes, the human evolutionary history is indeed complex, but as Richard Feynman said, "Science is the joy of finding things out.". We are getting a lot of clues as to the expansion of the human brain from embryology and comparative genomics, but we see a progression in brain size from early mammals to primates, to monkeys, to apes and to humans. In addition, while most mammal brains are smooth, primate brains have convolutions which increase the surface area of the cortex. Those convolutions increase from monkeys to apes and more in humans. See: "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Wolfgang Enard, Molly Przeworski, Simon E. Fisher, Cecilia S. L. Lai, Victor Wiebe, Takashi Kitano, Anthony P. Monaco, Svante Pääbo Nature 418, 869 - 872 (22 Aug 2002) ------------------ "The increase in total cerebral volume during early infancy and the juvenile stage in chimpanzees and humans was approximately three times greater than that in macaques," the researchers wrote in the journal article. But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter. Chimpanzee brain volumes ballooned about half that of humans' expansion during that time period. Human Intelligence Secrets Revealed by Chimp Brains By Tia Ghose, Senior Writer | December 18, 2012 07:01pm 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago The Royal Society (UK) on Evolution, Creationism and "Intelligent Design": The Royal Society was founded in 1660 by a group of scholars whose desire was to promote an understanding of ourselves and the universe through experiment and observation. This approach to the acquisition of knowledge forms the basis of the scientific method, which involves the testing of theories against observational evidence. It has led to major advances of understanding over more than 300 years. Although there is still much left to be discovered, we now have a broad knowledge of how the universe developed after the 'Big Bang' and of how humans and other species appeared on Earth. One of the most important advances in our knowledge has been the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Since being proposed by Charles Darwin nearly 150 years ago, the theory of evolution has been supported by a mounting body of scientific evidence. Today it is recognised as the best explanation for the development of life on Earth from its beginnings and for the diversity of species. Evolution is rightly taught as an essential part of biology and science courses in schools, colleges and universities across the world. The process of evolution can be seen in action today, for example in the development of resistance to antibiotics in disease-causing bacteria, of resistance to pesticides by insect pests, and the rapid evolution of viruses that are responsible for influenza and AIDS. Darwin's theory of evolution helps us to understand these problems and to find solutions to them. Many other explanations, some of them based on religious belief, have been offered for the development of life on Earth, and the existence of a 'creator' is fundamental to many religions. Many people both believe in a creator and accept the scientific evidence for how the universe, and life on Earth, developed. Creationism is a belief that may be taught as part of religious education in schools, colleges and universities. Creationism may also be taught in some science classes to demonstrate the difference between theories, such as evolution, that are based on scientific evidence, and beliefs, such as creationism, that are based on faith. However, some versions of creationism are incompatible with the scientific evidence. For instance, a belief that all species on Earth have always existed in their present form is not consistent with the wealth of evidence for evolution, such as the fossil record. Similarly, a belief that the Earth was formed in 4004 BC is not consistent with the evidence from geology, astronomy and physics that the solar system, including Earth, formed about 4600 million years ago. Some proponents of an alternative explanation for the diversity of life on Earth now claim that their theories are based on scientific evidence. One such view is presented as the theory of intelligent design. This proposes that some species are too complex to have evolved through natural selection and that therefore life on Earth must be the product of a 'designer'. Its supporters make only selective reference to the overwhelming scientific evidence that supports evolution, and treat gaps in current knowledge which, as in all areas of science, certainly exist — as if they were evidence for a 'designer'. In this respect, intelligent design has far more in common with a religious belief in creationism than it has with science, which is based on evidence acquired through experiment and observation. The theory of evolution is supported by the weight of scientific evidence; the theory of intelligent design is not. Science has proved enormously successful in advancing our understanding of the world, and young people are entitled to learn about scientific knowledge, including evolution. They also have a right to learn how science advances, and that there are, of course, many things that science cannot yet explain. Some may wish to explore the compatibility, or otherwise, of science with various religious beliefs, and they should be encouraged to do so. However, young people are poorly served by deliberate attempts to withhold, distort or misrepresent scientific knowledge and understanding in order to promote particular religious beliefs. 2 Reply X.O_LOHITHA 🦋 X.O_LOHITHA 🦋 4 months ago Who knew we were monkeys!! Damn!! 💙👌 Reply 4 replies Lyle The Crocodile. Lyle The Crocodile. 5 months ago I still believe the God theory but still great video and the animation is awsome! Good job Reply 2 replies wayne slater wayne slater 1 month ago Drit.the first human was adamah,which in English,means the red one. Reply 1 reply Уголок сталиниста Уголок сталиниста 3 years ago Your project is wonderful. It's really amazing! Good job, guys 12 Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE AWARDED FOR EVOLUTION RESEARCH - Svante Pääbo, a Swedish scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine this week for his work in evolution. The committee awarded Svante Pääbo, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.” "Svante Pääbo, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, accomplished something widely believed to be impossible: recovering and reading DNA from 40,000-year-old bones. By developing new techniques for working with ancient genetic material — which is often heavily degraded and contaminated by microorganisms — he led teams that sequenced the genome of the Neanderthal [Homo neanderthalensis], and discovered a previously unknown hominin, Denisova [Homo denisova]. Pääbo unlocked scientists’ understanding of how genes from these extinct relatives have been passed down to present-day humans." Actually, most of the bones Paabo worked with were quite a bit older than 40,000 years as that is about the time our related species went extinct. DNA deteriorates over time and some has been reserved in cool dry caves. Even then, the DNA recovered was badly fragmented. Svante Pääbo worked out a method of putting the snippets back in their proper order by using modern human DNA as a template. 1 Reply Oboy BN Oboy BN 6 months ago Is it possible that certain African tribes still possess qualities of some of these early men? If the environment didn’t change in the way it did or the adaptation wasn’t necessary, these people could be stuck at an earlier or alternative evolution stage to another person, correct? 1 Reply 3 replies _Chaerry_x _Chaerry_x 3 months ago Homo habilis having abs, biceps and triceps. Wooahh!!!!!!! 1 Reply 1 reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 7 months ago The American Association for the Advancement of Science statement on evolution: "Evolution is one of the most robust and widely accepted principles of modern science. It is the foundation for research in a wide array of scientific fields and, accordingly, a core element in science education. The AAAS Board of Directors is deeply concerned, therefore, about legislation and policies recently introduced in a number of states and localities that would undermine the teaching of evolution and deprive students of the education they need to be informed and productive citizens in an increasingly technological, global community. Although their language and strategy differ, all of these proposals, if passed, would weaken science education. The AAAS Board of Directors strongly opposes these attacks on the integrity of science and science education. They threaten not just the teaching of evolution, but students’ understanding of the biological, physical, and geological sciences." Creationists, who are often scientifically illiterate, often make the claim that evolution is not really science. The AAAS, in essence, is saying they lie. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 day ago FACT: No one is born with a language or religion. A developing child is capable of learning any language, just as it is capable of learning any religion. The ability of a child to learn another language diminishes with age, as also happens with patterns of thought. As Albert Einstein noted "What passes for common sense is the collection of prejudices we acquire by age 18". He also said; "Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment. Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions." In essence a child is imprinted by the family and society into which it is born. It takes concentrated effort to alter those learned behaviors and few are capable of doing so. Being confronted by new information that conflicts with those learned behaviors will likely result in the discomfort known as 'cognitive dissonance'. Ideas and attitudes absorbed by a child's mind were not reasoned there, and in most cases, cannot be reasoned out of them. 1 Reply Barbaric Beats Barbaric Beats 9 months ago t has been historically difficult for people to accept that we are in fact just another primate species with African origins and that we differ physically only in degree from some of the others. The similarities can be seen throughout our bodies. The African apes and humans have essentially the same arrangement of internal organs, share all of the same bones (though somewhat different in shape and size), lack external tails, and have several important blood type systems in common. We also get many of the same diseases. Humans and the African apes have hands with thumbs that are sufficiently separate from the other fingers to allow them to be opposable for precision grips. Like all of the great apes, humans are sexually dimorphic--human men are 5-10% larger on average and have greater upper body muscular development. Like chimpanzees and bonobos, we are omnivorous. We kill other animals for food in addition to eating a wide variety of plants. 36 Reply 11 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - THE HUMAN BRAIN - is remarkable for its size and complexity in relation to body mass. Even more remarkable is the fact that at 2% of average body weight, it requires 20% of total caloric intake to function. Still more remarkable is that the human infant, born of necessity at a very early stage of development, utilizes 60% of available calories for neuronal development. That brain continues expansion through adolescence and even into early adulthood. Such a long childhood is also a unique human feature, but is a continuation of a trend that began with our primate ancestors. Our abilities to speak, make tools or fly to the moon are due to the increased cognitive abilities of a brain whose size and complexity increased incrementally over millions of years of evolution. Evolution is a PROCESS and not an EVENT. What we see over the course of evolution is incremental alterations of existing structures, not sudden changes. This is what we see in the evolution of the human brain. Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates and apes and our genome reflects that ancestry. Early mammal survival in a world dominated by dinosaurs, depended on increased sensory perception (sight, smell and hearing). The mammalian brain was an improvement on the reptile brain, adding a cortex to process that information. Primates and rodents separated from a common ancestor about 75 million years ago. The rodent evolutionary path to success lay in their reproductive ability, primates on the other hand, relied on increased cognitive ability for enhanced survival. Rather than relying on having large litters of young, primates invested more time and effort producing one or two offspring, nurturing them over longer periods of time during which offspring learned from their parents. Primates are generally limited to two mammary glands, although supernumerary mammaries are not unheard of, even in humans. They are regarded as atavistic traits. When ancestral primates took to the trees, it placed a premium on visual acuity, depth perception and hand-eye coordination. Again, the brain expanded to accommodate that demand. Individual primates lacking those characteristics would have been more likely to fall to their deaths. That is natural section at work, improving the gene pool through elimination of the least fit. At the same time, being arboreal put primates in less danger from terrestrial predators and scent detection was less important for survival. Thus, primate Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes could acquire disabling mutations without adversely affecting their survival rate. Those disabled genes, now called pseudo genes, remained in the genomes of successive generations. When a pseudo gene has been disabled by the exact same mutation in different species they can be used to determine common ancestry and phylogeny. One distinguishing feature of primates is their reduced sense of smell. Human primates have lost function of all but about 400 OR genes. Other OR genes still exist in the human genome, but they have been disabled by mutations; either a premature stop codon or frame shift that scrambled subsequent DNA sequences. Those disabled genes remain in the genomes of progeny of primates as Pseudo Genes, much like the stuff in our attics, no longer useful but not yet disposed of. So long as they are not harmful, they will remain in those genomes generation after generation. Those Pseudo Genes can be used to determine cladistic relationships between primate species. Primate brains are, on an average, about double the size of other, similar sized mammals. Monkeys have larger cranial capacity and more complex brains than prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises). The brains of apes are still larger and more complex. The human brain is a continuation of the trend. It is a is a scaled up ape brain. This is consistent with evolutionary theory that, rather than creating new structures, evolution modifies what already exists. Each increase in brain size corresponds roughly to increased cognition. Whereas the brains of other mammals are smooth, primate brains have convolutions that effectively increase surface area and the number of neurons. Brains of course do not fossilize, but brain size can be determined by cranial capacity and that correlates with cognitive ability. The primate trend to larger brains continues in hominins. The cranial capacity of Australopithecines was 420-550 cc, only slightly larger in relation to body size compared to modern apes. About 2.3 mya Homo habilis brains averages 600 cc, and they were making flake tools to scrape meat from bones. By 1.9mya, Homo erectus brains were 930 to 1100 cc. Modern human brains average about 1450cc. The AVERAGE Neanderthal brains were somewhat larger, but still within the RANGE of modern humans. The Neocortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and (in humans) language. The Neocortex is a major part of the brain of all primates, especially so in humans where cerebral cortex occupies 80% of the brain mass and contains 16 billion neurons (Avzevedo et al., 2009). Thus far, we know of at least three uniquely human genes associated with greater human cerebral development: NOTCH2NL, ARHGAP11B and SRGAP2C. The latter two came about from partial duplications of the parent gene found in apes. In a related development, one mutation in our ancestors disabled the MYH16 gene making it a pseudo gene. That gene in apes gave them powerful jaw muscles which encircled the skull, possibly restricting its expansion (encephalization). Other genes affecting human evolution are FOXP2 involved in the development of language and HACNS1 affecting limb and digit specialization. Modifications to the primate grasping hand reduced the distance between thumb and fingers. That made the human hand capable of a 'precision grip', essential for the production of tools; as well being able to form a 'fist', a less than lethal means of settling disputes. 2 Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE AWARDED FOR EVOLUTION RESEARCH - Svante Pääbo, a Swedish scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine this week for his work in evolution. The committee awarded Svante Pääbo, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.” "Svante Pääbo, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, accomplished something widely believed to be impossible: recovering and reading DNA from 40,000-year-old bones. By developing new techniques for working with ancient genetic material — which is often heavily degraded and contaminated by microorganisms — he led teams that sequenced the genome of the Neanderthal [Homo neanderthalensis], and discovered a previously unknown hominin, Denisova [Homo denisova]. Pääbo unlocked scientists’ understanding of how genes from these extinct relatives have been passed down to present-day humans." Actually, most of the bones Paabo worked with were quite a bit older than 40,000 years as that is about the time our related species went extinct. DNA deteriorates over time and some has been reserved in cool dry caves. Even then, the DNA recovered was badly fragmented. Svante Pääbo worked out a method of putting the snippets back in their proper order by using modern human DNA as a template. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago FACT: No one is born with a language or religion. A developing child is capable of learning any language, just as it is capable of learning any religion. The ability of a child to learn another language diminishes with age, as also happens with patterns of thought. As Albert Einstein noted "What passes for common sense is the collection of prejudices we acquire by age 18". He also said; "Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment. Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions." In essence a child is imprinted by the family and society into which it is born. It takes concentrated effort to alter those learned behaviors and few are capable of doing so. Being confronted by new information that conflicts with those learned behaviors will likely result in the discomfort known as 'cognitive dissonance'. Ideas and attitudes absorbed by a child's mind were not reasoned there, and in most cases, cannot be reasoned out of them. 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE AWARDED FOR EVOLUTION RESEARCH - Svante Pääbo, a Swedish scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine this week for his work in evolution. The committee awarded Svante Pääbo, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.” "Svante Pääbo, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, accomplished something widely believed to be impossible: recovering and reading DNA from 40,000-year-old bones. By developing new techniques for working with ancient genetic material — which is often heavily degraded and contaminated by microorganisms — he led teams that sequenced the genome of the Neanderthal [Homo neanderthalensis], and discovered a previously unknown hominin, Denisova [Homo denisova]. Pääbo unlocked scientists’ understanding of how genes from these extinct relatives have been passed down to present-day humans." Actually, most of the bones Paabo worked with were quite a bit older than 40,000 years as that is about the time our related species went extinct. DNA deteriorates over time and some has been reserved in cool dry caves. Even then, the DNA recovered was badly fragmented. Svante Pääbo worked out a method of putting the snippets back in their proper order by using modern human DNA as a template. 1 Reply Susu Susu 1 month ago I don't thing we were made like this 1 Reply 1 reply PhlyDaily PhlyDaily 2 years ago 6:34 me running from my responsibilities 4.3K Reply 77 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago The American Association for the Advancement of Science statement on evolution: "Evolution is one of the most robust and widely accepted principles of modern science. It is the foundation for research in a wide array of scientific fields and, accordingly, a core element in science education. The AAAS Board of Directors is deeply concerned, therefore, about legislation and policies recently introduced in a number of states and localities that would undermine the teaching of evolution and deprive students of the education they need to be informed and productive citizens in an increasingly technological, global community. Although their language and strategy differ, all of these proposals, if passed, would weaken science education. The AAAS Board of Directors strongly opposes these attacks on the integrity of science and science education. They threaten not just the teaching of evolution, but students’ understanding of the biological, physical, and geological sciences." Creationists, who are often scientifically illiterate, often make the claim that evolution is not really science. The AAAS, in essence, is saying they lie. 2 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 4 months ago TRUTH is determined by EVIDENCE, not by what anyone says and not by words in an old book. The rules of evidence are this: If you don't have any...YOU LOSE! 3 Reply 2 replies YourLocal monkey with ak 47 YourLocal monkey with ak 47 3 months ago Guys why you mutating so fast? 1 Reply John S. John S. 4 months ago Today's lesson for Evos is on God's design of water. God uses perfectly tuned and complex hydrogen bonding to hold the molecules together and to bond them to other water molecules. If the hydrogen bond was just a bit stronger, very little water would evaporate from the oceans rendering the continents barren deserts. If the bond was just a bit weaker, water from rivers and lakes and soil would evaporate too quickly, also rendering continents barren deserts. Thank God for his perfectly designed creation! 1 Reply 14 replies Julie Taranta Julie Taranta 2 months ago (edited) 0:37 Proconsul: eats fruit 🍎 Reply William Byrne William Byrne 1 year ago Hi Sergey, what a superb animation and storyline. I wonder could I put your link on my website for all visitors to see? Could you answer me here? 21 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 month ago WHAT DARWIN KNEW In 1830, at age 21, Charles Darwin graduated Cambridge University with a degree in theology. Had it not been for one of his theology professors, Reverend Professor John Stevens Henslow, who was also a biologist, Darwin would surely have faded into obscurity as an ordinary Anglican (Church of England) minister. At that time, theology professors were also expected to teach other subjects and young Charles Darwin eagerly sought out such teachers, one of which was Henslow. In his eagerness to learn about the natural world, Darwin would often question his tutor between classes. This was noted so often that Darwin became known as "The man who walks with Henslow". Even after graduation, Henslow encouraged his young protege to study geology with Reverend Professor Adam Sedgwick. It was Henslow to whom the position of ship's naturalist was offered by Captain Robert FitzRoy of the HMS Beagle. At the time, FitzRoy and the Beagle were preparing for an extended voyage of discovery, charting the waters of South America. Henslow declined that offer due to his wife's opposition, but recommended his young student in his stead. Darwin's social status also made him a suitable traveling companion for a ship's captain who is, for reasons of discipline, denied familiarity with his crew. During the voyage, Darwin was shipping fossils and plant and animal specimens back to Henslow and others who eagerly awaited them. He published his account of the expedition as 'The Voyage of the Beagle'. Two years later he was nominated and elected a member (Fellow) of the British "Royal Society", which conferred upon him the right to use the letters FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) as part of his name.* Darwin's knowledge of geology had served him well during the voyage, during which he furthered that knowledge by reading Charles Lyell's 'Principles of Geology'. Lyell is famous for the principle of "Uniformitarianism"; that the earth has been altered by physical, chemical, and biological processes that are uniform through time. Darwin himself later authored books on geology, resulting in his being elected a Fellow (member) of the Royal geographical Society (FRGS), permitting his use of those letters in his name. Those books: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842. Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands (1844), Geological observations on the volcanic islands and parts of South America visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1877) Darwin's curiosity and search for knowledge lead him to do research and write books on such diverse subjects as barnacles, Orchids, earthworms, carnivorous plants, et al, In total 19 books, and thousands of letters to family and colleagues, all available on-line. His seminal work of course was his "On the Origin of species by Means of Natural Selection" published in 1859 when he was 50. It was the culmination of almost 30 years of work. That was followed 12 years later by "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex" which reignited a firestorm of protests from fundamentalist creationists. By any measure, the life of Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS was one of great accomplishment.He was honored in life by those fellowships, not only the Royal Society and Royal geographical Society, but also the Linnaean Society and Zoological Society. Today there are those who fear his revelations weaken religious belief, and so will attempt to vilify him with slander and lies at any opportunity. Of what value is such a religion? *The Royal Society of the U.K, is, like the U.S. National Academy of Sciences that was patterned after it, an organization of the top scientific minds of the nation. Fellowship is by invitation only; new members are nominated and voted upon by current members. Those so chosen are entitled to use the letters FRS. (Fellow of the Royal Society) as part of their name. Charles Darwin was one of those so honored. To be continued. 1 Reply Kuru Memiş Kuru Memiş 4 months ago I don't know, but there are so many illogical points in this story. It seems impossible to me to hunt animals, to eat their meat raw, and to digest it. Even today, if a person eats raw meat, the probability of poisoning is very high. I can't even think of those times. 1 Reply 1 reply Jasur Elmsher Jasur Elmsher 1 day ago Odam maymundan tarqamagan Maymun odamdan tarqagan...Alloh o'zi kifoya qilsin silaga🤲 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago National Academy of Sciences: “The concept of biological evolution is one of the most important ideas ever generated by the application of scientific methods to the natural world. The evolution of all the organisms that live on earth today from ancestors that lived in the past is at the core of genetics, biochemistry, neurobiology, physiology, ecology, and other biological disciplines. It helps to explain the emergence of new infectious diseases, the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, the agricultural relationships among wild and domestic plants and animals, the composition of the earth's atmosphere, the molecular machinery of the cell, the similarities between human beings and other primates, and countless other features of the biological and physical world. As the great geneticist and evolutionist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote in 1973, ‘Nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution’.” The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was chartered by act of congress 1863, at the height of the Civil War, and is a private, nonprofit organization of the country’s leading researchers. It was signed into law by president Lincoln. Patterned after the British Royal Society, one does not simply choose to join, as membership is by invitation only. Election to membership in the NAS is considered one of the highest honors that a scientist can receive. The 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences' (PNAS) is one of the world’s most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,200 research papers annually. 1 Reply Chris Robertson Chris Robertson 3 days ago They got too fly a rocket before we did Reply Xtrex Xtrex 1 year ago so amazing that once we made stone tools and now we are able to make technology and see our evolution COOL 38 Reply 1 reply HUGO HUGO 2 months ago Soooooooo many other finds totally ignored that fly directly in the fave of these finds and theories???? Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 5 months ago FUN FACT: All chordates possess a tail and pharyngeal slits at some point in their lives, and humans are no exception. Early on in human development, the embryo has both a tail and pharyngeal slits, both of which are lost during the course of development. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx of a vertebrate embryo that develop into gill arches in the bony fishes and into the jaws and inner ear in the terrestrial vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits and tails are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share as common ancestors the fish in which these structures first evolved. Every human embryo starts to develop a tail for a brief period during our embryonic development. At between 4 and 5 weeks of age, the normal human embryo has 10–12 developing tail vertebrae. It is most pronounced at around day 31 to 35 of gestation and then regresses into the four or five fused vertebrae becoming our coccyx. 1 Reply 1 reply Renz Flores Renz Flores 4 months ago Can u make ape to human part 2? Reply 2 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 months ago Fossil evidence tells us that our species, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa about 300,000 years ago from an earlier species, Homo heidelbergensis. That species evolved from an even earlier species, Homo erectus, which first appeared in Africa about 2 million years ago (mya). Homo erectus evolved from even earlier species that were not apes, but resembled them. We had a common ancestor with chimps and bonobos that lived 5 to 7 mya, also in Africa. There is some fossil evidence that members of our species exited Africa into the Middle East and beyond prior to 100,000 years ago, but did not establish permanent populations. The Science of Comparative Genomics has sequenced DNA from people all over the world. It tells us that the DNA of any human is 99.9% identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, height, facial features, et al are contained in the 0.1%. It also reveals that humans originated in Africa and that populations outside of Africa originated from those who exited Africa about 60 to 70,000 years ago, that those people met and sometimes interbred with a related species, the Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) whose ancestors had left Africa thousands of years before. As a result, all humans outside of Africa have a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA that is largely missing in peoples from Sub Saharan Africa. Peoples that migrated into Asia met and occasionally interbred with another related species, the Denisovans (Homo denisova). Today, peoples in most of Asia have but a small percentage of Denisovan DNA (<1%). However, peoples that eventually made their way into what is now New Guinea, Australia, and the Solomon Islands apparently encountered a remnant population of Denisovans. The DNA of peoples in those areas contain as much as 5% Denisovan DNA, in addition to 2 to 3% Neanderthal DNA Those people who left Africa 60 or 70.000 years ago represented only a subset of African DNA and lacked the genetic diversity of the greater African population. That is still true today. The genetic diversity of humans in Africa far exceeds that of the rest of the world. When populations of any species migrate and form separate colonies, naturally occurring mutations that occur in one such colony are not shared by other colonies of that same species when they are genetically isolated from each other. As each colony (sub-population) remains gentically isolated and do not interbreed, certain characteristics may arise that, if not deteterious, are perpetuated in that colony, giving them a slightly different appearance. That is called Genetic Drift and is apparent in different human populations. the ancestors of 1 Reply Henry Simangolwa Henry Simangolwa 2 months ago THe first representative of our genus home habilis [''handy man'].💁‍♂🦸‍♀🐒🦍🤩 1 Reply Paul Mckeaney Paul Mckeaney 1 year ago Wish all videos were made this way. Thank you. 67 Reply 1 reply Happily Secular Happily Secular 5 months ago (edited) Q: Why do creatards belong in zoos with the primates? A: They’ve admitted it themselves that they’ve failed to evolve. Q: What do you call a creatard who works in a science lab? A: The janitor. Q: Why is the world’s smartest creatard still a creatard? A: Because he doesn’t want to become the world’s stupidest “evolutionist” 4 Reply 1 reply Happily Secular Happily Secular 5 months ago Christianity = based on a Bronze Age story book that is filled with witches, ghosts, unicorns, giants, dragons, talking snakes and virgin births. Claims that the human race began with a man created from dust and that one of his bones turned into a woman. It also says the earth is flat, has four corners, is 6,000 years old and is held up by pillars. Not to mention the 600 year old man who somehow rounded up two of all six and a half million species of land animals. Oh, and don’t forget Jesus being his own father. Evolution = tested in labs and used for medicine on a daily basis. Based on facts and evidence such as ring species, domesticated animals, endogenous retroviruses, pseudo genes, syncytin, chromosome 2 in humans, cytochrome c and b, vestigial organs, homologous structures, divergence, nested Hierarchs and classification, fossil records, continental distribution, endemism, observed speciation and avoids simulation. 5 Reply 1 reply Julie Taranta Julie Taranta 2 months ago (edited) 6:22 & 6:38 the bear: roars 😂 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 6 months ago EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION - Embryology All chordates possess a tail and pharyngeal slits at some point in their lives, and humans are no exception. Early on in human development, the embryo has both a tail and pharyngeal slits, both of which are lost during the course of development. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx of a vertebrate embryo that develop into gill arches in the bony fishes and into the jaws and inner ear in the terrestrial vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits and tails are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share as common ancestors the fish in which these structures first evolved. 1 Reply Too stupid for science? Try religion Too stupid for science? Try religion 4 months ago AND GOD SAW EVERYTHING THAT HE HAD MADE AND BEHOLD IT WAS VERY GOOD. LIKE CANCER AND MALARIA, CHOLERA, TYPHOID, EBOLA, AND DOWNS SYNDROME. 2 Reply miles clyde miles clyde 2 years ago (edited) My little brother walked in during the half human half monkey part and asked if I was watching monkey porn Good times 386 Reply 15 replies Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 1 day ago A COMMON MISCONCEPTION is that evolution should lead to some particular trait, such as a large brain. There is no "goal' to evolution; not speed, not strength, not intelligence and certainly not 'humanity'. Evolution is about one thing: survival. Evolution occurs at the molecular level. In every living species, mutations (copy errors) occur with every cell division and replication Those mutations are the raw material for the genetic variation we see in every population of organisms. It is the then current environment which wields the pruning shears, favoring those mutations that best suit the organism for that environment and apes were very well suited for their forest environment. Millions of years ago, when forests covered much of Africa, those forests harbored 30 or more species of apes, but as the climate of east Africa changed becoming dryer, the forests diminished and grasslands expanded. Competition among apes species increased and many went extinct. There are 8 extant species of Great Apes (Hominids) including humans. One population of apes that, as the forests retreated, opted for life on the open savanna, stood on two feet and faced different evolutionary pressures that set their descendants on an evolutionary trajectory that culminated in us. The populations of apes that stayed in the forests became today's chimps, bonobos, orangs and gorillas. The modern human brain is about 2% of total body mass, yet is requires fully 20% of total caloric consumption. I think you can understand that for most animals it is a daily challenge to consume enough calories just to survive, and the energy demands of a larger brain would be more of a burden than an asset. It is also the case that the larger human brain requires that babies be born at a less advanced stage of neural development placing an additional burden primarily on the mother. Japanese researchers have compared brain scans of baby macaques, chimps and human children and found that brain volume for both chimp and human babies increase at three times the rate of infant macaques, however, during early childhood, human brain expansion was twice that of chimpanzees due to rapid growth of connections between brain cells. In the human infant, fully 60% of caloric intake go into neuronal development. For most other species, the necessity for such a long childhood would place them at a survival disadvantage. Two human characteristics, a large brain and a long childhood are interrelated and both had their beginnings in our primate ancestors. Unlike many other mammals whose survival was dependent on large litters of young and the odds that at least some of them would survive, Primates already had a larger brain than most other mammals and parlayed that benefit into having fewer offspring (only two 'feeding stations') and investing time and effort in teaching survival tactics to those offspring. Evolution occurs by incremental modification of existing structures. Among primates, we see increases in brain size from Prosimians (like Lemurs and Lorises) to Simians (Monkeys, apes and humans). Among those simians we see increases in brain size and cognition from New World Monkeys to Old World Monkeys and still further expansion in apes, particularly in the Great Apes (Hominids). In general, that expansion of the brain follows primate evolution. That trend toward an ever larger cranial capacity (brain size) is also seen in the evolution of the human species. A brain, being soft tissue, has not been found in fossils, but brain size can be inferred from cranial capacity. Our early bipedal ancestors, Australopithecines, such as the famous "Lucy" fossil (Australopithecus afarensis), had a cranial capacity (375 to 550 cc) somewhat larger than that of modern chimpanzees. Fossils from that species are dated 3.9–2.9 mya. They were followed by Australopithecus africanus, which lived from 3.67 to 2 mya, then by the genus Homo lineage: H. habilis 2.3–1.65 mya (500–900 cm3); H. erectus (aka H. ergaster) about 2 mya to ca. 117 to 108kya (They had a large variation in brain size - from 546–1,251 cc). H. erectus was the most successful hominid species, with populations existing for 2 mya and spanning Africa and much of Eurasia. They diverged into multiple species, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, et al, including the common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. denisova, H. sapiens. Several hominin species were contemporaries in time and interbreeding between them took place. Some fossils are difficult to classify, quite possibly due to such interbreeding. See: 'List of human evolution fossils'. We are just now beginning to understand the environmental pressures that lead to a larger brain; increasingly complex social networks, and in humans, where the development of language enabled a culture built around tool manufacture and use. Cooperative hunting no doubt played a role as well. The challenges of a rapidly changing climate may also have been a contributing factor. If it had not been for the development of language, humanity would have had to continuously re-invent the Acheulian Hand Axe. Two factors allowing human speech are the hyoid bone, also present in Neanderthals, to which the muscles of the tongue are attached, and a particular variant of the FOXP2 gene found in other mammals that allows for complex speech. Humans share this variant with both Neanderthal and Denisovans, indicating that it was inherited from a common ancestor. Neither chimps, bonobos or other apes have that variation, indicating that it arose sometime after the species diverged. So, yes, the human evolutionary history is indeed complex, but as Richard Feynman said, "Science is the joy of finding things out.". We are getting a lot of clues as to the expansion of the human brain from embryology and comparative genomics, but we see a progression in brain size from early mammals to primates, to monkeys, to apes and to humans. In addition, while most mammal brains are smooth, primate brains have convolutions which increase the surface area of the cortex. Those convolutions increase from monkeys to apes and more in humans. See: "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Wolfgang Enard, Molly Przeworski, Simon E. Fisher, Cecilia S. L. Lai, Victor Wiebe, Takashi Kitano, Anthony P. Monaco, Svante Pääbo Nature 418, 869 - 872 (22 Aug 2002) ------------------ "The increase in total cerebral volume during early infancy and the juvenile stage in chimpanzees and humans was approximately three times greater than that in macaques," the researchers wrote in the journal article. But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter. Chimpanzee brain volumes ballooned about half that of humans' expansion during that time period. Human Intelligence Secrets Revealed by Chimp Brains By Tia Ghose, Senior Writer | December 18, 2012 07:01pm 1 Reply Randall Wilks Randall Wilks 3 weeks ago We share genetic information (DNA) with ALL living organisms. The more we share, the closer the relationship. That is evidence for a universal common ancestor. Every human on earth is 99.9% genetically identical to every other human. All differences in skin, hair or eye color, facial features, height, etc. are found in that 0.1%. We are most closely related to chimpanzees and bonobos, sharing about 98.6% of our DNA. Those 3 species share a common ancestor that lived 6 or 7 mya. They are closer related to each other than any of the 3 are related to gorillas. Each of those 3 share 97.7% of their DNA with gorillas and a common ancestor with them that lived about 10 mya. Those 4 species are closer related to each other than any of the 4 are related to orangutans with which they each share 96.4% of their DNA. Together with chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, we comprise the family Hominidae, the Great Apes. They are not our ancestors, but they are FAMILY. Further back on the evolutionary tree are monkeys. We share 93% of our DNA with Macaque monkeys. That, and their small size, make them ideal lab animals for studying human diseases, many of which we share with other primates. They diverged from our ancestors about 25 mya. We see about 50% genetic similarity with plants for the simple reason that both plants and animals are Eukaryotes with a common ancestor. All eukaryotes are composed of cells that have the same housekeeping requirements and use much the same genes to do so. Btw, every one of those organisms rely on the DNA molecule to transmit hereditary information. That alone is evidence for a universal common ancestor as chemists have identified over 1 million molecules that could perform the same function. Reply Ayooluwa Ayooluwa 4 months ago just because we are similar to monkeys doesn't mean