Tsung-Dao Lee: The Physicist Who Shattered Parity Conservation and Trans...

Tsung-Dao Lee: The Physicist Who Shattered Parity Conservation and Transformed Science BMResearch 29.7K subscribers Subscribe 36 Share Download Clip Save 2,297 views Mar 17, 2025 Podcast Tsung-Dao Lee: The Physicist Who Shattered Parity Conservation and Transformed Science Tsung-Dao Lee is one of the most brilliant minds in theoretical physics. His discovery of parity violation alongside Chen-Ning Yang revolutionized our understanding of weak interactions and shattered the long-held belief in symmetry. This breakthrough, confirmed experimentally by Chien-Shiung Wu, led to a Nobel Prize in Physics and played a key role in developing the Standard Model of particle physics. His contributions extended beyond quantum mechanics, influencing nuclear physics, symmetry breaking, and even scientific education. At BMResearch, we explore physics history, groundbreaking scientific discoveries, and the minds that shaped our world. From Nobel laureates to pioneers of quantum theory, we bring you engaging physics documentaries. Join us as we dive into Tsung-Dao Lee’s remarkable journey, his impact on science education, and his role in advancing symmetry in nature. Watch, learn, and discover how history of science continues to shape our understanding of the universe! 0:00 - Introduction & Early Life in China 4:51 - Education, War, and Path to Physics 9:42 - Journey to the United States & Studies at the University of Chicago 14:33 - Mentorship Under Enrico Fermi & Early Research 19:24 - Interest in Particle Physics & Weak Interactions 24:15 - Collaboration with Chen-Ning Yang & The Parity Question 29:06 - Theoretical Framework for Parity Violation 33:57 - Chien-Shiung Wu’s Experiment & Experimental Proof 38:48 - Nobel Prize in Physics & Controversy 43:39 - Impact of Parity Violation on Modern Physics 48:30 - Expanding Research Beyond Parity Violation 53:21 - Contributions to Chinese Science & Global Collaboration 58:12 - Legacy in Education, Research, and Scientific Diplomacy 1:03:03 - Final Reflections & Lasting Impact on Physics Sources Lee, T. D. (1981). Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory. Harwood Academic. Yang, C. N. (1996). Selected Papers (1945-1980) With Commentary. World Scientific. Wu, C. S. (1957). Experimental test of parity conservation in beta decay. Physical Review, 105(4), 1413. Close, F. (2011). The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe. Basic Books. Weinberg, S. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields. Cambridge University Press. Brown, L. M. (1997). Pions to Quarks: Particle Physics in the 1950s. Cambridge University Press. Kragh, H. (2002). Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. #TsungDaoLee #PhysicsBreakthrough #ParityViolation #NobelPrize #BMResearch Disclaimer This video is for educational and informational purposes, covering biographies, history, and business insights. Based on scientific research, historical records, and expert analysis, it aims to share knowledge and encourage curiosity. We respect diverse beliefs, cultures, and perspectives. The content is neutral, relying on credible sources, and not intended to challenge personal views. The AI-generated voiceover is for narration and does not represent any real person. AI-generated images are artistic interpretations for illustration, not exact representations—refer to expert studies for accuracy. While we strive for accuracy, details may not be exhaustive. Viewers should verify important information and seek professional advice where needed. How this content was made Altered or synthetic content Sound or visuals were significantly edited or digitally generated. Learn more Chapters View all Explore the podcast 56 episodes Podcast BMResearch Podcasts Transcript Follow along using the transcript. Show transcript Transcript Search in video Introduction & Early Life in China 0:00 [Music] welcome to BM research where we explore 0:05 the lives of History's Greatest Minds today we unveil the story of Tsung da 0:11 lee the brilliant physicist who shattered a fundamental law of nature parody conservation his groundbreaking 0:19 discoveries scientific diplomacy and lifelong pursuit of knowledge shaped 0:24 modern physics and inspired Generations stay tuned 0:31 the story of Tsung da lee begins in a world brimming with uncertainty born in 0:37 Shanghai China in 1926 he arrived in an era marked by 0:43 political instability and the looming presence of war the city itself a 0:48 bustling Hub of trade and culture reflected the dynamism and challenges of 0:53 the time within this setting young Le's mind was shaped by both the intellectual 0:59 rich of his surroundings and the struggles his country faced his family 1:04 was well educated valuing academic excellence and discipline his father a 1:11 merchant ensured that his children received the best possible education 1:16 despite the disruptions caused by War Lee's Natural Curiosity was evident from 1:21 a young age and his Early Education introduced him to mathematics and 1:26 science subjects that fascinated him more more than any other his older brother Sun da Le's role model played a 1:35 crucial part in nurturing this passion guiding him toward intellectual Pursuits 1:41 as Lee Grew Older China was plunged into greater turmoil the Japanese invasion in 1:47 the 1930s forced many families including his own to move from City to city in 1:53 search of safety education became inconsistent as War disrupted daily life 1:59 but determination remained unshaken he studied wherever he could often with 2:05 limited resources yet his Brilliance Shone through teachers recognized his 2:10 extraordinary ability in mathematics and physics encouraging him to push beyond 2:16 the standard Curriculum by the time he reached his teenage years the second 2:21 world war had reached its peak further complicating his academic Journey 2:26 schools operated intermittently and many students found it difficult to continue 2:32 their studies despite these hardships Lee's academic Excellence earned him a 2:37 place at National cha Kang University one of China's most prestigious 2:43 institutions here he was exposed to Advanced scientific theories and met mentors who would play a significant 2:49 role in his intellectual development his time at the University marked the 2:54 beginning of a deeper engagement with theoretical physics he was particularly drawn to the works of Albert Einstein 3:02 Neils bore and other pioneers of modern physics the concepts of Relativity and 3:08 quantum mechanics fascinated him pushing him to explore ideas beyond what was 3:13 traditionally taught in the classroom even as the war raged on he remained 3:19 deeply immersed in his studies often reading through the night to understand complex scientific problems Lee's 3:26 academic path however was not a straight forward one due to the war's impact many 3:33 universities were relocated or merged with others to continue operating as a 3:38 result he transferred to various institutions each time adapting to new 3:43 environments and learning under different professors this experience broadened his perspective exposing him 3:50 to diverse scientific approaches and deepening his understanding of physics his resilience in the face of adversity 3:58 became one of his defin traits preparing him for the challenges that lay ahead in 4:05 1946 as the war ended and China sought to rebuild itself Lee was presented with 4:11 an extraordinary opportunity an invitation to study in the United States 4:16 this moment would Mark a turning point in his life setting him on a path toward groundbreaking discoveries that would 4:23 change the field of physics forever in 19 46 as China emerged from 4:32 the devastation of World War II Sund Lee found himself at a Crossroads the 4:38 country was rebuilding yet political instability loomed as tensions between 4:43 the nationalists and Communists escalated amid this uncertain future Lee 4:49 received an opportunity that would change the course of his life a scholarhip to study in the United States Education, War, and Path to Physics 4:56 for a young physicist with boundless curiosity this was the chance to engage with the 5:02 world's leading Minds in theoretical physics Lee's journey to America was not 5:07 without challenges unlike many of his peers he had not completed his 5:12 undergraduate degree due to the disruptions of War however his exceptional abilities had already caught 5:19 the attention of key figures in Academia with the recommendation of his professors he secured admission to the 5:26 University of Chicago one of the most prestigious institutions in physics 5:31 where some of the greatest scientific minds of the 20th century were conducting groundbreaking research 5:37 arriving in the United States was a transformative experience for Lee the post-war era was an exciting time for 5:45 physics as scientists worked to refine the foundations of quantum mechanics and nuclear theory the University of Chicago 5:52 in particular was a hub of intellectual activity home to luminaries such as 5:58 enrio fery and Edward Teller Lee quickly immersed himself in this vibrant 6:04 academic environment eager to expand his understanding of theoretical physics one 6:10 of the most defining moments of his early years in Chicago was his encounter with enrio fer the brilliant physicist 6:17 known for his work in nuclear reactions and quantum mechanics fery quickly recognized Lee's potential and took him 6:24 under his wing encouraging him to explore Advanced topics beyond the standard curric ulum under ferm's 6:31 guidance Lee honed his skills in problem solving mathematical modeling and 6:36 theoretical exploration laying the foundation for his future research 6:41 despite his Brilliance adjusting to a new culture and academic system was not 6:47 easy Lee faced language barriers and had to adapt to a rigorous research 6:52 environment that demanded both precision and creativity yet his Relentless 6:57 determination allowed him to overcome these obstacles he developed a reputation for his deep mathematical 7:04 insights and his ability to approach physics problems from unconventional angles this ability set him apart 7:12 earning him the respect of both professors and fellow students as he delved deeper into theoretical physics 7:19 Lee became increasingly interested in particle physics a field that was rapidly evolving due to discoveries in 7:26 atomic and subatomic structures his early research focused on nuclear forces 7:32 and Quantum field Theory areas that would later become crucial to his most famous contributions he was particularly 7:39 intrigued by the unresolved mysteries of weak interactions a branch of physics 7:45 that governed certain types of particle decays but remained poorly understood at the time by 7:51 1949 Lee had made remarkable progress in his academic Journey he had not only 7:57 caught up with his peers but had also begun producing original research that demonstrated his ability to think Beyond 8:04 existing theories his work on statistical mechanics and field Theory attracted attention within the 8:10 scientific Community signaling that he was on the path to becoming a leading figure in physics that same year at just 8:18 23 years old he completed his PhD under the supervision of f me marking the 8:25 beginning of his independent scientific career with his Doctorate in hand 8:30 Lee was now poised to make his own mark on the world of physics his deep interest in particle interactions 8:37 combined with his Innovative approach to problem solving would soon lead him to one of the most significant 8:43 breakthroughs of the 20th century in the years that followed his collaboration 8:49 with another Rising physicist chining Yong would challenge one of the most fundamental assumptions in physics and 8:55 reshape the way scientists understood the universe 9:04 after earning his PhD in 1949 under the mentorship of enrio ferme su Lee stood 9:10 at the threshold of a promising career in theoretical physics the post-war era was a golden age for physics with major 9:18 breakthroughs in quantum mechanics nuclear physics and particle interactions reshaping scientific 9:25 understanding Lee equipped with an exceptional mathematical mind and a deep 9:30 curiosity was eager to contribute to this revolution however the path ahead 9:36 was not without challenges at the time young physicists struggled to secure 9:41 stable positions especially in an era dominated by senior researchers who had Journey to the United States & Studies at the University of Chicago 9:47 already established themselves in the field Lee however had already garnered attention for his sharp intellect and 9:54 ability to tackle complex problems his early work focused on statistical 9:59 mechanics Quantum field Theory and nuclear interactions topics that were gaining 10:05 prominence in theoretical physics his research papers though not yet widely 10:10 recognized demonstrated an Innovative approach to problem solving setting him 10:16 apart from many of his contemporaries his academic Journey took him to Princeton University's Institute for 10:22 advanced study where he engaged with some of the most Brilliant Minds in physics at Princeton Lee refined his 10:30 understanding of quantum field Theory a framework that sought to describe the behavior of fundamental particles during 10:37 this period he also began exploring the intricacies of weak interactions a 10:43 branch of physics that dealt with the forces governing particle Decay processes while strong and 10:49 electromagnetic forces were well understood weak interactions remained a 10:54 mystery offering fertile ground for Discovery it was at Prince that Lee's 11:00 scientific instincts truly flourished he was known for his Relentless questioning 11:05 of established ideas often challenging assumptions that others took for granted 11:11 this intellectual boldness caught the attention of fellow physicist chuning yangong who was equally determined to 11:18 explore Uncharted territories in particle physics the two formed a dynamic partnership bonded by a shared 11:25 vision of uncovering the fundamental principles of nature their discussions often extended late into the night 11:33 filled with rigorous debates mathematical derivations and thought-provoking hypothesis Lee and 11:39 Yang's collaboration quickly bore fruit they began tackling problems related to 11:45 messon Theory which sought to explain the behavior of subatomic particles mediating nuclear forces in particular 11:53 they studied the behavior of chons strange particles whose decays exhibited 11:58 puzzling patterns s that defied conventional explanations as they examined the inconsistencies in existing 12:05 theories a radical thought began to take shape what if one of the most fundamental assumptions in physics the 12:12 conservation of parity was incorrect parity conservation was a principle 12:17 deeply embedded in the laws of physics it stated that the mirror image of any 12:23 physical process should behave exactly like the original for decades physicists 12:29 had assumed that nature obeyed the Symmetry particularly in Weak interactions however as Lee and yang 12:36 scrutinized experimental data they noticed anomalies that suggested otherwise the idea that parody might not 12:43 be conserved in Weak interactions was revolutionary and if true would upend 12:49 the very foundations of physics at this stage their hypothesis was purely 12:55 theoretical the scientific Community remained skeptical as no experimental 13:00 evidence existed to support such a bold claim Lee and yang knew that proving 13:05 parody violation required an experimental test but who would be willing to conduct such a daring 13:12 experiment the answer lay in a brilliant experimental physicist Chien xung Wu who 13:18 would play a critical role in confirming their hypothesis as Lee and yangong 13:23 refined their theoretical framework the stage was set for one of the most significant discoveries in modern 13:34 physics by the early 1950s Tung da lee and chining Yong had established 13:41 themselves as two of the most promising young theoretical physicists of their generation their partnership was built 13:47 on intellectual Synergy mutual respect and an unrelenting drive to challenge 13:53 conventional ideas in physics while many scientists focused on refining existing 13:59 theories Lee and yang sought to probe the very foundations of nature their 14:04 shared curiosity and complimentary skills would soon lead to a groundbreaking discovery that would 14:10 reshape modern physics the two first met at the University of Chicago when Lee 14:15 was a graduate student under the supervision of enrio FME Yang who had 14:21 completed his PhD at the same institution a few years earlier was already making waves with his work on 14:27 statistical mechanics and partical physics their scientific interests aligned almost perfectly particularly in Mentorship Under Enrico Fermi & Early Research 14:34 their fascination with weak interactions a mysterious Force responsible for 14:39 processes such as beta Decay though electromagnetism the strong nuclear 14:44 force and gravity were well understood weak interactions remained elusive 14:50 riddled with contradictions that puzzled physicists both Lee and yangong were known for their unconventional thinking 14:58 where others saw anomalies they saw opportunities their long discussions 15:04 often carried out in libraries cafes and late night research sessions revolved 15:09 around the biggest questions in particle physics the deeper they delved into weak interactions the more they questioned 15:16 whether the principle of parity conservation long considered an inviable law of physics held true for all forces 15:24 of nature at the time parity conservation was a Cornerstone of physics 15:29 it stated that the mirror image of any physical process should behave exactly like the original this principle had 15:37 been tested and confirmed in electromagnetic and strong interactions leading physicists to assume that it 15:43 also applied to weak interactions however experimental anomalies especially in the behavior of 15:50 certain mesons suggested that something was a Miss Lee and yangong began to 15:55 suspect that weak interactions might in fact VI at parody symmetry a hypothesis 16:01 that directly challenged the accepted framework of physics their journey toward this discovery was methodical and 16:09 rigorous first they compiled all existing experimental data related to 16:14 weak interactions carefully analyzing inconsistencies that had been overlooked 16:19 or dismissed they found that no direct experimental proof for parity conservation in Weak interactions 16:26 existed an astonishing oversight for such a fundamental principle this realization strengthened their resolve 16:33 to explore the possibility of parity violation even as many in the scientific 16:38 Community remain skeptical by 1956 Lee and yang had developed a 16:44 theoretical framework suggesting that weak interactions could indeed break parody symmetry they presented their 16:51 findings in a seminal paper outlining the theoretical basis for parity violation and proposing a series of 16:58 experiments to test their hypothesis however Theory alone was not enough an experimental confirmation was 17:05 needed to convince the physics Community the challenge now was to find someone 17:11 capable of conducting a decisive experiment to test their radical idea 17:16 fortunately an experimental physicist with the expertise and precision required for such a task was within 17:22 their academic circles Chien shiung Wu a highly respected scientist known for her 17:28 meticulous approach to Nuclear Physics Woo's involvement would be the crucial link between Theory and experimental 17:35 validation leading to one of the most groundbreaking discoveries in modern physics as Lee and yang refined their 17:42 theoretical arguments wo prepared to put their hypothesis to the test in what would become one of the most famous 17:49 experiments in the history of 17:56 physics by the mid 1950 s particle physics was undergoing a transformation 18:02 the discovery of new subatomic particles advancements in Quantum field Theory and 18:08 the deepening mystery of weak interactions pushed physicists to reexamine some of the fundamental 18:14 principles governing nature among these principles parity conservation long 18:20 considered and unquestionable law of physics stood as a pillar of symmetry in 18:25 the universe however Tung da lee and Chan nyong were beginning to suspect 18:31 that this assumption might not hold in all cases the concept of parity conservation was rooted in the idea that 18:38 physical processes should be indistinguishable from their Mirror Image in classical physics this symmetry 18:45 was intuitive and even in the Realms of electromagnetism and the strong nuclear 18:50 force experimental evidence confirmed its validity but when it came to weak interactions such as beta decay in which 18:58 atomic nucle I emit electrons certain anomalies had been cropping up in experimental data raising troubling 19:05 questions about whether parody was truly a universal law one of the biggest puzzles involved a class of subatomic 19:12 particles called chons these strange particles discovered in cosmic ray 19:18 experiments exhibited bizarre Decay patterns that defied logical classification sometimes they behaved Interest in Particle Physics & Weak Interactions 19:25 like one type of particle and sometimes they behaved like another even though they should have been identical under 19:32 existing physical laws this strange Behavior led to what physicists called the taleta puzzle a contradiction that 19:40 no existing Theory could explain as Lee and yangong studied these inconsistencies they realized that the 19:47 entire framework of weak interactions rested on an assumption that had never been directly tested parity conservation 19:54 while electromagnetic and strong interactions had been experimentally confirmed to obey parody symmetry weak 20:01 interactions had never undergone a direct test for parody conservation this was a stunning Revelation as it 20:08 suggested that the physics Community had taken a fundamental principle for granted without verification the 20:14 implications of this potential oversight were profound if parody was not 20:19 conserved in Weak interactions it would mean that nature itself had a built-in asymmetry at a fundamental level 20:26 something that no physicist had ever considered possible such a discovery would not only revolutionize the 20:33 understanding of weak interactions but could also reshape the entire Foundation of particle physics Lee and yang 20:40 realized that proving or disproving parity conservation in Weak interactions required an experiment designed 20:47 specifically to test it they meticulously outlined a series of possible experimental setups that could 20:54 directly measure whether parody was violated however as theorist 20:59 they needed an experimental physicist willing to take on the challenge the idea of challenging one of the most 21:05 deeply held principles in physics was daunting and many experimentalists hesitated to invest resources into an 21:13 idea that seemed too radical it was at this crucial moment that Chien shiun Wu 21:18 a pioneering experimental physicist at Columbia University entered the picture 21:24 woo an expert in nuclear physics possessed the precis and Technical 21:29 expertise necessary to conduct the definitive experiment that could confirm or refute Lee and Yang's hypothesis 21:37 recognizing the significance of their proposal she decided to take on the challenge designing an experiment that 21:44 would become one of the most consequential in modern physics with Woo's involvement the stage was set for 21:51 an experimental test that would either uphold the longstanding principle of parity conservation or shatter one of 21:57 the fundamental symmetries of nature as she prepared to carry out the experiment 22:02 the physics World stood on the brink of a discovery that would redefine the laws of the 22:13 universe by 1956 Tung Lee and chining yangong had done what few theoretical 22:19 physicists dared to attempt they questioned a fundamental law of nature parity conservation the principle that 22:26 physical processes should behave the same way when viewed in a mirror had been considered absolute in physics no 22:34 one had seriously challenged it because every known Force gravity electromagnetism and the strong nuclear 22:41 force respected this symmetry yet Lee and yangong believed that weak interactions which govern certain types 22:48 of radioactive decay might be an exception the idea that nature might 22:53 distinguish between left and right at the most fundamental level was almost unthink thinkable symmetry was a guiding 23:01 principle in physics shaping theories and experiments alike if weak 23:06 interactions violated parody it would mean that the universe itself had a built-in asymmetry something that had 23:13 never been observed before however as Lee and yang examined existing experimental data they realized a 23:20 shocking truth no one had ever directly tested whether weak interactions ayed 23:25 parody conservation Lee and yang theoretical work focused on the behavior of particles undergoing beta Decay a 23:33 type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an electron if parity were truly conserved the emitted 23:41 electrons in such decays should show no preference for a particular direction 23:46 but what if they did if weak interactions violated parity there should be a measurable asymmetry in the 23:53 way particles behaved a subtle but fundamental deviation from the expected Mirror Image symmetry with this idea in 24:01 mind Lee and yangong meticulously crafted a set of theoretical arguments 24:06 that outlined how parity violation could manifest in Weak interactions they proposed a series of experiments that 24:13 could directly test their hypothesis challenging experimental physicists to Collaboration with Chen-Ning Yang & The Parity Question 24:18 find a way to measure these effects their calculations suggested that a carefully designed beta Decay experiment 24:25 using certain radioactive atoms cooled to near AB absolute zero could reveal the truth when they presented their 24:32 findings to the physics Community the reaction was mixed some were intrigued 24:38 by their bold claim While others dismissed it as speculative many senior 24:43 physicists remained skeptical reluctant to believe that such a fundamental principle could be wrong after all 24:51 parody conservation had never been questioned before why should it fail in Weak interactions even those who 24:58 acknowledged the possibility of parity violation hesitated to invest time and resources into an experiment to test it 25:06 despite the skepticism Lee and yang remained confident in their reasoning 25:11 they knew that theory alone would not be enough to convince the scientific Community they needed experimental proof 25:19 but who would be willing to take on such a high risk experiment the answer lay in 25:25 Chien shiung Wu a brilliant experimental physicist physicist at Columbia University known for her expertise in 25:31 nuclear physics wo had spent years developing precise techniques for studying beta Decay making her uniquely 25:39 suited to test their hypothesis recognizing the importance of their idea 25:44 woo agreed to design and conduct The crucial experiment she devised a meticulous plan to use a radioactive 25:51 isotope of cobalt Cobalt 60 cooled to near absolute zero and subjected to a 25:57 strong magnetic field if Lee and Yang's hypothesis was correct the emitted electrons from the decaying 26:03 Cobalt nuclei would show a distinct preference in their direction of emission proving that weak interactions 26:09 violated parity symmetry as woo prepared for the experiment anticipation grew if 26:16 parody conservation held the results would confirm what physicists had long assumed but if the experiment revealed 26:24 an asymmetry it would mean that one of the most fundamental laws of physics had 26:29 been broken the scientific World stood on the brink of a paradigm shift waiting 26:34 for the results that would either uphold or shatter a century old 26:44 belief with the theoretical groundwork laid by Tsung da lee and chaning Yong 26:49 The Next Step was the most critical experimental verification the physics Community remains skeptical reluctant to 26:57 abandon the principle of parody conservation without undeniable proof the responsibility of conducting this 27:04 groundbreaking experiment fell on Chien shiun Wu an experimental physicist at 27:09 Columbia University known for her Precision in nuclear physics wo's expertise in beta Decay experiments made 27:17 her the perfect candidate to test Lee and Yang's hypothesis Wu carefully 27:22 designed an experiment using Cobalt 60 a radioactive isotope known for under 27:28 going beta Decay if parody was conserved the emitted electrons from Cobalt 60 27:34 should be evenly distributed in all directions however if weak interactions 27:39 violated parody symmetry the electrons should show a distinct preference in 27:44 their emission direction to detect this subtle effect W needed to eliminate 27:50 external influences that could mask the results she collaborated with the National Bureau of Standards where she 27:57 had access to Advan cryogenic technology to cool the Cobalt 60 atoms to near 28:02 absolute zero cooling the Cobalt 60 was crucial because at such low temperatures 28:08 the atomic nuclei could be aligned in a strong magnetic field this setup ensured 28:13 that any observed directional preference in electron emission would be an intrinsic property of weak 28:19 interactions rather than a random thermal effect the experiment required extraordinary Precision any slight 28:27 interference could compromise the results woo and her team worked tirelessly running multiple trials and 28:34 refining their techniques to eliminate any sources of error as the data began to emerge the results were unmistakable 28:43 the emitted electrons were not evenly distributed instead they showed a clear 28:49 preference proving that weak interactions did not obey mirror symmetry parody conservation long 28:56 considered an absolute law of nature had been decisively violated this was a 29:02 stunning Revelation one that contradicted Decades of assumptions and forced physicists to Theoretical Framework for Parity Violation 29:08 rethink the fundamental principles of partical interactions when Woo's findings were announced in early 29:15 1957 the physics Community was shaken the results provided the experimental 29:21 confirmation that Lee and yang needed to validate their theoretical work what had 29:26 once seemed like an audacious claim was now an undeniable reality parody 29:32 violation in Weak interactions was no longer a hypothesis it was a confirmed 29:37 fact the discovery revolutionized the field leading to a complete reassessment 29:43 of weak interactions and their role in the standard model of particle physics despite the magnitude of this 29:50 breakthrough recognition was not equally distributed while Lee and yangong were 29:55 soon celebrated for their theoretical contribution Woo's vital experimental work did not 30:01 receive the same level of acknowledgement this oversight would later become one of the most glaring 30:07 examples of gender bias in the history of science however within the scientific 30:12 Community Woo's experiment was regarded as a Triumph of precision and Ingenuity 30:18 proving that experimental physics played an equally crucial role in advancing human understanding with the 30:25 confirmation of parody violation Lee and Yang's work had shattered one of physics 30:30 longest held assumptions their Discovery opened new doors for Research into fundamental symmetries and pav the way 30:38 for further Explorations into the weak Force but even as the implications of their work spread the next step was 30:46 inevitable official recognition from the highest scientific Authority within months the world would see how quickly 30:53 science rewarded those who dared to challenge convention 31:03 the discovery of parody violation in Weak interactions was one of the most significant breakthroughs in 20th 31:10 century physics Sun da lee and chuning yangong had not only challenged a 31:15 long-standing principle but had fundamentally reshaped the way physicists understood the laws of nature 31:22 with Chien shiun Wu's experimental confirmation of their hypothesis their 31:27 work stood stood unchallenged within months of the announcement of Woo's results the scientific community and the 31:34 World At Large recognized the magnitude of their achievement the ultimate acknowledgement came in October 31:41 1957 when Lee and yang were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics the speed with 31:47 which they received the Nobel Prize was extraordinary most scientific 31:52 discoveries Take Years even decades to be recognized by the Nobel committee yet 31:58 in less than a year after wo's experiment confirmed their Theory Lee and yang became the youngest Nobel 32:04 laurates in physics at the time Lee was only 30 years old their win was historic 32:10 marking a Triumph for theoretical physics and signaling a new era in the study of fundamental forces for China 32:18 and the broader Asian scientific Community their achievement was a source of immense Pride showcasing the impact 32:25 of chinese-born physicists on the global stage however the celebration was not 32:31 without controversy despite her Central role in the experimental confirmation of 32:36 parody violation Chien xung Wu was not included in the award many within the 32:42 scientific Community were surprised by this exclusion as the Nobel committee had recognized theoretical discoveries 32:49 before only when there was experimental verification Woo's experiment was not just a supporting test it was The 32:56 crucial proof that a established Lee and Yang's Theory as a scientific truth yet 33:02 she remained absent from the Nobel recognition a decision that highlighted the gender biases prevalent in the 33:09 scientific establishment at the time Lee and yang themselves acknowledged Woo's contribution but the Nobel Prize rules 33:16 had historically favored theoretical discoveries over experimental confirmations while some argued that the 33:23 committee was simply following tradition others saw it as an injust that exemplified the systematic exclusion of 33:30 women from high scientific honors in the years that followed woo continued her 33:35 groundbreaking work becoming one of the most respected experimental physicists in the world but the nobell Omission 33:43 remained a glaring oversight for Lee and yangong the Nobel Prize was a validation 33:48 of their intellectual boldness they had dared to question an assumption that had stood unchallenged for decades and in 33:56 doing so they had re shaped the course of modern physics their Discovery led to Chien-Shiung Wu’s Experiment & Experimental Proof 34:01 a broader exploration of symmetry violations in particle physics ultimately contributing to the 34:07 development of the standard model in the wake of their success both physicists 34:12 found themselves at the center of international scientific discourse receiving invitations to speak at Major 34:19 conferences and being sought-after for prestigious academic positions the 34:24 implications of their Discovery extended Beyond the Nobel Prize parody violation 34:30 opened the door to new theoretical advancements particularly in understanding weak interactions neutrino 34:36 physics and CP violation an asymmetry that would later help explain why the universe is dominated by matter rather 34:43 than antimatter the work of Lee and yang though focused on a single principle set 34:49 off a Cascade of discoveries that would shape physics for decades to come despite the controversies and debates 34:56 surrounding the Nobel Prize de ision one fact remained undeniable Lee and Yang's 35:02 contributions had changed physics forever their recognition marked not just the success of two Brilliant Minds 35:09 but the beginning of a new scientific era however even as they celebrated their achievements their work was far 35:16 from over with the foundations of physics shifting beneath them the next challenge was clear to explore the 35:24 deeper consequences of parity violation and push the boundaries of what was known about the fundamental forces of 35:34 nature the discovery of parity violation and weak interaction sent shock waves 35:40 through the world of physics it was not merely a correction to an existing Theory it was a fundamental shift in how 35:47 scientists understood the nature of physical laws for decades symmetry had 35:53 been considered a guiding principle in physics an underlying order that governed everything from atomic 36:00 structure to Cosmic Evolution the Revelation that weak interactions defied 36:05 this principle meant that the universe itself was not as symmetrical as once 36:10 believed suali Le and Chingy Yang's work had set off a scientific revolution in 36:17 the immediate aftermath of their Discovery physicists scrambled to explore its implications if weak 36:24 interactions violated parody what other fundamental assumptions about nature might need to be reconsidered this 36:31 question led to a surge of experimental and theoretical research aimed at uncovering deeper asymmetries in physics 36:39 the search for further symmetry violations became a central focus of particle physics leading to 36:45 investigations into charge conjugation C symmetry time reversal t- Symmetry and 36:52 their combined effects one of the most profound consequences of Lee and Yang's 36:57 discovery was its impact on the study of CP violation the combined violation of 37:03 charge and parody symmetries just a few years after their groundbreaking work in 37:09 1964 physicists James Cronin and Val Fitch discovered that certain subatomic 37:15 particles known as chons did not just violate parity they also violated CP 37:20 symmetry this discovery was Monumental as it provided the first Clues as to why 37:26 the universe is dominated by matter rather than antimatter had CP symmetry 37:32 been strictly conserved matter and antimatter would have existed in equal 37:38 amounts annihilating each other the observed CP violation suggested that a 37:43 fundamental asymmetry played a crucial role in shaping the cosmos Beyond 37:49 particle physics Lee and Yang's breakthrough had Ripple effects across multiple scientific disciplines 37:56 astrophysicists and cosmologists began considering the implications of symmetry 38:01 violations in the early Universe did these asymmetries influence the formation of galaxies could they help 38:08 explain the dominance of matter over antimatter these questions fueled new 38:13 research in cosmology linking high energy physics to the evolution of the universe itself for Lee the excitement 38:22 of Discovery did not fade after the Nobel Prize rather than resting on his a 38:27 achievements he continued to push the boundaries of physics delving deeper into the consequences of symmetry 38:34 breaking his later work would explore not only weak interactions but also 38:39 broader aspects of quantum field Theory statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics while many physicists 38:47 focused on the direct applications of parody violation Lee was already looking ahead searching for the next great Nobel Prize in Physics & Controversy 38:54 puzzle to solve the institutional resp response to parity violation was equally 39:00 transformative Laboratories and research institutions worldwide launched new 39:05 experiments to probe weak interactions further particle accelerators were tasked with refining measurements of 39:12 symmetry breaking effects while theoretical physicists sought to develop new Frameworks that could accommodate 39:19 these findings the standard model of particle physics which would later emerge as the most comprehensive theory 39:26 of fundamental partic and forces had to account for the unexpected asymmetries 39:31 revealed by Lee and Yang's work while their Discovery was widely accepted by 39:37 the scientific Community it also exposed gaps in existing theories physicists 39:43 realized that the weak Force unlike gravity or electromagnetism behaved in 39:48 fundamentally different ways requiring a new approach to unification this 39:54 realization eventually contributed to the development of of Electro week Theory which successfully merged weak 40:01 and electromagnetic interactions into a single theoretical framework the electro 40:06 week model later refined by Sheldon glasow Abdu Salam and Steven Weinberg 40:12 became one of the cornerstones of modern physics even as Lee and Yang's work 40:18 revolutionized the field there were lingering debates about the deeper meaning of parody violation was it an 40:25 exception to an otherwise symmetric iCal universe or was asymmetry a fundamental 40:31 feature of nature these questions would persist for decades driving further 40:36 exploration into the nature of space time and fundamental forces the 40:42 discovery of parody violation had done more than disprove an old assumption it 40:47 had opened a door to a new world of possibilities where the universe was no longer bound by Perfect symmetry but 40:54 shaped by hidden asymmetric forces as the scientific Community absorbed the 41:00 full impact of their findings Lee continued his journey into new Realms of 41:05 physics his work extended Beyond particle interactions to broader questions about the nature of matter and 41:12 energy but while he remained at the Forefront of theoretical exploration he 41:17 also took on a new role shaping the future of physics through education mentorship and institutional leadership 41:25 the next stage of his life would not only solidify his legacy as a physicist 41:31 but also as a guiding force for generations of scientists to 41:40 come after the groundbreaking discovery of parody violation Sund da Le's 41:46 scientific Journey did not slow down while many physicists focused on the immediate implications of his work on 41:53 weak interactions Lee saw this as just one piece piece of a much larger puzzle 41:59 his insatiable curiosity led him Beyond particle physics driving him to explore 42:04 new areas of theoretical physics including condensed matter physics statistical mechanics and astrophysics 42:13 rather than becoming defined solely by the nobel-winning discovery Lee sought to push the 42:18 boundaries of multiple Fields demonstrating a versatility rarely seen among physicists of his era one of Lee's 42:26 major post Noel contributions was his work on symmetry breaking in different physical systems the discovery of parody 42:34 violation had already demonstrated that nature was not always symmetric but Lee 42:39 was interested in whether similar violations could be observed in other contexts his studies on spontaneous 42:46 symmetry breaking in Quantum field Theory helped lay the groundwork for later developments in the standard model 42:52 of particle physics these ideas would prove critical in explaining how element 42:57 particles acquire Mass an area that would later be explored through the higs mechanism Beyond fundamental physics Lee 43:05 also turned his attention to condensed matter physics where the principles of quantum mechanics and symmetry played a 43:12 crucial role in understanding the behavior of materials at Atomic and subatomic levels his work in this area 43:19 contributed to the study of phase transitions phenomena observed in systems such as superconductors 43:26 superfluids and magnetically ordered materials his theoretical insights provided a deeper understanding of how 43:33 systems shift from one state to another bridging Concepts from particle physics 43:38 to real world applications in Material Science in addition to his work on Quantum symmetries Lee made significant Impact of Parity Violation on Modern Physics 43:46 contributions to astrophysics particularly in the study of neutron stars and black holes he explored the 43:53 extreme conditions under which matter behaves in high energy astrophysical environments linking his expertise in 44:00 Quantum field Theory to the physics of the cosmos his research helped clarify 44:06 aspects of neutron star structure gravitational collapse and the role of 44:11 fundamental interactions in Stellar Evolution these studies connected his earlier work on weak interactions to the 44:18 processes occurring inside dense astronomical objects reinforcing the idea that particle physics and 44:24 astrophysics were deeply intertwined Lee's ability to work across multiple 44:29 disciplines made him a rare figure in modern physics many scientists become 44:34 specialists in a single area but Lee had an extraordinary ability to apply his 44:40 insights from one field to another constantly finding new ways to approach 44:45 complex problems his deep engagement with statistical mechanics led to influential research on complex systems 44:52 including fluid dynamics and turbulence fields that have wide ranging applications in engineering atmospheric 45:00 science and Beyond even as he continued making new contributions to physics Lee 45:06 also played an active role in shaping scientific institutions he was a strong 45:11 advocate for advancing physics education particularly in China where he worked to 45:17 improve research opportunities for young scientists his efforts in fostering 45:22 scientific exchange between China and the United States helped establish collabor ations that would have lasting 45:28 impacts on the global scientific Community he believed that knowledge should transcend National boundaries and 45:35 sought to create an environment where Brilliant Minds from different parts of the world could work together to tackle 45:41 the most profound questions in science despite his numerous achievements Lee 45:47 never lost sight of the fundamental questions that first Drew him to physics the nature of symmetries the behavior of 45:54 fundamental forces and the ification of physical laws remained at the core of 46:00 his intellectual Pursuits his later works continued to explore the Deep connections between different areas of 46:06 physics showing that the discovery of parody violation was not an endo but 46:12 rather the beginning of a much larger scientific Odyssey as his influence extended Beyond research Lee took on new 46:20 responsibilities as an educator and Mentor he inspired generations of young 46:25 physicists many of whom would go on to make their own groundbreaking discoveries his legacy was no longer 46:32 confined to a single scientific breakthrough it had expanded into an ongoing pursuit of knowledge a 46:39 commitment to Scientific progress and a dedication to nurturing the next wave of physicists who would push the boundaries 46:45 of human understanding even 46:53 further as Tsung da Le's career progressed his contributions to physics 46:58 extended far beyond his own research he understood that science was not just about discoveries it was also about 47:06 fostering an environment where future breakthroughs could occur his deep commitment to education mentorship and 47:13 institutional development played a crucial role in shaping modern theoretical physics while his early 47:19 career had been defined by his revolutionary work on parody violation his later years were marked by 47:25 efforts to advance science through leadership advocacy and Global collaboration one of Lee's most 47:32 significant contributions to Academia was his role in mentoring young physicists he believed that scientific 47:40 progress depended on cultivating the next generation of researchers and he dedicated much of his time to guiding 47:46 students and post-doctoral fellows many of his meants went on to become influential figures in physics carrying 47:54 forward his legacy of rigorous inquiry and Innovative thinking his ability to 47:59 inspire and challenge his students made him a revered figure in academic circles 48:05 ensuring that his impact on science extended far beyond his own research Lee 48:10 also played an instrumental role in the institutional development of physics research in the United States he worked 48:18 with leading universities and research centers to establish new programs in particle physics and quantum mechanics 48:25 his influence was particular ularly strong at Columbia University where he spent most of his academic career there Expanding Research Beyond Parity Violation 48:33 he helped build one of the world's foremost theoretical physics groups attracting top tier talent and fostering 48:40 an environment of intellectual Excellence Beyond his contributions to American Academia Lee took a strong 48:48 interest in advancing scientific research in China having left China as a young student he remained deeply 48:55 connected to its scientif ific progress and he was determined to bridge the gap between Chinese and Western research 49:02 institutions throughout the latter half of his career he played a pivotal role 49:08 in fostering collaborations between Chinese and American physicists he advocated for stronger research programs 49:15 in China helped establish academic Partnerships and encouraged the exchange 49:21 of students and scientists between the two countries one of his most notable contributions to to Chinese science was 49:28 his involvement in the founding of The Institute of theoretical physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Lee 49:34 envisioned this institute as a world-class Research Center that would nurture China's brightest minds and 49:40 contribute to Global physics research his efforts helped lay the foundation for China's modern scientific 49:47 infrastructure influencing the development of research programs that would later produce significant 49:53 advancements in physics and related fields lead work in promoting science went beyond Academia he was also an 50:01 advocate for the role of Science in shaping policy and Society he believed that scientific knowledge should inform 50:08 decision-making on global challenges from energy sustainability to technological innovation he frequently 50:15 spoke on the importance of investing in fundamental research arguing that scientific advancements often led to 50:22 unexpected and transformative applications his advocacy helped reinforce the idea that science was not 50:29 just an abstract intellectual Pursuit but a crucial Force for progress and development despite his many 50:36 contributions to education and institutional development Lee remained an active researcher throughout his 50:43 career even as he took on leadership roles he continued to publish influential papers explore new areas of 50:51 physics and engage with the latest scientific debates his ability to balance research Arch mentorship and 50:58 advocacy showcased his dedication to the advancement of human knowledge in every 51:03 possible form through his work in Academia institutional development and 51:08 scientific advocacy Lee cemented his legacy not only as a physicist but also 51:14 as a leader in the scientific Community his influence extended far beyond his own discoveries shaping the structures 51:22 and institutions that would enable future generations of physicists to explore the mysteries of the universe as 51:29 he moved further into his role as a global scientific Ambassador his efforts 51:34 in fostering International collaborations and knowledge exchange would become even more pronounced 51:40 ensuring that his impact on science would endure for decades to 51:50 come as Tsung da Le's stature in the scientific Community grew so did his 51:55 commitment to fostering Global collaboration having lived through War 52:01 political upheaval and cultural shifts he understood the importance of scientific diplomacy in bridging divides 52:08 between nations while his early years were devoted to research and teaching 52:13 his later career saw him actively working to strengthen scientific ties between the East and the West his 52:20 efforts played a crucial role in integrating China into the global physics Community Helping to shape the 52:26 country's modern scientific landscape Lee had left China in 1946 when the country was emerging from 52:34 World War II and grappling with internal political struggles in the decades that 52:39 followed China's scientific progress was severely hindered by political turmoil 52:45 including the cultural revolution which disrupted academic institutions and forced many scientists into Exile or 52:52 silence when China began reopening its doors to the world in the late 52:58 1970s Lee saw an opportunity to help rebuild its scientific Community he 53:03 became one of the leading figures in reestablishing connections between Chinese and Western physicists acting as 53:10 both an adviser and a mentor to Young scientists in China One of Lee's most 53:16 significant contributions was his role in founding the China Center of advanced Science and Technology cast in Contributions to Chinese Science & Global Collaboration 53:24 1986 this institute was designed to facilitate scientific exchanges between 53:29 China and other countries allowing Chinese researchers to collaborate with International experts and gain access to 53:37 cuttingedge research Lee envisioned cast as a hub where China's brightest young minds could develop their skills and 53:44 contribute to Global physics research the institution became a key stepping stone in China's journey toward becoming 53:52 a major player in the international scientific Community Lee also played an instrumental role in launching the 53:59 Beijing electron positron collider BC a project that marked China's entry 54:05 into the world of high energy particle physics he worked closely with Chinese scientists and policymakers to ensure 54:12 that the project received the necessary support and funding BC became China's 54:18 first major particle accelerator enabling groundbreaking research in quantum mechanics and particle physics 54:25 it's established demonstrated Lee's vision for China's scientific future not 54:30 only catching up with the west but actively contributing to Global advancements in physics in addition to 54:37 fostering scientific infrastructure Lee focused on nurturing individual Talent he worked to create 54:44 scholarship programs that allowed Chinese students to study abroad particularly in the United States where 54:51 they could train under some of the world's leading physicists many of these students later returned to China 54:58 bringing back valuable expertise and helping to elevate China's scientific standing Lee believed that true progress 55:06 came not just from institutions but from individuals who were given the opportunity to push the boundaries of 55:12 knowledge Beyond China Lee's efforts in scientific diplomacy extended to other 55:18 parts of the world he participated in international conferences served on 55:23 advisory panels and advocated for increased collaboration in physics research he was a strong believer in the 55:31 idea that science transcended political and National boundaries and he consistently pushed for initiatives that 55:37 promoted knowledge exchange across cultures his work helped bridge the gap between nations that had long been 55:44 divided by ideological differences proving that the pursuit of knowledge was a universal Endeavor despite his 55:52 immense contributions to science and diplomacy Lee remained humble about his 55:57 role he saw himself as a facilitator rather than a leader believing that his 56:03 duty was to open doors for others rather than take credit for their achievements 56:08 his ability to connect people institutions and ideas made him one of the most influential figures in the 56:15 global physics Community thanks to his efforts scientific exchanges between 56:20 China and the West flourished Paving the way for future collaborations that continue to this day Lee's impact on 56:28 global scientific exchange was a testament to his belief in the power of knowledge to unite Humanity while his 56:35 groundbreaking research had already secured his place in history his efforts 56:40 to Foster collaboration ensured that his influence would extend far beyond his own lifetime as china Rose to prominence 56:47 as a leader in scientific research much of its success could be traced back to the foundations laid by Lee's vision and 56:55 dedication but even as he helped shape the future of physics through diplomacy and education he remained a scientist at 57:03 heart always searching for the next great question to 57:12 explore as Tsung da Le's career entered its later decades his legacy as a 57:18 scientist mentor and institution Builder became increasingly clear his 57:24 groundbreaking work on parody violation had already cemented his place in history but his contributions extended 57:31 far beyond that singular Discovery his influence spanned multiple fields of physics from quantum mechanics to 57:39 astrophysics and his efforts in education and international collaboration ensured that his impact 57:44 would continue long after his own research ended Lee was not just a Pioneer in theoretical physics he was a 57:51 guiding force who shaped the very way science was conducted and taught one of the most lasting aspects of Lee's Legacy 57:59 was his role in shaping modern particle physics his discovery of parity violation had fundamentally altered 58:06 scientists understanding of weak interactions leading to further discoveries that helped develop the Legacy in Education, Research, and Scientific Diplomacy 58:12 standard model of particle physics his insights into symmetry breaking laid the groundwork for later advancements 58:19 including the electro week unification Theory which helped explain how weak interactions and electromagnetism are 58:26 connected decades later these ideas would contribute to the search for the higs bosan and the ongoing quest for a 58:34 grand unified theory Beyond particle physics Lee made lasting contributions 58:39 to statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics fields that govern the behavior of complex systems his work on 58:47 phase transitions how matter changes States under different conditions provided new ways of thinking about 58:54 superconductivity fluid dynamics and even cosmological models of the early 58:59 Universe his ability to bridge theoretical physics with real world applications made him a rare figure who 59:05 could move effortlessly between abstract Theory and practical science Lee's dedication to Scientific education 59:12 ensured that his influence would be carried forward by Future Generations he was a lifelong Mentor guiding students 59:21 who would go on to make their own discoveries many of his former students became lead 59:26 physicists carrying forward his rigorous approach to problem solving and his Fearless questioning of established 59:33 ideas his impact was not limited to the United States through his work in China 59:38 and other International institutions he helped shape the training of physicists around the world particularly in 59:45 countries that were historically underrepresented in cuttingedge research his role in establishing scientific 59:52 institutions in China marked another critical part of his legacy y through initiatives such as the China Center of 59:59 advanced Science and Technology cast and his involvement in the Bing electron 1:00:04 positron collider BC he helped lay the foundation for China's rise as a major force in physics 1:00:12 today Chinese physicists are at the Forefront of research in Quantum Computing high energy physics and 1:00:19 astrophysics fields that Lee helped develop through his vision and Leadership his contributions played a 1:00:26 direct role in transforming China from a country recovering from war and 1:00:31 political turmoil into a Powerhouse of scientific discovery despite all his 1:00:36 achievements Lee remained deeply engaged with fundamental questions in physics 1:00:41 even in his later years he continued publishing papers discussing theories 1:00:47 and contributing to Scientific debates always looking for the next mystery to 1:00:52 unravel unlike many scientists who slow down down after receiving major accolades Lee remained an active 1:01:00 participant in physics research proving that his passion for Discovery was never about recognition it was about the 1:01:07 Relentless Pursuit Of Truth his influence also extended Beyond physics 1:01:12 into broader discussions about the philosophy of science Lee was a strong advocate for creative thinking and 1:01:19 research urging young physicists to challenge assumptions and explore unconventional ideas he believed that 1:01:26 breakthroughs often came from questioning the most basic principles as he himself had done when challenging 1:01:33 parody conservation his story became an inspiration for scientists across 1:01:38 disciplines demonstrating that courage and curiosity could overturn even the most established ideas Lee's Legacy is 1:01:47 one of intellectual boldness scientific excellence and Global 1:01:52 collaboration his impact can be seen not only in the equations of particle physics but also in the Laboratories 1:01:59 universities and international research programs that he helped build his journey from a young student in war torn 1:02:06 China to one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century is a testament to the power of knowledge 1:02:13 perseverance and the unwavering belief that science can transcend borders and transform the world as he reflected on 1:02:20 his career Lee often spoke about the unfinished nature of scientific in qu 1:02:25 quiry he believed that each Discovery led to new questions and that the true 1:02:31 Joy of physics was not in finding final answers but in uncovering new Mysteries 1:02:36 his contributions to physics had already shaped the modern understanding of the universe but for him the greatest reward 1:02:44 was knowing that the search for knowledge would continue carried forward by the countless scientists he had 1:02:50 inspired 1:02:57 as Tsung da lee moved into the later years of his career he became increasingly reflective about the path Final Reflections & Lasting Impact on Physics 1:03:05 he had taken he had witnessed and shaped some of the most important scientific 1:03:10 Revolutions of the 20th century from his early days as a war display student in 1:03:16 China to becoming one of the youngest Nobel Prize winners in history his journey had been defined by Relentless 1:03:23 curiosity intellectual courage and deep belief in the power of scientific inquiry yet for all his accomplishments 1:03:31 Lee remained humble about his place in the grand scheme of human knowledge one 1:03:36 of the defining aspects of Lee's character was his insistence that no scientific truth should be considered 1:03:43 absolute even after his groundbreaking work on parody violation he continued to 1:03:49 question and explore never allowing himself to become complacent he often 1:03:54 spoke about the beauty of uncertainty in physics the idea that the greatest discoveries came from challenging 1:04:01 assumptions rather than accepting them this mindset kept him engaged with new 1:04:06 developments in physics long after he had achieved Global recognition Lee's philosophical outlook on science was 1:04:13 deeply intertwined with his experiences as an outsider as a chinese-born physicist working in the United States 1:04:21 during a time when opportunities for Asian scientists were limited he he understood the importance of 1:04:27 perseverance in the face of barriers his success was not just a personal Victory 1:04:33 it was a symbol of what could be achieved when talent and opportunity converged regardless of national or 1:04:39 cultural Origins this belief fueled his efforts to expand scientific Education 1:04:45 and Research opportunities for young scientists particularly in China where 1:04:50 he hoped to inspire future generations to pursue careers in physics despite his 1:04:55 towering presence in the world of physics Lee was known for his quiet and 1:05:00 thoughtful demeanor unlike some of his contemporaries who sought the spotlight 1:05:06 he preferred to let his work speak for itself he valued deep discussions over 1:05:11 public recognition often choosing to spend time with students and colleagues 1:05:16 rather than engaging in self-promotion his approach to science was methodical and patient he did not Chase Trends or 1:05:24 rush to publish but rather focused on solving fundamental questions with precision and 1:05:30 clarity as he looked back on his contributions Lee acknowledged that science like life itself was an ongoing 1:05:37 process while his discovery of parody violation had changed physics forever he 1:05:43 saw it not as a final answer but as a stepping stone to deeper questions he 1:05:48 remained fascinated by the Mysteries that still eluded physicists Dark Matter 1:05:54 quantum gravity and the true nature of the universe's fundamental forces to Lee the Quest for 1:06:01 knowledge was endless and each breakthrough was merely an invitation to explore further Beyond his scientific 1:06:09 achievements Lee's impact on The Human Side of science was profound he was a 1:06:15 mentor a bridge builder and a Visionary who understood that progress was not 1:06:20 just about equations and experiments but about creating an environment where knowledge could flour 1:06:26 he dedicated much of his later years to fostering International collaboration 1:06:31 strengthening academic institutions and ensuring that the next generation of physicists had the tools and inspiration 1:06:39 to continue pushing the boundaries of Discovery as history records the great minds of physics Sund Le's name stands 1:06:46 among the Giants yet for those who knew him he was more than just a Nobel laurate he was a thinker Who challenged 1:06:54 The Impossible a mentor who shaped countless careers and a scientist who never stopped asking the fundamental 1:07:01 questions about the universe his legacy is not just in the theories he proposed 1:07:06 but in the generations of physicists who continue his search for truth even as he 1:07:12 aged Lee's passion for physics never faded he continued to write lecture and 1:07:19 Inspire proving that a true scientist never stops seeking knowledge in the 1:07:24 grand expanse of human history few have left such a lasting Mark not just by 1:07:30 changing the laws of physics but by showing the world that the pursuit of understanding is the most noble Endeavor 1:07:36 of 1:07:42 all Su da Le's journey is a story of Brilliance curiosity and perseverance 1:07:50 his discovery of parity violation changed physics forever proving that even the most fundamental laws of nature 1:07:57 can be challenged Beyond his research he shaped future Generations through 1:08:02 education and international collaboration his legacy continues to inspire scientists worldwide at BM 1:08:10 research we strive to bring you engaging stories of great minds who changed history if you enjoyed this documentary 1:08:18 let us know in the comments what did you find most interesting do you have 1:08:23 suggestions for Improv ment your feedback helps us create better content 1:08:29 thanks for watching BMResearch 29.7K subscribers Videos About Facebook Linkedin 1:19:17 Robert Boyle: The Man Who Defined Modern Chemistry! (1627–1691) by BMResearch 5 Chemistry by BMResearch 6 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... @nandlalkumar2675 1 month ago Love from india.. keep continuing..very informative and motivating 2 Reply 1 reply @Khashayarissi-ob4yj 1 month ago Wishing you success. 1 Reply @jondeere5638 1 month ago Yang also worked for Fermi. He got a reputation for blowing things up as Eric Laithwaite expressed it , wherever there's a bang there is Yang. Reply @enlongchiou 4 weeks ago weak force pm/me=1836.1527=4pi*137.036^2/128.51991=1/(4*A1*137.036^3)=(pi/(128.4980143*A*137.036))^0.5 at Atom scale A^2=g(p)*pi*me/128.4980143*c^2 unite strong force g(p)=g*m^2/pm^2=g*(pl/4.1888*l)^2=1.13*10^28 which's by graviton g*m^2 oscillating between Planck scale l=g*m/c^2=(h*g/2pi*c^3)^0.5=1.616231*10^-35 meter which can deduce ch=2pi*g*m^2=8pi*g*(m*c^2/2)^2/c^4, m=(ch/2pi*g)^0.5=2.176466*10^-8 kg : solution of GR field equation, proton scale pl=g(p)*(4pi*pm/3)/c^2=8.809*10^-16 meter with EM force between proton[pm=1.672621868*10^-27 kg], electron[me=9.10938356*10^-31 kg] in hydrogen Atom[A=5.29177282*10^-11 meter]k*e^2=g(p)*pm^2/137.036=ch/(2pi*137.036)[e+]=me*(c/137.036)^2*A[e-]=4pi*g(p)*pm*me*137.036/128.51991 which can reproduce Dirac's quantum field deduce 0.001161409725=1/(2pi*137.036)=e+/ch Schwinger's weak QED for anomalous electron magnetic moment of (g-2)/2 factor from positron e+=ch/(2pi*137.037)=k*e^2, deduce 85.73% ratio between muon[105 mev=(3*137.036/2)*0.511], electron[0.511 mev=me*c^2=g*m^2*137.036/A] decay from strong force by 100-85.73=14.27=A/(3*137.036*(A-A1))=128.51991/(3*137.036*(128.51991-128.4980143))=128.4980143/3^2=(80.351+0.135)/(137.036*(80.485-(80.428126+0.015448))) deduce 80.428126 Gev[80.351+,-0.094] W boson broken symmetry of weak force between muon, electron which Lee, Yang give their Nobel prize at 1957, from weak force also deduce 2pi*0.001161409725*(me/pm)^2=(me/pm)^2/(g*m^2/k*e^2)=(me/pm)^2/137.036=128.4980142*A/3.1415926=128.51991*A1/3.1415926=2.16*10^-9=0.00116592026-0.00116591810 : extra wobbling of muon magnetic moment of (g-2)/2 factor between experiment data[0.001165920+((61-41)+(57-25))*10^-9/2], theoretical prediction[0.0011684719+6845*10^-7+154*10^-8+92*10^-9] from Fermilab at 8/10/23. Reply