"Origin of Mitochondria, The Little Engine That Climbed the Mountain of ...

Transcript Search in video Intro 0:00 Case Western Reserve University's Institute for the science of origins proudly presents the origin science 0:07 Scholars Program the Institute advances the scientific understanding and application of origins and evolution of 0:13 human and natural systems the origin science scholars lectures are presented with the assistance of Case Western 0:19 Reserve University's Segal lifelong learning program College of Arts and Sciences and media vision this evening 0:27 it's my pleasure to melt welcome professor joseph Lamanna the Jean M and joseph has Silber professor of brain 0:32 sciences and professor in the department of biophysics professor Lumina is an 0:39 expert on blood flow and metabolism in the brain on the adaptation to hypoxia which is lack of oxygen he served as 0:46 president of several learning societies and it's at my pleasure to welcome here here tonight to talk about the origin of 0:53 mitochondria please join me in welcoming professor soda today are talking about 1:01 mitochondria and it's gonna be in three parts first it's going to be about the 1:08 origin of life we can't talk about the origin of mitochondria without talking about the origin of life you'll see why 1:15 shortly part two will be about the origin of mitochondria themselves and then the three we'll see how they had a 1:22 role in the development and evolution of multicellular animals all right so to 1:28 begin with we have to talk about the time frame so this is a the called the Biogeologic Clock 1:34 bio geologic clock and it breaks up the four plus billion years of Earth history 1:39 into a nice circle which shows that for most of the existence of the earth there 1:48 was a not multicellular animals so we have first is the period here where the 1:57 earth is formed and it's beginning to cool and within a billion years or so we 2:06 have the origin of life the first evidence that life exists there and then 2:12 for most of the existence most of these billion years after that there's not much in the way of 2:18 multicellular life so the single-cell life began almost as soon as the earth 2:25 was cool enough for life to occur so we're gonna look at when it began the 2:33 conditions under which it began and some leading hypotheses about what generated life to begin with and then what changed 2:40 how the conditions changed important to all of this is the consideration of 2:45 energy it's the ability to generate manipulate energy that defines life the Basic Ingredients for Life 2:54 basic ingredients for life once the conditions cool on earth enough so that 3:00 the chemicals remain stable you need energy which can be in the form of light 3:06 heat or chemical energy you need the chemical components these are the these 3:12 are the molecules organic molecules they had to come from somewhere and they had to get there first and then you need 3:19 water and so that's part of the conditions on earth had to be cool enough for liquid water to be available 3:25 so to get right to it 3:30 we have evidence from microbial mats of life existing at about 3 and 1/2 billion When did life begin? 3:38 years pretty strong evidence we have the earliest physical evidence at about 3.7 3:46 but we also have a theoretical belief or through theoretical understanding that 3:51 life could have occurred in hydrothermal vents at about 4 billion years ago and 3:56 this is a description of the Aeons of the earth showing these particular ends 4:03 you have the Hadean Eon named for Hades as you might expect because apparently 4:09 the conditions there or what we think of as hell with the sulfurous of volcanoes and bubbling molten magma and then you 4:16 have the Archaean period and this is the period under which life first arose you have then a long period of time in the 4:24 Proterozoic which single-cell life and beginning of multicellularity but not much in 4:30 complexity and then the phanerozoic which really means the obvious life 4:35 period of time now what we notice here I would just want to mention this this lhb 4:42 is the late heavy bombardment and that's a period of time when there were lots of 4:48 meteorites hitting the planet Earth and these carried with it water and they 4:54 also icy meteorites broke water and also meteorites carried organic compounds and 4:59 we know from the meteorites that we've seen recently that if we calculate how 5:08 much organic materials in a meteorite and how many meteorites there were there's plenty of possibility for 5:14 carrying most organic life organic compounds to earth by meteorites and 5:19 then you have the rise right at about 3.6 3.7 of bacteria and archaea which 5:27 are the prokaryotes they are single-celled organisms and they arose 5:32 under conditions without oxygen that's the most important thing the atmosphere initially contained just hydrogen and 5:39 helium that's because most of the universe is hydrogen and helium so when the earth coalesced first that was the 5:46 natural compounds in the environment they're too light to stay on the earth 5:53 though Earth's gravity cannot hold the light gases and so both hydrogen helium will leave the atmosphere reasonably Volcano Gases 5:59 quickly and the atmosphere then becomes a mixture of what comes out of the 6:05 volcanic vents lots of volcanic gases mostly steam and water vapor carbon 6:13 dioxide plenty carbon dioxide you have sulfur and nitrogen plus the trace gases their noble gases that don't react so 6:21 much the argon neon you have a little bit of methane a little bit of carbon monoxide and hydrogen now what we were Primordial Atmosphere 6:30 taught in school probably when you were two biology you were taught the primordial atmosphere consisted of 6:36 hydrogen ammonia methane water and hydrogen sulfide which are the most reduced forms of the 6:44 biological elements nitrogen carbon hydrogen and sulfur or oxygen and sulfur 6:51 this has to be revised a little bit because under those conditions that we 6:57 now know to be present there could not be much ammonia or methane they would 7:02 have been further metabolized but so we add nitrogen instead of ammonia and we 7:10 add carbon dioxide instead of methane and the UV light will be breaking down some of the water vapor into a little 7:17 bit of oxygen but as soon as any oxygen will be made it will react with minerals 7:23 in the crust of the earth and be pulled out of the atmosphere and the hydrogen that was left would also leave via the 7:31 kinetic energy in insufficient gravity but the most important thing is that 7:37 this was in a reducing atmosphere no oxygen or less than one part per million oxygen very low oxygen and it seems like 7:45 that's a requirement for life to have arisen now there's lots of theories on the origin of life it's a it's been Origin of Life: Leading hypotheses 7:53 discussed for as long as people have been around they've discussed origins and you remember also from your biology 8:00 about theories of spontaneous generation and life from non-life that were 8:07 discussed prior to people like Pasteur who showed that this was not possible 8:12 we had Darwin talked about the warm little pond which got sunlight which had 8:19 some organic chemicals and which life could arise from there we had the experiments of people like Miller and 8:26 Urey and Fox which took the elements expected of the primordial atmosphere 8:31 put electrical sparks in and got organic compounds out of it we also have the 8:39 hypotheses where these organic compounds could line up on community clay this is 8:46 clay along the beach that would act as a place for to catalyze reactions among 8:53 these compounds the chilly start hypothesis which if you had a snowball earth and a 9:00 frozen seas would protect the ocean from UV light and allow the chemicals to 9:06 react and form life a radioactive beach hypothesis this is radioactive chemicals 9:12 along the shoreline producing the heat necessary to provide the energy for this I mentioned meteorites being able to 9:19 provide organic compounds more recently they only were discovered 9:25 in the 70s some hydrothermal vents deep-sea vents when these deep-sea submersible started 9:33 exploring the sea bottom and they found these areas where obvious venting was 9:38 coming from the seafloor and lo and behold there were things living there out of the Sun way out of the sunlight 9:44 at 100 atmospheres of pressure at temperatures approaching 200 degrees C 9:50 and amazing we call those extremophiles that is organisms that live in extreme 9:56 environments and these were these suggested to people like Gunter walked a 10:03 shouter that life might have originated there making use of the iron and sulfur 10:09 minerals as catalysts the the black smokers had sulfide they were very close 10:16 to the magma and very hot the white smokers a little further away a little cooler a little more alkaline and there 10:25 was hydrogen available through get energy from and the idea that hydrogen 10:30 metabolism may have been the first energy available for life to arise and 10:36 of course any or all of these might be contributing that is a multiple Genesis 10:41 hypothesis now once you had these once you had life part of the chemical 10:50 process using getting energy from hydrogen and methane and carbon dioxide 10:55 produced oxygen as a byproduct so this is in a reducing anoxic environment 11:03 oxygen being released as a waste product is a toxic product 11:08 so as the environment be gathered more and more oxygen the there would be 11:17 adaptations to make use of this toxic waste product in a positive way 11:23 but before oxygen could accumulate it 11:29 had to react with all of the reduced iron that was floating around in the 11:35 oceans the oceans were filled with a soluble form of reduced iron ferrous 11:41 iron and as the oxygen came into the environment it would react with the iron 11:47 oxidize it and this is well this is rust so you had to rust all of the iron in 11:54 the in the ocean and that iron doesn't it's not dissolved it sinks and so these 12:03 thick bands of red bands of rust accumulated at the floor of the oceans Banded Iron Formations 12:09 we call these banded iron formations and it allows us to pinpoint fairly 12:14 accurately when the oxygen was produced and when the oxygen was accumulating in 12:21 the environment we know and this is a banded iron example of a banded iron formation from the American Museum of 12:28 Natural History in New York but there's an example in our Natural History Museum used to be out front I don't know where 12:34 it is now but it used to be right out the front door as you walked in every day so this indicates prodigious amounts 12:44 of oxygen being generated during this 3 billion years ago to two and a half 12:50 billion years ago these banded iron formations are about two and a half billion years old in the middle on 12:56 average and at the end of this period of 13:01 time we come to very close to our current atmosphere which is an oxidizing atmosphere with one fifth of it being Current Atmosphere (dry gas) 13:08 oxygen that most of the rest being nitrogen a little bit of carbon dioxide and there are trace noble gases where 13:18 did that oxidizing event come from we call it the great oxidized of NGO II and the best guess here is the 13:26 evolution of cyanobacteria so these are bacteria single-cell animals which we 13:33 used to call blue-green algae when we are grown up but they're not algae they're bacteria and they kind of look 13:40 like this this is picture of a cyanobacterium they 13:46 grow in these mats this a current mats that are available in Western Australia and those are layer upon layer of 13:55 cyanobacterial mats producing oxygen these also these cells these 14:02 single-celled bacteria became the precursors of the chloroplast which is the organelle in plants that does 14:09 photosynthesis and gives us oxygen today so that's the precursor of all plants and what happened then the history of 14:16 oxygen on earth winds up this way very low amounts for the first two billion 14:22 years the great oxidizing event occurs but notice that this is a log scale this 14:29 is one percent of the current atmospheric level that 1% of that would 14:35 be 0.2% of oxygen in the atmosphere not 14:41 20% so 20% is what we have now this is a much still very small amount so for 2 14:48 billion years oxygen was a very low level and this is a time when mitochondria started to produce 14:56 multicellular animals and we will talk about the more current time period for 15:05 oxygen and in part 3 but right now I'd like to just summarize part one here and 15:13 then stop for some questions and the basic points that I've mentioned are that single-celled prokaryotes arise Part 1 Summary 15:21 about 4 billion years ago in the absence of oxygen and then Sayana cyanobacteria 15:26 begin to add oxygen resulting in the great oxidation event 2.5 billion years 15:31 ago as the environment shifts from no oxygen to some oxygen what an earlier slide you show the 15:38 meteorites and oh yeah yeah in the 15:43 organic compounds that we use the sugars the amino acids some of them are 15:49 asymmetric that is they have a left-handed form and a right-handed form and the biology tends to use one or the 15:56 other in the carbohydrates it's mostly the D form the right-hand form and amino 16:02 acids it's tends to be the L form what happened what the chemically they're 16:08 exactly the same so how did we get to choose one over the other because biologically you can only use one 16:14 because enzymes are like a glove and a hand you can't put a left hand glove on the right hand and it turns out that in 16:22 the meteorites there's a chiral preference as well indicates that 16:28 possibly we get the preference from the delivery of these compounds from space 16:35 because you can you can look you can they've examined meteorites for example 16:41 in Antarctica that are in a sterile environment and then they they they grow 16:47 they they analyze them and they find that they have organic compounds is it 16:52 fair to say that the low oxygen level in early days was basically until a ferrous 17:00 iron got used up and became you know from abundant trace levels and at that 17:07 point the oxygen oxygen began who it seems to be that the that for the 17:14 species present to survive you had to remove oxygen somehow and that that 17:20 transition not only in the percent oxygen would be a great evolutionary driver to things that could absolutely 17:29 rise of oxygen gives you the rise of diversity and multicellularity the the 17:35 iron had to go but also the iron reacts with I mean sorry the oxygen reacts with 17:40 the carbon compounds as well it's carbonates and things like that so as the and oxidations of the minerals in 17:48 the rocks these all get better but there's a cycle as they rise and get 17:54 weathered that gets released back into the atmosphere so there's a long term cycle there as well and later on when 18:02 the iron is gone there still is the reaction with all the carbon because or 18:08 the animals think the carbon and make carbon dioxide out of it by burning it 18:13 with oxygen so there's a balance between oxygen utilization and plants making the oxygen and you had very lots amounts 18:21 large amounts of carbon containing organisms to allow oxygen to build up to 18:26 large levels I think when we get to the last slide or two you'll see what I mean by that thank you for joining us you've 18:32 been watching dr. Joel Amana discussing the origin of life and prokaryotic cells 18:38 those lacking a distinct nucleus for more information on the origins science Scholars Program please visit the 18:44 Institute's website at origins dot case dot edu in the next part of the talk 18:51 dr. Lamanna discusses the origin of mitochondria and of eukaryotic cells those with nuclei now back to the talk 18:59 this is the this is probably this is the heart of the talk this is the origin of Origin of Mitochondria 19:04 mitochondria mitochondria are the cells engine that's where all cells all 19:09 eukaryote eukaryote cells means they have a nucleus all multicellular 19:14 organisms are eukaryotic all animals or plants or fungi are all organisms that 19:23 have mitochondria and the mitochondria that they have are all related that's why we know that this event had occurred 19:31 only once and we all have the same related mitochondria so let's move along The cell's engine 19:36 all cells need energy to function all cells use the same organelle that's the 19:42 mitochondria and the kind of the currency the energy currency of the biology is adenosine triphosphate ATP 19:50 that has a high-energy phosphate on the third one and enzymes that can take that 19:55 phosphate off also get a lot of energy from it and make ATP becomes ADP die 20:00 phosphate from triphosphate and you get a lot of energy from and the mitochondria takes the ADP makes 20:06 ATP for us and it looks something like this kind of looks like a bacterium and 20:12 and that was obvious to the people who first saw them it's double membrane 20:18 organism like a bacterial cell and it's got its own genetic material in it as 20:24 well as the ability to make its own proteins got ribosomes and the ability 20:29 to make its own proteins I'll talk more about how this works a little bit later in part 3 but in most and all typical Diagram of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell 20:36 eukaryotic cells have the nucleus which is number 2 here followed by number 5 20:42 which is a lot of the protein making machinery that's the Golgi apparatus and 20:47 but here's our friend the mitochondrion which is providing the energy for all 20:52 the work done by eukaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are about 10 times 20:58 bigger than bacteria the bacteria about the same size as mitochondria so you get an idea of the size orientation they 21:06 originally seen by histologies who were Discovery of Mitochondria 21:13 and these are just barely at the edge of visibility in a light level microscope 21:19 and people like Altman thought they looked they thought they looked like 21:24 bacteria he wasn't sure whether they were bacteria but they looked like bacteria he referred to them as bio 21:29 blasts later they were named mitochondria which from the Greek which 21:36 means thread-like granules because as bender looked at it he saw that they 21:41 were that they were connected with little bulges on them looked like a 21:47 thread that had granules along it and it was known from biological dyes that they 21:55 were associated with the living cells you couldn't stain them if the cell was 22:00 dead but if the cell was alive they took up this this dye and it because of that 22:07 it was suggested that they were involved in in the oxygen respiration that is the utilization of oxygen to make energy and 22:14 it was really confirmed in the after World War 2 by a lender who wrote 22:19 the classic textbook on biochemistry that indeed this is the organelle that makes ATP from oxygen and substrate 22:28 there's a whole story involved in the electron transport chain that's maybe 22:35 for another time now in the in the mid-60s lynn margulis 22:42 proposed that these mitochondria not only looked like bacteria but they must 22:49 have come from they must be bacteria and so she proposed the bacterial origin of 22:54 mitochondria and was able to publish her paper in the journal of theoretical 23:01 biology in 1967 using her married name she was married to Carl Sagan so Lynn 23:09 Sagan published this it was rejected in 14 journals before was published in the 23:14 Journal of theoretical biology because it was a crazy idea of mitochondria 23:19 coming from bacteria but they look like bacteria they have the same genetic base 23:26 pair distribution eukaryotic cells have more of the 80 base pair than the CG but 23:34 bacterial and mitochondrial DNA have an equal amounts of those pairs they have 23:41 no histones they don't fold up they have a different ribosome to make protein 23:46 from and in every case the bacterial and the mitochondrial are identical so we 23:53 have come to understand that lynn margulis was indeed correct and bacterial mitochondria started out as 24:01 bacteria and the idea was an RK a Prodi 24:07 it's another prokaryote but not a bacterium in archaea the different 24:13 domain of life at different characteristics was engulfed a 24:18 proteobacteria the proteobacteria was able to resist the digestive attempts of 24:24 the archaea and then a symbiotic relationship occurred they had different metabolic 24:31 processes that turned out to be synergistic this may or may not have happened quite a few times but at least 24:38 one time it works so well that it dominated life from then on so the you 24:46 have the the generation of the first eukaryote cell and it required a nucleus The Origin of Eukaryotes: Endosymbiont Hypothesis 24:53 to occur to sequester the DNA from the host cell so that it wouldn't mix up too 25:00 badly with the DNA from the bacterium but a lot of eukaryote DNA comes from 25:06 bacterial sources quick note on just on DNA Evidence 25:12 the DNA differences a nuclear DNA made with base pairs coils and then coils 25:18 again and then the coils coil in the coils coil again and it's covered with histones that keep it from just 25:25 generating all kinds of mRNA until it's needed whereas bacterial cells like this ecoli 25:31 have these plasmids these kind of circles of DNA that same as mitochondria 25:40 now the nuclear DNA eat in each cell a human cell there's about 10 feet of DNA 25:48 if you stretch it out in each cell so you took all your DNA and stretched out and to end you could go back and forth 25:56 to the moon 70 times that's a lot of DNA coiled up very tightly in each cell on 26:04 the other hand and there's only one copy per cell and mitochondria mitochondria 26:11 have smaller genomes only 13 genes they've those bacteria that became 26:16 mitochondria have lost a lot of their genes and there's 5 to 10 copies these 26:23 plasmids in each mitochondrion and there's multiple mitochondria maybe hundreds per cell so there's a lot of 26:30 copies of the mitochondrial genome the mitochondria can divide independently 26:36 and the the copies of the DNA can be reproduced fairly quickly compared to 26:43 the nuclear DNA so as I say the mitochondrial genome it's a kind of a circular plasmid type Mitochondrial Genome 26:49 DNA and it has 13 to 20 genes that are 26:55 the minimum required for the mitochondria to control certain of its functions locally the reason it does it 27:01 is that sometimes the mitochondria can be very far from the cell nucleus 27:07 imagine a nerve cell where the nucleus is in the spinal cord and the axon goes 27:13 all the way down to the big toe that's a long distance away from the nucleus if 27:18 you depend upon the nucleus to be making the proteins you need and also to be able to respond to local energy demand 27:24 you need local control so the significance of mitochondrial DNA is you 27:32 know we get all our mitochondria from our mothers the egg has the mitochondria 27:37 the sperm uses all the mitochondria it has as energy to get to the egg and then 27:42 but only one set of mitochondria are left and we can use that evidence to 27:50 look at by looking at rates of mitochondrial mutation to predict when 27:56 the first human mitochondria appeared and that would have been in our in a 28:02 maternal line so we call that first human eve and we think maybe it was 28:07 170,000 years ago although there's a lot of speculation there's a lot of work that goes into this it's it's not a done 28:15 story by any means and also mitochondria help control what we call apatow sister group that 28:22 refers to things like where the leaves fall off the trees in the autumn it's a a programmed cell death or it's like a 28:31 cell suicide and this is triggered when the energy capacity or the energy system 28:38 the mitochondria gets so damaged that they can no longer provide energy for the cell then they triggers the death of 28:45 the cells so that it can be phagocytized and doesn't gum up the works so to speak 28:50 and it's very also very important to study the mitochondrial DNA as we get 28:56 towards understanding might and real aging and MacLean who is a good 29:04 scientists and also a good writer this is an interesting book on the subject if you're interested called power sex and 29:10 suicide and it's all about mitochondria and he's pointing out that the that the 29:18 fact that life occurred almost immediately when it was available in its 29:24 single-cell form oh it's not that remarkable but multicellularity depended 29:29 upon a unique event and that is a synergistic endosymbiosis to have 29:36 occurred once it occurred it only happened that once might well mitochondria are related we think it 29:42 comes from purple bacteria these have a chlorophyll like substance they they 29:50 have different colors in them they don't they can't live with oxygen they use 29:55 sulfur as their for their energy system and the other side of it is the archaea 30:02 these are the what would be called a pioneer organism in the iron sulfur world theory these are make methane 30:11 these are methanogens meaning they make methane they get their energy from co2 and hydrogen but the problem is hydrogen 30:18 is scarce so finding sources of hydrogen is crucial for these cells there they're Chemosynthetic Prokaryotes 30:26 not bacteria and they're not eukaryotes they have a different cell membrane it's polysaccharide ik and there they can go 30:32 anywhere because they make their own energy from from light or from chemical 30:37 processes and these are some of the places where they occur these are the 30:45 black smokers they're black because they have sulfur compounds they exist near 30:53 magma in the deep ocean trenches this is where the continents are pulling apart 30:59 the plates are moving apart magma heats the water spews all kinds of 31:05 minerals here it's very rich in minerals there's no oxygen but there's plenty of other sources 31:12 chemical energy and of course you have thermal energy and if you look the one on the right there's two worms and what 31:21 it called squat lobsters I don't know but these are deep sea vents located maybe at two and three kilometers depth 31:30 so a hundred atmospheres pressure where the the water maybe four or five hundred 31:36 degrees in the case in the black smoker it's still liquid because of the pressure so it's it's it's and it's a 31:43 very acidic environment the that wasn't 31:48 for the black smokers I just said most of this the first one was discovered in 1977 as these underwater submarines Black Smoker 31:55 started looking at mapping the seabed as 32:00 a source of the iron and nickel the reduced forms and chemosynthetic 32:05 bacteria live in these this one didn't come up there it is the white smoker Hydrothermal Deep Sea Vents: "White Smoker" 32:14 this is these were discovered only in 2000 these are a little further away 32:20 from the trench so the water is cooler these are steam that's bubbling up through the rock instead of big holes 32:27 they're from little porous labyrinthine tubes which provides lots of surface 32:33 area for chemical reactions to occur and 32:38 there are more alkaline than acidic and 32:44 it's thought that these the life that's here represents some of the organisms 32:52 that were familiar with lots of barium calcium silicon they make certain White Smoker (or "alkaline vents") 32:59 tonight this is say at a compound of iron and magnesium and barium and 33:07 calcium that has green looks like green snakes running through it today you can Archaea in Extreme Environments 33:14 find these type of archaea in places like Yellowstone National Park 33:20 Yellowstone National Park this is one of the geysers 33:25 a hot spring and it shows the steam 33:30 coming out of the center of it here yeah but all along the side this color the 33:37 orange color is coming from the algae the bacteria and the Archaea and these 33:45 are the like again like the purple bacteria there's a carotenoids and bacterial chlorophylls and the colors 33:51 change with the temperature and the seasons and so sometimes they're more purple or green and sometimes more 33:58 orange depends on the conditions very very colorful so basically in part two 34:07 what we have is we have the initially event that occurred we have the last 34:15 eukaryotic common ancestor that is the eukaryote cell that joined an archaea 34:22 with a Proteobacteria that became the the precursor cell of all eukaryotes 34:30 going towards the future and all these there are three domains of life the 34:37 bacterial domain the rkn domain and the eukaryote domain and the eukaryote 34:44 domain produces plants animals fungi and 34:50 all life from eukaryote domain has mitochondria that allows them to take 34:56 advantage of the changes in the environment that we're occurring and to 35:02 grow into multicellular organisms and animals so I would stop here and take 35:10 some questions about mitochondrial origins what has to happen to the 35:17 bacteria but one thing it has to be able to resist being digested as food by the 35:22 our can engulf ER and then it has to 35:27 keep from poisoning the genes of the archein remember the ER can engulf ER 35:34 doesn't have a nucleus and so its genes are floating around now when the bacterial releases their 35:39 genes they get mixed up and most of the time that's going to be disastrous and so a lot of those engulfment that would 35:46 normally have occurred are going to be worthless damaging rather than 35:52 productive so it had to be a very tricky event that occurred that allowed the 35:57 bacteria to first survive and then figure out how to keep its DNA from 36:03 getting too mixed up with the other cells DNA scientists now been able to do 36:09 this in a laboratory a laboratory study put in Turkey and actually that has been 36:21 seen in nature and in the lab they haven't made mitochondria but there are 36:26 examples of symbiotic endosymbiotic 36:31 organisms existing today did you make a comment about the variation in the 36:37 structure of mitochondria of one species compared to another and this refers 36:43 again to this question of mitochondrial Eve you know and whether you know you 36:51 can have a continuous feed of mitochondria from other species into another mitochondria are more similar 36:58 than they are different the genes that encode the local proteins and also the 37:05 lot of the proteins that come from the nucleus those genes can vary but the but 37:11 the proteins that they're producing are identical so almost all mitochondria are 37:19 just mitochondria now there's local changes that can can change them to a 37:26 certain extent but they have about that they all have the cytochrome chain the electron transport chain they have about 37:31 the same density of energy production the same sizes they're they're more similar than then people are similar to 37:38 each other mitochondria from all different organisms by looking at the 37:44 ultrastructure picture of a mitochondrion you couldn't tell where it came from 37:50 when they do investigation like through my sisters our brother we share the same 37:56 mitochondria right you got from your mother yes my mother right so when you 38:06 go back to Eve right and we go back to all these various things that the you 38:12 know anthropologists find at the Natural History Museum those those humans do they have the same 38:19 mitochondria or that hundred and seventy thousand year thing is that miss stone 38:24 and you cannot so every once in a while there would be a mutation that would change one of the base pairs and might 38:32 not affect the protein too much might be in a non-coding area just like in the nuclear genome so you can watch that you 38:41 can look at that going backwards you get the types and and you can follow the 38:48 changes in in the populations of mitochondria going back you could see how often the change occurs and then you 38:55 could predict how far back the first one had to be for this particular lineage we 39:02 hope you've been enjoying the origin science Scholars program with dr. Joel Amana dr. Lamanna is a Janet M and 39:09 Joseph s Silber professor for the study of brain sciences at Case Western Reserve University in the second part of 39:16 our talk we learned how early bacteria were taken up by prokaryotic cells and eventually became the cellular 39:23 powerhouses we know as mitochondria in a final segment dr. LaMotta will discussed the role of 39:29 oxygen and mitochondria in the evolution of multicellular organisms now back to 39:35 our talk all right let's move to part three then and this involves it's a Origin and Evolution of Multicellular Organisms 39:43 little jump here it's got the role of mitochondria so we got some examples of how mitochondria participate and the role of oxygen as 39:50 the mitochondrial partner in in evolution and in extreme examples of 39:58 energy consumption so here's our mitochondrion again 40:03 and the what we're going to talk about is to show how the mitochondrion can go 40:10 about generating energy in a in a very 40:16 outline form that I think it will make it understandable basically what the 40:22 mitochondrion does is it takes the hydrogen that we get from eating food 40:27 and it burns it with oxygen that we get from breathing it in from the atmosphere 40:33 and when you burn the hydrogen with the oxygen you get a tremendous amount of energy from that and that energy then 40:41 gets transferred into ATP molecules that the cells can then use to do the work of 40:47 the cell so the first step is getting the hydrogen that's done through the TCA 40:54 tricarboxylic acid cycle that was this that was worked out by Hans Krebs Sir 41:00 Hans Krebs in Oxford and sometimes called the Krebs cycle and I'm showing 41:05 Sir Hansen in a standard biochemistry joke of hans krebs riding a cycle so it 41:11 could be hans cycle krebs cycle it's required of all biochemists I think to 41:17 make that joke but basically the hydrogen from sugar comes in it's 41:23 converted through this cycle of compounds and enzymes and the hydrogen 41:30 is transferred to the mitochondrion and this is where the carbon dioxide comes from so when changing getting the 41:37 hydrogen from the food the carbon dioxide is pulled off the molecule so we had breathe out the carbon dioxide and 41:43 the hydrogen is passed on to the mitochondrion and then here's where the magic occurs we have a number of 41:50 compartments in the mitochondria so let me spend just a few minutes with this diagram it's a it's two membranes two The Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain 41:59 membranes an outer membrane that's here number two is the outer membrane and an 42:05 inner membrane and that means that there's then two spaces that are 42:10 important there's the inter membrane space between the inner and outer membrane 42:15 and then there's the space that is completely surrounded by the inner membrane we call this the matrix and 42:22 it's in the matrix that the Krebs cycle is working to make the hydrogen available and that the cytochrome chain 42:30 which is a number of these proteins lined up one after another the job that they do is to separate the electron from 42:38 the proton because hydrogen is a proton and electron and so the hydrogen proton 42:45 goes out into the intermembrane space and the electron goes past on to the next member of the cytochrome chain at 42:53 the end of that chain is a molecule called cytochrome oxidase it looks very similar to hemoglobin it has a pocket 42:59 that oxygen can bind to and the oxygen binds in that pocket of the cytochrome 43:05 oxidase the electrons come streaming down and when for reach it it turns the oxygen into water it reduces the oxygen 43:15 to water and so the as you have oxygen there it pulls the electrons through and 43:20 as it pulls the electrons through the hydrogen is pumped out what good is that well because you have now a big 43:26 difference between the amount of hydrogen in the intermembrane space and almost none in the matrix that hydrogen 43:34 creates a concentration gradient and it comes pouring in through this very 43:40 specialized pore which is an ATP synthase and as it comes down the energy 43:46 in that gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and that's magic 43:52 this is in reality each mitochondrion acts as a hydrogen fuel cell familiar Hydrogen Fuel Cell 43:59 with hydrogen batteries and you know how much energy you can get out of it you can run a Tesla from my batteries 44:05 essentially right so this is the same idea that is hydrogen is separated into 44:13 electrons that flow through the electric circuit and then the protons are used to 44:19 or the electrons as they flow through are you are drawn away by the oxygen to 44:25 make water and you have your fuel cell your battery your hydrogen battery okay so what's the Energy Advantage 44:32 advantage suppose you just burned sugar in the case of without oxygen so no 44:41 oxygen this is just sugar being used to make some energy you get two ATP for an 44:48 amount of sugar say and if you're a bacterium or a penicillin mold or 44:55 something like that you could do just about what a mold can do not much although they do a good job on that 45:00 bread lactic acid is the end point and 45:05 this is you know if you exercise strongly you get into an oxygen debt and 45:11 you build up lactic acid well you know that that you can't keep running you 45:16 need to stop and get oxygen to replace the energy the burning the sugar with 45:23 oxygen gives you almost 20 times as much ATP as you get from running it without 45:31 oxygen it's a huge energy advantage 20 times the amount of energy and this 45:38 allows the cell to do a lot more than a prokaryote can do without the oxygen 45:44 burning ability I have that little marshmallow in there just to remind me 45:50 to give you an example of the amount of energy and sugar when you burn it if you you've you've burned your marshmallows 45:56 over your campfires that catches fire and it burns pretty well there's a lot of energy and sugar 46:01 when you burn it with a with oxygen of course the cell takes it in small pieces and turns that into ATP rather than let 46:09 it burn like that a nature takes the 46:14 mitochondria and it puts it where it needs to be inside the cell that's another example of of how the different Electron micrograph of muscle mitochondrion shows the packing of inner mitochondrial membranes where oxidative phosphorylation takes place. 46:24 cells evolved their different structures in order to do the function that they're 46:31 required and provide the energy to do that function so this is a mitochondrion that sits inside a muscle cell those 46:38 striations and top and bottom are the are the muscle fibers that are going to use the 46:45 energy produced by the mitochondrion and each mitochondrion essentially produces 46:50 the same pretty much the same amount of energy it has about the same components so you if you look at the volume of 46:58 mitochondria you can get a pretty good idea of the ability of the cell to generate you know how much energy you 47:04 can generate and I have a couple of examples here that I think are pretty 47:11 impressive the on the left you have a muscle from a mako shark and it's these 47:19 are muscle fibers that are cut in cross-section they're going in and out of the board and right next to each one 47:25 of them are these mitochondria so these are mitochondria these are the muscle 47:30 cell this the mitochondria very close and a lot of volumes so you have 47:36 essentially looks like pretty much the similar amount of volume in mitochondria producing the energy as you have in the 47:44 muscle cells that are producing the work this might be similar to thinking about an electric car that has half the weight 47:51 of it as batteries in order to do what it has to do the other and so this is a 47:57 shark muscle so it's a cartilaginous fish but on the other side we have a 48:03 mammalian tissue it's a heart muscle cardiac muscle happens to be from a 48:08 mouse but it's pretty much similar here these are the lines of the muscles so 48:14 those are the ones that are pulling apart and going together and these are all mitochondria sit in the middle of 48:21 these fibers of the heart this is a nucleus of the heart muscle there's a 48:26 pile of mitochondria cardiac muscle about 40% of the volume is mitochondria 48:31 that's about and there's a maybe half of it or a little more maybe is the is a 48:37 striated muscle but the ratio is is pretty pretty good in brain tissue for 48:43 example that ratio is about 10% of that volume is mitochondrial so it shows you 48:49 the difference in the energy requirements brain verses heart now this is probably my favorite one 48:56 this is a hummingbird flight mussel hummingbird that beats 300 times a second and can stop and hover in the air 49:04 and these this is really impressive these are capillaries and here's the 49:11 mitochondria between the capillaries is a nucleus of a cell and there's the muscle cells here you have more 49:17 mitochondria then you have muscle that makes sense if you think about it right and here's a close-up on the capillary 49:25 it's a cell in the middle of that capillary and it's filled surrounded by 49:31 mitochondria here's what's using oxygen what's producing the ATP here's the 49:36 muscle thin strand of muscle completely surrounded by mitochondria so it's 49:45 pretty impressive and you can understand how the hummingbird can accomplish what 49:51 it does how the shark can accomplish what it was how the heart can accomplish what it has to do for that length of 49:57 time that you that you need it to work all right so let's go move on a little 50:03 bit now and talk about the multicellular organisms in a way it's a little backward but what I did is I showed you 50:08 what the capabilities of the system is once you can provide the energy and 50:14 here's how it impacts things like evolution if you're an organism and 50:22 you're working at the substrate level that's making lactate say without having 50:27 the advantage of making oxygen your energy providing system is only about 10 50:34 percent efficient it's not much 10 percent that means if you had a predator 50:39 come along and want to take advantage of the energy that you have and it grabs 50:45 you and it's ten percent efficient now it becomes 1 percent 10 percent of 10 50:52 percent is 1 percent and that's not a that's not a good deal it costs more to 50:57 do the engulfing and the digesting then you get out of it so there's very little predation at the level of single cell 51:04 organisms that are periodic but without the data phosphorylation that allows you to use 51:11 oxygen to generate energy you're around 40% efficient now now the first person 51:17 in the chain gets grabbed by the next person it's 40 percent of 40 percent and then 40 percent 40 percent 40 percent 51:24 and you could develop a chain at least six layers deep before you run below one 51:30 percent of the energy supply left that means that predators now have an 51:37 advantage can gain an advantage in their competition with other organisms and the 51:45 bigger the cell then the better the predator so predation tends to produce 51:51 larger and larger cells or organisms and prey doesn't sit around waiting to be 51:57 preyed on it does the same strategy and starts getting bigger for protection so 52:03 when once you have this efficiency in the chain then you have the ability to 52:12 really stimulate growth and diversity and development so why didn't bacteria 52:20 get larger there had two billion years before the event that made mitochondria 52:26 and that's because the way prokaryotes work there are energy producing system 52:31 though that ProCare a bacterial cell that went to become the mitochondria were still making energy based upon its 52:38 own surface area and if it got bigger its energy requirements would grow with the volume by the cube but its ability 52:45 to make energy would only grow by the square root of the surface area that's not a good strategy but once you put the 52:52 mitochondrion inside the cell you can add mitochondria you really could add 52:58 them and then your energy production capacity will grow with the volume of the cell but your utilization for most 53:05 cells can be completed to the surface area that's a much more favorable 53:11 relationship so bacteria we're not going to be able to get anywhere with a 10% 53:18 energy efficiency and they couldn't grow larger anyway because of surface volume considerations 53:26 and bacteria very successful in their 53:31 niche but it's a simple solution and it's not going to get complex they work 53:36 very well and they succeed successful bacteria are the ones that can divide fastest and that means you can't have a 53:43 lot of genes because that takes time to reproduce your genes so the smaller the 53:49 number of genes you have the faster you can reproduce and the more successful 53:54 you are so the prokaryote philosophy the prokaryote strategy keeps the cells 54:02 simple and small and successful but simple and small until you have 54:07 mitochondria you can't get complexity now let's look at the more modern part 54:14 of the oxygen curve in the last minute or so and this represents oxygen Oxygen & Evolution 54:21 variations that we know closer to our own time this is half a half a billion years this is from essentially the 54:27 Cambrian explosion of life on to present day and if you plot in the yellow curve 54:33 their oxygen levels you see it's not constant it varies up and down and what 54:39 we now know from this up and down is that the rates of evolutionary diversity 54:44 and the die-off in the extinctions are related in a great measure to the 54:50 oxygen history so that at times when oxygen is rising you have increase in 54:55 diversity taking advantage of the everything that oxygen can give you in 55:01 terms of energy from the mitochondria but when oxygen becomes limiting than the inefficient forms die off there's 55:09 one particular there's a lot of information here but I want to focus on this one here this peak this is when 55:14 oxygen reached about 35% in the atmosphere from remember today it's 21% 55:20 there was 35% that's his month it's a maximum because any more than that and 55:25 the forest would burn and you wouldn't be producing more oxygens so there's a limit 55:32 and that's it right oh okay so at that 55:39 time you had a higher density in the atmosphere because that was all extra oxygen and you allowed the gigantic 55:46 insects and flying insects and that the only thing I had left to try to get 55:53 through is just to give you some idea of what the human body does and we produce about 85 watts of energy about a good Human Metabolism 56:02 strong light bulb and we use about 150 balloons worth of air per day and we 56:10 produce a half liter of water from metabolism every day and the mitochondria in our body make 56:18 essentially a hundred pounds of ATP every day by cycling ADP that's about 56:24 half body's weight of ATP cycling and that's that's the strength that 56:30 mitochondria and with that I will does just summarize what we said and I'll say thanks and ask for final questions 56:39 the origin science scholars lectures are presented by Case Western Reserve University's Institute for the science 56:46 of origins with the assistance of the Segal lifelong learning program the College of Arts and Sciences and media 56:52 vision for more information on the origins science Scholars Program including a full video archive please 56:58 visit the institute's website at origins dot case dot edu "Origin of Mitochondria, The Little Engine That Climbed the Mountain of Evolution" Case Western Reserve University 33.6K subscribers Subscribed 2.4K Share Download Clip Save From an accredited US healthcare educator Learn how experts define health sources in a journal of the National Academy of Medicine 135,557 views Jul 20, 2016 Title: "Origin of Mitochondria, The Little Engine That Climbed the Mountain of Evolution" Speaker: Joe C. LaManna, PhD Date: 4/19/16 Chapters View all Transcript Follow along using the transcript. Show transcript Case Western Reserve University 33.6K subscribers Videos About 412 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... @daveanderson718 1 year ago I must confess, this Joe LaManna brought in a broad multi-disciplinary gathering of info to make his points and did so quite effectively. 4 Reply @rudolphdandelion6840 5 years ago To sum it up, mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell 71 Reply 13 replies @michaeltennen5775 11 months ago 5:17 panspermia to me is so freaking awesome and scary. Loot crates full of organic compounds from who knows where, just waiting to land in an ocean 6 Reply 1 reply @joeschmo5699 7 years ago That was an excellent talk. Congratulations Joe LaManna. 21 Reply @joeschmo5699 7 years ago Whoa, this is the best illustration and explanation of the electron transport chain...41:53...I've ever seen or heard. 11 Reply 2 replies @zangetsu6638 5 years ago there is often severe muscle wasting in people with cancer. one theory is called: Nuclear Meltdown, and it concerns mitochondria degradation. Michael Wiggs and his crew made a mouse model with implanted cancer cells and monitored the health of the mouse and many indications for four weeks, which is when the mice would be euthanized so they didn't die from the cancer. many of the indicators they monitored did NOT show a steady degradation, but instead would show minor degradation for the first three weeks, and then a LOT of degradation in the fourth week, and the mouse would be near death. But, when they monitored mitochondrial function, they noticed it degraded in a stepping stone fashion. this indicates that mitochondria show early changes we can investigate to see if we can intervene in the degradation process before severe muscle loss becomes deadly. 15 Reply @scottfranco1962 3 months ago This tends to say that Mitochondria developed the ability to fight off other bacteria that might contend with it, IE, it became the king of the hill in its symbiotic position. 1 Reply @Video2Webb 1 year ago Spectacular presentation! Thank you Dr. Joe LaManna! And thank you all those who helped create this video recording for YouTube. I am thrilled by everything that was said and my understanding of life's fundamental energy evolution is definitely enhanced. Well done! 7 Reply 3 replies @mikesmith2905 1 year ago Thoroughly enjoyable exposition, well done. 3 Reply @Prabhu21 1 year ago one of the best lecture i have heard with so much science 4 Reply @Mcfreddo 1 year ago That was so informative! Fantastic! Thank you! 3 Reply @icenarsin5283 3 years ago Please stop those unnecessary shots of the audience watching... Adds nothing to story and subtracts feom time we can see the presentation. 27 Reply 4 replies @JessieCrown 1 year ago With the precise complexity of how the mitochodria functions at the molecular level, you cannot just miss to be in awe and realize that there must be the intelligent designer creator who must have created all these amazing processes to happen. 5 Reply 8 replies @praveenmallar 2 years ago Amazing to see the advancing Frontier of knowledge and how much we are getting closer to know our beginnings. Hats off to all the great scientists 8 Reply @johnschuh8616 1 year ago Lots of prestigiistation in this presentation. 3 Reply 2 replies @carlhitchon1009 1 year ago Great talk. Thank you. 1 Reply @paular6759 1 year ago Recommendation to pan the audience once with the camera at the beginning or end, if at all, but don't keep cutting away to them. It just adds cognitive load (it's distracting) and adds nothing of value for your viewers. 1 Reply @Hermes1548 1 year ago That’s my face too (5:54). A face of ‘Yes, this is good stuff.’ 1 Reply @ruperterskin2117 1 year ago Cool. Thanks for sharing. Reply @MossyMozart 8 months ago (edited) Interesting content. i love this origins stuff. Also, the production of the video is very good. The audio is clear and constant. the lecturer is recorded head on, which I prefer. And MOST THRILLING, the graphics are presented head on with enough time for the viewer to actually read them. These criteria are logical and seem basic, but so many lectures are record that violate ALL these points. >_< Reply @achatinaslak742 1 year ago The Fungus Penicillium uses oxygen just as we do, and just as other multicellular Fungi do, and as far as I know, they cannot ferment sugars. Yeasts, unicellular Fungi, can ferment sugars in absence of oxygen, and some of them van form ethanol through fermentation. Reply @joeschmo5699 7 years ago (edited) Eukaryote = nucleus mitochondria converts ADP to ATP? Ah, it's all explained after 41 minutes, a hydrogen concentration gradient (between outer/inner membrane space and the matrix) creates the conversion. Amazing. 9 Reply 1 reply @spacecoyote6646 1 year ago This was way more interesting than the trash I usually watch on YouTube. 1 Reply 1 reply @ExistenceUniversity 2 years ago If all cells need energy, what was the thing that consumed the mitochondria and for what purpose? It didn't have energy without the mitochondria, so it wasn't a cell, so it wasn't metabolizing, so why did it eat anything at all? 2 Reply 3 replies @rogerscottcathey 4 years ago Lehninger's Principles was one of my favorite texts. 2 Reply 1 reply @Billy-u8s 1 year ago I'd love to see a count of how many times we hear " we assume, we believe, we postulate, we hope" etc. 5 Reply 3 replies @capecarver 1 year ago Interesting, albeit a bit clumsy that the speaker would say out loud that there are 18 leading hypotheses for the origin of life (=18 "we don't knows") Yet if one should dare suggest a 19th hypothesis that is not materialist in nature, some people head straight to the fainting couch. 5 Reply 11 replies @yaksak2706 2 years ago (edited) But what is the chemical reaction or process that produced FIRST lifeform, whatever that may be? How does something go from non-life to life? 8 Reply 13 replies @rfvtgbzhn 1 year ago 2:48 from all we know, energy can only be manipulated but not generated. Reply @helmutzollner5496 1 year ago I had thought that this lecture would cover the kendling of the spark of life. But he seems to go from organic chemicals in comets straight to cyanobacteria. I am really curious how the ADP/ATP path came to dominate (almost m) all life. Was/is there no alternative to this pathway of generating and using energy in cells? Are there any organisms remaining today who use an alternative pathway to the ADP/ATP pathway? 2 Reply 8 replies @Christobanistan 3 weeks ago 19:05 Where he starts on the actual topic. Reply @alefalfa 1 year ago soo good Reply @StevenDragoo 1 year ago I love a cartoon..... it all started a long long long time ago......... Reply @A3Kr0n 2 years ago I love these videos, but it bothers me that you zoom in on single people in the audience. 3 Reply 1 reply @mchristr 1 year ago But doesn't the ultimate question concern the information encoded in the DNA sequence? 2 Reply @stevebadachmusic 2 years ago some great fanfic 1 Reply @arydant 1 year ago (edited) It would be better to have longer shots of the charts instead of audience head shots. We really don't need to see those. Reply @scottfranson4215 1 year ago How we Reflect our Mitochondria Functions at the Molecular Level, You know ,your gut. The Undiscovered Front Line. Reply @ezekielbreedlove7698 1 year ago Mitochondria are not a separate organism, they are produced by the formation of a cell and do not undergo mitosis! 1 Reply @markrix 1 year ago Did it come from space randomly or was it put here.. Reply @colinbyerly5212 1 year ago Thank you , This reminds me of all the late night studying. And hours of classes . That over many years need a upgrade. My study of meteorites has shown me that your exactly correct as to how , perfectly the seeding of life in space is automatically performed. That is we are silly to think we have to take plants and have planetary development . When the best conditions are available. The faster meteorites that form the planets . Are all set up to develop life with the planets core and the formation of a balanced heated chemical reaction , that is so exactly balanced. That it had to of been thought of before it was made to happen . As well as it’s in balance with planets with cores . That have sun systems to hold orbits to allow critical time to allow chemical and heat and pressure to release the bacteria . That is also occurring in the universe on those green zone planets . In fact life in its many forms . Must in fact be replicated as exactly or near exactly . By the laws of sciences by a very perfect creator who knows before he started what he his reaction would bring . That had to be very important to have had such a wide range of actions become perfectly balanced. 1 Reply @aa-xn5hc 2 years ago Brilliant Reply @babalaksa 8 years ago (edited) I don't want to sound mean but this speaker would benefit from some public speaking training. He has a maddening speaking style that alternates between halting, half sentences filled with lots of ums and ahs, followed by bursts of technical jargon, followed by more half sentences. There's often just too much detail when a simpler explanation would suffice. It often felt like the proverbial guy explaining how a watch is constructed in response to the question "what time is it?". I was able to follow along only because I'm already familiar with most of the subjects discussed here. 6 Reply @steffenfrost 2 years ago What determines the mitochondrial density of a cell? Why would a protobacterium have existed that produces a bunch of ATP all by itself to then go into a symbiotic union with an Archaea? 1 Reply 6 replies @donpeters9534 1 year ago So, at the end of Part 1, If the Oxygen level in the atmosphere was 0.2%, then assuming no change in Nitrogen, then Carbon Dioxide must have been about 20%, and now they are switched with Oxygen at 20% and Carbon Dioxide at 0.2% or thereabouts... Reply @marthacoomber3188 1 year ago Survival must be about the mitochondrial sheath? Maybe it’s hiding in the cell? Maybe it’s speaking in some way? Reply @daddyjmb 6 months ago Light sculpts life Reply @Dan.50 1 year ago So, after all that, we still don't know. Reply @Rene-uz3eb 1 year ago 51:23 not sure this analogy makes sense. A predating cell doesn’t get 10% of 10%, it gets 10% from the energy substrate in the bacteria, just like the bacteria did. Probably just doesn’t make sense to specialize eating other bacteria, which would limit yourself to wherever the other bacteria are growing, and since bacteria divide that fast, they would run out of the other bacteria end of story. Reply 1 reply @D1craigRob 2 years ago mitochondria evolves into midichlorians, sometimes mistaken for the x-gene, giving humans superhuman powers. 8 Reply 3 replies @brr40 1 year ago so, all we are just bacterias- that is sound great ! Reply @lesterleland 1 year ago Life was from the spoken word, rest assured you will expire as a mere PHD. 1 Reply @robertpawlsoky2910 1 year ago at 7:05 he said that NH3 and CH4 were "metabolized" to...How can this be? I thought it was PRIMORDIAL...!! Reply 1 reply @55north17 1 year ago Who is the girl in the opening photo? Reply @t.c.s.7724 3 years ago Thank you. Very interesting. Reply @platzhirsch4275 3 years ago lets then take a more advanced look at photosynthesis so that we may understand weather life without design is likely: How many people realise today that we cant reproduce the process of photosynthesis today, despite all our computers and labouratories? We cant reproduce it, thats how complex the biochemistry is. Why and how would evolution go about trying to produce a protein for binding pigment molecules before pigment molecules existed? If chlorophyll evolved before the antenna proteins that bind it, it would in all likelihood destroy the cell, so the proteins had to evolve first. But natural selection could not favour a ‘newly evolved’ protein which could bind chlorophyll and other pigment molecules before those crucial pigments had themselves come into existence! Each binding site must be engineered to bind chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b only or carotene only. The carotene molecules must be present in just the right places for quenching triplet states in the chlorophylls. Even if the pigment molecules were already around, producing just the right protein would be an extremely difficult task. It would not only have to bind pigment molecules only, but it would need to bind just the right pigments in just the right places in just the right orientation so that energy could be transferred perfectly between them, with a little lower energy at each step. Anything else would do nothing, or would transfer energy at random, and the complex would accomplish nothing at best and burn up the cell at worst. And there is another problem for evolution. The insertion of the pigment molecules changes the conformation of the apoprotein from about 20% to about 60% α-helical content.45 So evolution would have to produce a protein with a wrong shape that would assume just the right shape by the insertion of pigment molecules in just the right positions and orientations when those pigment molecules had not yet evolved. The energy transfer timeframe between pigment molecules in the antenna complex is between 10-15 and 10-9 seconds. The system that God engineered captures 95–99% of the photon energy for photochemistry, even though there are four other ways the energy can be lost during the slightly less than a billionth of a second the system has for capturing it.46 Humans certainly cannot begin to design systems with such efficiency, but the evolutionists are determined that chance, what Cairns-Smith47 calls ‘old fumble fingers’, can. Our understanding of the assembly of apoproteins with their pigments is very poor, but we do know that the chloroplast encoded chlorophyll a binding proteins of PSI and PSII core complexes are inserted cotranslationally into the thylakoid. Protein intermediates of the D1 protein have been observed due to ribosome pausing. It may be that this ribosome pausing permits cotranslational binding of chlorophyll a to the protein. This kind of controlled insertion, with synthesis of otherwise phototoxic material, is precisely what we would expect from intelligent planning and forethought, but how might ‘old fumble fingers’47 hit on such a scheme? All of the parts must be shipped to the right location, and all must be the right size and shape, down to the very tiniest detail. ATP synthase is an irreducibly complex motor—a proton-driven motor divided into rotor and stator portions as described and illustrated earlier in this paper. Protons can flow freely through the CF0 complex without the CF1 complex, so that if it evolved first, a pH gradient could not have been established within the thylakoids. The δ and critical χ protein subunits of the CF1 complex are synthesized in the cytosol and imported into the chloroplast in everything from Chlorella to Eugenia in the plant kingdom. All of the parts must be shipped to the right location, and all must be the right size and shape, down to the very tiniest detail. Using a factory assembly line as an analogy, after all the otherwise useless and meaningless parts have been manufactured in different locations and shipped in to a central location, they are then assembled, and, if all goes as intended, they fit together perfectly to produce something useful. But the whole process has been carefully designed to function in that way. The whole complex must be manufactured and assembled in just one certain way, or nothing works at all. Since nothing works until everything works, there is no series of intermediates that natural selection could have followed gently up the back slope of mount impossible. The little proton-driven motor known as ATP synthase consists of eight different subunits, totalling more than 20 polypeptide* chains, and is an order of magnitude smaller than the bacterial flagellar motor, which is equally impossible for evolutionists to explain. Evolution cannot account for the assembly and activation of rubisco. All attempts to reconstitute a 16-unit rubisco from any source have failed, so the assembly of rubisco must be studied in the chloroplast extracts. The eight large (L) subunits of rubisco are coded by the chloroplast DNA, and the eight small (S) subunits by nuclear DNA. The S subunit of rubisco is synthesized on free cytosolic polyribosomes* and maintained even during synthesis in an unfolded state by chaperones* of the Hsp70 class and their protein partners. When the small unit is brought to the import complex of the chloroplast, the fourteen-polypeptide chloroplast Cpn60 chaperonin protein associates with IAP100 (protein) of the import complex and can also associate with mature imported small subunits. The chloroplast Cpn60 chaperone is similar to the E. coli GroEl protein. After the unfolded precursor protein enters the stromal space, it binds briefly to a stromal Hsp70 chaperone protein and the N terminal targeting sequence is cleaved. The large subunits of the rubisco enzyme are produced by the DNA and machinery of the chloroplast itself and stored complexed to a Cpn60 chaperonin.This chaperone protein keeps the large subunit protein from folding incorrectly, and therefore becoming useless, and is also necessary for the proper binding of the eight large subunits; without it they will form a useless clump. In many plants, the large subunits are chemically modified by specialized enzymes before they bind to the chaperonin protein. There is strong evidence that chloroplast Cpn60, Cpn21 and Hsp70 also participate in the assembly of the sixteen-unit rubisco complex. After a soluble L8 core is formed with the assistance of the chaperonin proteins, tetramers (four-part complexes) of small subunits bind to the top and bottom of the complex to form the complete enzyme. There are almost certainly other chaperones and chaperone-like polypeptides or lipo-proteins involved that are not yet characterized but i cant write a textbook here. How do evolutionists explain how natural selection would have favoured a protein complex the function of which was to prevent a still-useless rubisco small subunit from folding outside the chloroplast? Before it evolved a way to get the protein inside, there would be no benefit from keeping it unfolded outside. How could blind chance ‘know’ it needed to cause large subunit polypeptides to fold ‘correctly’ and to keep them from clumping? It could not ‘anticipate’ the ‘correct’ conformation before the protein became useful. And evolution would need to be clever indeed to chemically modify something not yet useful so that it could be folded ‘correctly’ when even the ‘correctly’ folded polypeptide would not yet become useful. 8 Reply 3 replies @coursefacilitator2342 2 years ago 36:46 nice! Reply @counterflow5719 1 year ago There is an electrical voltage that exists at least on the surface of the earth. With the recent discoveries of the importance of bio electricity, it might be found that these that run through the ground on our planet might be an important ingrediant in the formation of life from the begining. Reply @deborahdean8867 2 years ago All in all, this lecture doesnt say anything new. I learned all this 50 years ago. Its basic cell biology. 5 Reply 2 replies @mizuhajoto3279 7 years ago We need Terahertz wave. 1 Reply @RonJohn63 1 year ago 23:11 Ironically, it was her husband who wrote, "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence". Reply @coastalbbq1 1 year ago terriblle presentation 3 Reply @danielfahrenheit4139 4 years ago I don't know how I really got here either Reply @ChristopherRyans 1 year ago If this had cartoons showing what they were talking about we would all be smart and this video would have ten million views 1 Reply @genegroover3721 1 year ago Evidence? From 14 billion years ago? 1 Reply @fasiahmedkhan9837 7 years ago if mitochondria came from bacteria then why it is not infectious,what if it goes out of control and start replicating. 2 Reply 2 replies @KenJackson_US 1 year ago You didn't even touch on the most fundamental problem with the "origin of mitochondria". The proteins. There are a lot of proteins that have to be constructed just so to make it work at all. So how could they have been coded in less than a trillion trillion trillion years? If not random chance, then what mechanism? Natural selection can't work until there's an advantage. But there would be no advantage until it was almost complete. 2 Reply 7 replies @KerryPetersen 1 year ago This is called a fairy tale folks. 1 Reply 3 replies @QthePhysicist 1 year ago Whoops! I thought this video was about midichlorians. My bad. 1 Reply 1 reply @tspfl9073 1 year ago He shows how energy is produced from sugar, and ignores that mitochondria also produce energy from fat, but even more efficiently. WTF? Unless i missed something that's a hugely misleading presentation that suggests mashmallows are necessary for life. :o Reply @brandonmacey964 9 months ago I'm hearing a lot of "evolution of the gaps" ideas in this presentation.. Reply 1 reply @Mcfreddo 1 year ago So how come with all this information, the population as a whole have not been educated generally, but let religion to pollute and also run far too many institutions and get to influence the secular, to where now have the political current situation, so acidic to knowledge and progress? Progress to develop, but to deal with the real problems that are affecting badly, life on this planet. Tolerance to it? Reply @omarr.dasilva9530 1 year ago muito obrigado pela postagem !! reassistindo...face-blue-smiling 1 Reply @longcastle4863 1 year ago No number 5, but great talk Reply @grammardad 1 year ago Great content. Woeful presentation. Reply @ftmrivas3043 1 year ago I like the lecture and I agree with the angry birds commenting on the luck of preparation for this lecture. Reply @josealbertosalazarga 3 years ago 36:00 We need a lot of "faith" to belive that this is really possible!! 8 Reply 21 replies @enkidugilgamesh 1 year ago His start about water coming from meteorites is badly wrong. The Earth build from near absolute zero meteorites. There was not heat and volcanism at the beginning. The atmosphere is the result of the mass of the Earth, so it was there from the beginning. But it is true that there was not much Oxygen, nearly all Nitrogen. Reply @whirledpeas3477 1 year ago Here's something that makes this factual......Sorry you're tube will not let the average person learn. So sad 😞 Reply @robertlunn3678 2 years ago Is it impossible to get these folks with this knowledge to get better at presenting? I’ve head nothing but pounding from his hand waving. Important stuff which one has to pay attention to understand and they’re throwing in distractions. I know , I know, it’s “ get off my lawn stuff but please Reply @tangatoto362 1 year ago Wow! and here was me thinking that Americans were all science deniers and creationists ! How fabulous to (yet again) be reminded of the incredible advances of scientific knowledge as well as the comforting realisation of the link each of us has with every other living thing past and present. 56:39 Reply @josealbertosalazarga 3 years ago 3:27 What about INFORMATION? 2 Reply 4 replies @KenJackson_US 1 year ago I didn't hear you say that most of the many proteins needed to construct mitochondria are coded in the nucleus, not in the mitochondrial DNA. If it started as a separate life form, how did the genes transition to the nucleus? How plausible is that? Reply @martylawrence5532 1 year ago There are FIVE information codes in every cell, aside from blood cells. The five are the DNA code, the mtDNA code, the epigenome code, the 'sugar' code that lines the surface of every cell, and the lipid code making up cell membranes. All these had to work in unison. The makeup of these for life are mathematical impossibilities-by-chance. To say the ribosome sums up evolution is ludicrous. That is defined as a 10^50 or more. It's far too complex without outside intelligence to make it happen. On top of this, the Intelligent Designer is a master chemist with 65 different hormones in the human body. We are a creation.. Not an evolution. All classic and written-about adaptations in peer review papers are epigenome-derived. The actions of the epigenome is called epigenetics. The metamorphosis of the butterfly from a caterpillar is done by epigenetics. The Darwin Finch got its beak adaptations epigenetically...not by the theorized evolution means is by the same means...just without the metamorphosis. Found to be a fact by Dr. Michael Skinner in 2014. Evolution is a theory. Epigenetic-derived adaptations is a materially found fact instead. Theory vs. fact? Go with the facts! All of these epigenetic-derived adaptations had an ASSUMPTION of evolving DNA mutations. This assumption is a false precept. This false precept was called wrongly 'microevolution'. Then this false building block was used to say 'macroevolution' came from these little steps. The absurd claim of genome degeneration causing evolutionary generation is comic book science. We are from an intelligent design. The intelligent designer? Jesus Christ! Call upon his name in faith to receive the free gift of eternal life right now! Mis-expression of the genes or the sequence of the mtDNA causes diseases. In healthy people it is finely tuned. This fits the intelligent design paradigm. 4 Reply 5 replies @midnightwatchman1 1 year ago nice story as per usual always glossing over the important stuff. That chirality question is a killer why all sugars are used by life always righted handed and the amino acids left-handed. as usual the answer is aliens did it 2 Reply @martylawrence5532 2 years ago (edited) There are FIVE information codes in every cell, aside from blood cells. The five are the DNA code, the mtDNA code, the epigenome code, the 'sugar' code that lines the surface of every cell, and the lipid code making up cell membranes. All these had to work in unison. The makeup of these for life are mathematical impossibilities-by-chance. To say the ribosome sums up evolution is ludicrous. That is defined as a 10^50 or more. It's far too complex without outside intelligence to make it happen. On top of this, the Intelligent Designer is a master chemist with 65 different hormones in the human body. We are a creation.. Not an evolution. All classic and written-about adaptations in peer review papers are epigenome-derived. The actions of the epigenome is called epigenetics. The metamorphosis of the butterfly from a caterpillar is done by epigenetics. The Darwin Finch got its beak adaptations epigenetically...not by the theorized evolution means is by the same means...just without the metamorphosis. Found to be a fact by Dr. Michael Skinner in 2014. Evolution is a theory. Epigenetic-derived adaptations is a materially found fact instead. Theory vs. fact? Go with the facts! All of these epigenetic-derived adaptations had an ASSUMPTION of evolving DNA mutations. This assumption is a false precept. This false precept was called wrongly 'microevolution'. Then this false building block was used to say 'macroevolution' came from these little steps. The absurd claim of genome degeneration causing evolutionary generation is comic book science. We are from an intelligent design. The intelligent designer? Jesus Christ! Call upon his name in faith to receive the free gift of eternal life right now! Mis-expression of the genes or the sequence of the mtDNA causes diseases. In healthy people it is finely tuned. This fits the intelligent design paradigm. 6 Reply 4 replies @cjames2925 6 years ago 42:27 It's a Trap 1 Reply @astrazenica7783 3 years ago Why can't we recreate it in a test tube then, should be easy 4 Reply 2 replies @josealbertosalazarga 3 years ago 16:35 This claim IS not prove at all? 1 Reply 1 reply @TheDudeKicker 8 years ago Can someone talk to the bald guy with the blue shirt and tell him to listen to the lecture. His questions are distracting and non-relevant. And.... he keeps coming to all these lectures. 4 Reply @SpenderDebby-x6n 3 weeks ago Williams George Thomas Betty Williams Mary Reply @YawnGod 1 year ago "...chemically, L and D forms are exactly the same." Thalidomide laughs at this statement. Reply 6 replies @stephenking4170 2 years ago this presentation shows various theories on the origin of life but ignores the most obvious one: God. Such presentations are often presented as being objective, but they fall squarely into a faith system that denies or ignores God as a valid hypothesis. 10 Reply 16 replies @manuelteixeira2496 1 year ago Anyone can try anything like, for instance, trying to find out how a mouse trap would appear on the Moon's surface? How can I capitalize on a donkey's intelligence? Time is a God-given gift, capitalize it by investigating evidence whether it's according to your opinion or not. First, accept the fact that we are here without having asked. we are free-will individuals with personality and a moral sense; therefore we are accountable for it. The essence of living together lies in who am I regarding my neighbor. Ask and you will find it, knock and it will open. Why has anybody in the universe ever approached us on Earth, except for Jesus Christ, who resurrected at least three real people with friends and family to witness such an important event? Jesus while on earth among mankind, eating and drinking said that he would resurrect too and he did after three days, being under Roman guard, after he was found dead and pierced his heart by a spike. 1 Reply 5 replies @Psalm1101 4 years ago (edited) Give me a break make rna in the lab and ill understand how mitrochondria was made 70 yrs after miller eury and nothing first stuff made first explain how rna is made or membrane not mitrochondria is the master piece of life its perfect in design how did lipids carbohydrates and nucleotides combine what is the mechanism we dont know good point on nitrogen 2 Reply 2 replies @brentahre9693 1 year ago Lol. Reply @laurenth7187 1 year ago Who cares ? Reply @josealbertosalazarga 3 years ago 8:49 How about Inteligent Design? ID is prety much what we see in the astonishing complexity of Mithocondria, Ribosoms, DNA, and Life in general...Most of the "leading" hypotesis are only Garbage, Lies, Errors, Why mention them as "leading" in the first place? 3 Reply 6 replies @chrisjones-rd8it 1 year ago this guy literally has no idea what he is talking about - his lecture is completely made up 1 Reply @sergiomanchester1109 1 year ago "Old rats turn into bats". This Brazilian old saying perfectly summarizes the Evolutionary fairy tale, which alleges that one species can transform into another species. Go figure. 1 Reply @enriquelandaf 2 years ago hahahaha 1 Reply @JonFrumTheFirst 5 years ago The Greys inserted mitochondria into a cell to start the process. The process led to us. It's called seeding, and they've done it across the galaxy. Even the greys can't move among galaxies, but no doubt someone else is doing the same thind elsewhere. Reply 2 replies @jesslyn4919 3 years ago #AwarenessConsciousness Reply @carolinemulenga2697 2 years ago I'm sorry....is this man not prepared and familiar with the subject of the lecture? I cannot listen to another err, ah, ah err peppered between every few words. If you cannot articulate, don't speak publicly! 1 Reply @hosoiarchives4858 1 year ago This is all BS 1 Reply @combinedeffects4799 2 years ago The origin of life is the thumb in the face of lol these Darwinian fanatics - they can argue as much as they want that the two are not related - 3 Reply 22 replies @mohammedal-shahri288 3 years ago I don’t believe the Evaluation theory 2 Reply 3 replies @gecale57 4 months ago I despise the verse " In the beginning". Reply