Michio Kaku - Final Word on Hawking & Listener Questions

Michio Kaku - Final Word on Hawking & Listener Questions Cuckoo for Kaku 110K subscribers Subscribed 978 Share Download Clip Save 109,987 views Mar 25, 2018 Michio Kaku - Final Word on Hawking & Listener Questions March 24, 2018 Transcript Follow along using the transcript. Show transcript Transcript Search in video 0:03 [Music] this is science fantastic welcome back 0:12 to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku a science fantastic we 0:17 profile some of the most amazing jaw-dropping scientific discoveries which are revolutionizing our world and 0:24 touching our lives and leading off we're going to say a few things about my colleague Stephen Hawking who recently 0:31 passed away in fact I recently wrote an op-ed piece talking about the legacy of 0:37 Stephen Hawking for Fortune magazine and I've also issued commentary on BBC 0:42 television and also CBS News about the incredible achievements of my colleagues 0:48 Stephen Hawking and then well I completed my book tour it was a grueling 0:54 book tour through San Francisco LA Washington Chicago you name it I went 1:00 through those cities signing your copy of the future of humanity and of course I got an ocean full of 1:06 emails and comments about that and so of course in this hour we will be answering 1:11 your listener phone calls but we're also going to answer some of the emails that I get concerning my book the future of 1:18 humanity well first of all one comment I've been getting the last few weeks is what is the lasting legacy of Stephen 1:25 Hawking well not since Einstein have we had a towering figure of science who 1:33 could not only communicate the excitement and the splendor of the universe but also engage in basic 1:40 research now why was he so popular well he like Einstein was in some sense 1:47 viewed by the public as a messenger from the stars in other words the stars are 1:53 in our dreams we dream about the stars every night when you go outside and 1:58 you're surrounded by the splendor of the night sky you can't help but have this 2:04 existential shock realizing that you are part of this thing 2:09 credible universe and here is dr. Einstein and dr. Hawking saying take my 2:15 hand take my hand and I will give you a guided tour a guided tour through some 2:22 of the greatest mysteries of the universe itself so well what did he do well first of all 2:29 we have two great theories of science we have the quantum theory which gives us lasers transistors the Internet iPhones 2:38 all of that coming from the quantum theory the theory of atomic physics and 2:44 then we have the theory of the very big relativity that gives us black holes and 2:50 big bangs the problem is and here's a killer the problem is that these two theories are based on different 2:56 assumptions different physical principles and different mathematics and 3:02 when you try to put them together naively in a shotgun marriage the whole thing falls apart the two theories in 3:09 some sense don't like each other they're incompatible and so Stephen Hawking was 3:15 one of the first to begin an attempt to unify these two great theories now I 3:21 find of course talked about it but back in the 1950s we didn't know anything 3:27 about the nuclear force we knew that we could unleash the nuclear force in the atomic bomb we saw the nuclear force 3:33 every morning when we look at the Sun and we see sunshine but it was until the 3:39 1970s that we began to understand the nuclear force and so Einstein missed out 3:46 on the unified field theory even though he was the one who set the agenda for the next 50 years 3:52 and so what Steven applied quantum mechanics to black holes he found that 3:59 black holes are not really black they emit Hawking radiation a very faint glow 4:05 of radiation meaning that black holes are not forever they too will eventually 4:11 die now black holes are black because they're so massive that even light itself cannot escape but if light itself 4:19 cannot escape then it must file a quantum mechanics because quantum mechanics says that even blackness 4:26 cannot be absolute that's the uncertainty principle and so if blackness cannot be absolute it must be 4:33 gray and that was Stevens great observation the first application of the 4:39 quantum theory to Einstein's theory showed that black holes will eventually die 4:44 they emit radiation to the point that they eventually run out of fuel and then 4:49 they explode and then they die and so that gave us a totally new picture of 4:56 how the universe itself may eventually die and so honking his contribution to 5:02 physics was he took the first step toward unifying the quantum theory and 5:08 relativity 90b succeed well I guess was an article for fortune magazine it turns 5:14 out the answer is no now why is that because when you apply the quantum 5:20 theory to light for example you show that light consists of particles called photons 5:25 in fact when I watch Star Trek I laugh because Captain Kirk says turn on the 5:30 photon torpedoes what is a photon torpedo it is a flashlight a flashlight 5:37 and this trillions upon trillions of photons are particles of light so a photon torpedo is nothing but an 5:45 ordinary flashlight now it turns out that when you quantize light you break 5:51 it up into packets of energy called quanta when you apply the same principle to gravity you get gravitons gravitons 5:59 are particles of gravity we've never seen them but we think they must exist if you try to quantize gravity now 6:05 here's the killer if you want to win a Nobel Prize if you want to have your name in lights if you want to have your 6:13 name in all the history books find a way to eliminate all the anomalies and 6:19 divergences of gravitons easy when graviton is bump into each other the 6:24 resulting expression mathematically is infinite now that's ridiculous 6:30 it means the theory is incomplete it means the theories in some sense wrong that's the problem even honking could 6:37 not solve that problem in fact toward the end of his life he was beginning to despair that perhaps in his lifetime he 6:45 would never live to see the solution to this problem now I think there's some 6:51 irony here you see when Hawking was twenty-one years old but he was a youth he got a death warrant his doctors told 6:59 him that he will eventually lose all muscular control of his body and he will 7:07 die within three years of ALS Lou Gehrig's disease that was a death 7:13 warrant so he decided to concentrate on the biggest problem that he knew of which is the problem of unification that 7:20 I just mentioned so he he did he did not succeed in the final formulation a 7:27 formulation of gravitons however I firmly believe that one day one day 7:33 perhaps another twenty-one year old kid will in fact find a solution to this 7:38 problem and he will be recognized as the next Einstein the next Hawking the next 7:44 person in this pantheon of geniuses to complete an understanding of the 7:49 symphony that we call the universe okay well what I like to do is just say 7:55 a few things about the emails that I'm going to get that I've been getting and then we'll throw the lines open because 8:01 this hour is your hour this is the time when you can call six one two five six 8:06 four eight 135 and have your thoughts heard on national radio well when I was 8:13 touring the country one persistent question was cost I mean what about the 8:19 cost of exploring outer space Stephen Hawking said that yes we have to go into 8:24 outer space because it's simply too dangerous to put life on just one planet it turns out that one giant meteor or 8:32 comet one plague one nuclear war and that's the end of this experiment called 8:38 humanity and so he firmly believed that we should do something about it well 8:43 let's take a short commercial break and after the I'll answer the question of what this new space-age is going to cost and we'll 8:51 open it up to you [Music] 9:00 welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku we're going to 9:06 throw the lines open in a minute however let me answer some of the emails that I've been getting during my book tour 9:13 once again I went through a San Francisco LA Chicago Washington New York 9:18 Philadelphia Boston and I signed your copy of the future of humanity and I 9:25 imagine some of you then went to eBay and auction them off for money that's right you can actually make money on my 9:30 book tour well one persistent question that I get traveling around the country was what 9:36 about the cost of this new space-age that we're going to go back to the moon starting next year and we're going to go 9:43 on to Mars perhaps within 15 years and I tell people the following you saw the 9:48 movie of the Martian with Matt Damon right great movie well that movie cost a hundred million 9:55 dollars to make now the Indians sent a space probe all the way to Mars for 70 10:01 million dollars in other words a Hollywood movie about going to Mars cost 10:07 more than actually going to Mars that's because of the dropping of the cost of 10:14 space travel not to mention the fact that the cost is being underwritten by private enterprise and entrepreneurs 10:21 Elon Musk's SpaceX Jeff Bezos of Amazon they are building their own fleet of 10:29 rockets that's right their own fleet of rockets at their own expense not one 10:35 dime of taxpayers money went into launching of the Falcon Heavy rocket a 10:41 rocket which of course generated tremendous amount of excitement on the internet as millions of people watched a 10:48 moon rocket that's right a moon rocket take off from Cape Canaveral the first 10:54 time in 50 years that a moon rocket took off from that fabled cape and so once 11:01 again we're listening to witnessing the fact that a the cause of space travel is dropping tremendously be private 11:09 entrepreneur beginning to foot the bill and see we're witnessing the beginning of the era of 11:15 reusable rockets if you saw the launch of the Falcon Heavy you realized that when the Rockets came back down again it 11:22 was like something from a science fiction movie two rockets coming straight down landing on their launch 11:30 pad so they could be reused again something straight out of Star Trek and 11:35 so for those reasons the cost of space travel has been dropping meaning that is 11:41 not like the 1960s when you could argue that the space program was eating into 11:47 funds that should be going to feed the poor and to to educate the uneducated 11:54 okay well once again I said that in this hour we're going to be taking your listener phone calls 12:00 okay listen right along now to the first listener phone call hello Doctor my name 12:06 is Ethan Hodgman I'm calling from Anchorage Alaska I was wondering what exactly is gravity thank you 12:14 Wow well you asked a question that some of the greatest minds of humanity have 12:20 tackled first of all Newton gave us the first approximation to gravity by saying 12:27 that it's a force a force of attraction but many philosophers hated that idea 12:34 because it meant that action was taking place over a distance in other words objects move because 12:40 they're pushed I mean everybody knows that you push something it moves but if 12:46 something falls to the ground what is pushing it well Newton didn't know in 12:52 fact we still have a hard time grasping the fact that objects move without being 12:58 touched well along comes Einstein who says well something really is touching 13:03 that object why are you sitting in your chair right now well mostly this because 13:11 there's a force of gravity that is grabbing you and pulling you pulling you 13:17 into your chair but Einstein said no there's no pull there really is a 13:24 push and that push comes from space itself space is curved and because space 13:30 is curved it pushes you down so in other words why are you sitting in your chair 13:37 it's not because gravity is pulling you down because there's no such thing as 13:43 the force of gravity it's an optical illusion it is space itself that is 13:49 pushing you down now people have a hard time getting their heads around it but we've measured it we've measured it 13:56 umpteen times and we find that each time Einstein is right that yes gravity is 14:02 the bending of space and time now the new wrinkle on this is that we want to quantize this just like when we quantize 14:09 light we get photons or particles of light in fact it was none other than 14:14 Albert Einstein himself who first introduced the concept of the photon which is a particle of light well 14:22 gravity has particles - and these are called gravitons so let's get this straight if the Sun were to disappear 14:29 right now there would be a shockwave a shock wave created by the disappearance 14:34 of our Sun this shock wave is called a gravity wave and the Nobel Prize last 14:40 year was given to three physicists for discovering the gravity wave predicted 14:45 by Einstein in 1916 so if the Sun were to disappear right now the shock wave 14:52 would travel at the speed of light and that's called a gravity wave so what is it graviton it turns out the gravity 14:58 wave in turn consists of trillions upon trillions of little particles moving in 15:04 a wave-like fashion just like an ocean wave is really not a way that all is the 15:11 motion of trillions upon trillions of molecules these molecules move in a wave-like pattern that we call an ocean 15:17 wave the same thing with gravity the problem however and this is the problem with a Nobel Prize in Physics if you can 15:25 solve it is that the interaction of gravitons leads to nonsense nobody has been able to come up with a 15:32 completely satisfactory explanation of the properties of gravitons now the 15:38 closest we can get a string theory which is what I do for a living string theory does in fact say that you 15:44 can unify gravitons with all the other particles like electrons however it has 15:49 not yet been proven the Large Hadron Collider is not powerful enough to prove 15:55 the existence of gravitons so to answer your question Newton thought that 16:00 gravity was a pole Einstein said no gravity is a push created by the bending 16:06 of space and time the quantum theory says well gravity is actually made out 16:12 of tiny particles called gravitons and we are at the present time clueless to 16:17 explain how graviton is interact with each other sorry about that if you can figure that 16:23 out you will win the Nobel Prize in Physics ok let's move right along now to 16:29 the next listener phone call pillow doctor talking this is Ray McNeely 16:34 phoning in from Anchorage listening to kfq D a.m. 750 and 103.7 FM sir I may be 16:42 asking a nonsensical question but considering the various theories for example M string multiverse sequential 16:49 and CCC among others can it be possible that the dark energy in our observe 16:54 observable universe can be that prior to inflation and at the Big Bang where as 17:00 one particle brought us into this existence could it be that the antiparticle from that moment has caused 17:07 a non observable universe and that unseen universe is the dark management 17:12 matter or dark energy and it is causing the W map and CMB cold spot and in ways 17:18 that are in supposedly empty space or causing a pulling of universe 17:24 thank you sir well the answer to your question is yes next question no let's 17:33 try to break that down because you say you asked so many things in one question 17:38 let's try to break it down first of all you mentioned dark energy it is dark energy dark energy is one of 17:46 the most intriguing mysteries in all of physics it is the energy of the Big Bang 17:51 what caused the bang why is the universe expanding well the short answer is we 17:58 don't know the leading theory is that even the vacuum of space has energy even 18:04 nothingness has energy it was actually Nikola Tesla who talked about this but 18:11 of course he didn't have the mathematics Einstein had the mathematics and Einstein says yes there's a term in his 18:16 equations which gives you the energy of the expansion of space itself 18:23 that's called dark energy and dark energy we think is the engine that drives the expansion of the universe and 18:30 it turns out that as well let's take a short commercial break and after the 18:36 break we're going to talk about dark energy and is there another parallel universe out there that we are unaware 18:42 of and what could cause that dark spot in the cosmic background 18:48 [Music] 19:01 this is science fantastic [Music] [Applause] 19:07 welcome back to science fantastic with professor Michio Kaku before the break 19:13 we had a mouth full of questions so let's try to tackle them one at a time is we're not talking about some of the 19:20 deepest secrets of creation itself the creation of the universe it turns out 19:26 that yes we had a big bang for 13 billion years ago and that radiation is 19:33 still circulating around the earth and the universe it's colder now it's down 19:38 to the microwave range and we can actually see it using our microwave satellites that's right we can actually 19:45 photograph the remnants of the fireball which gave birth to the universe itself 19:50 this is amazing baby pictures baby pictures of the infant universe when it 19:57 was about 300 thousand years old it's called the W map if you want to see it 20:03 go to nasa.gov Google W map WMAP and 20:08 you'll see this photograph a photograph of the night sky and what does it look like a fireball it really does look like 20:16 a fireball it is the radiation left over from the instant of the Big Bang now the 20:23 caller who called in mentioned a mystery a cosmic mystery with regards to this 20:30 you see if the explosion was very uniform it was an explosion you can see 20:35 it right on your computer screen by going to nasa.gov typing and W map but and this is the killer now but this is a 20:43 dark spot there's a dark spot a dimple of sorts in this cosmic background fireball normally when you see a picture 20:51 of a fireball it looks pretty spherical this also should be spherical except there seems to be a dark spot there and 20:57 the listener who called in says what is responsible for this dark spot well the 21:04 short answer is we don't know this is a great mystery if you could figure this out your name will go down in the 21:11 history books it should be uniform we think that the original Big Bang underwent something called inflation I 21:18 which was a turbocharged expand ancient of the original fireball which 21:23 expanded the fireball evening it out making sure that the fireball was even 21:28 in all directions but there is this anomaly there what could cause it dark 21:34 energy we don't know so this is a mystery that is still unsolved 21:39 some people think maybe it was just an accident it was not really important at all other people think it could reveal a 21:45 deep secret some kind of asymmetry something that breaks the uniformity of 21:51 the original creation of the universe itself well to be frank your guess is as 21:57 good as mine is we're not talking about the very boundary of what we know about the universe ok let's move right along 22:05 now to the next listener phone call hi my name is Sarah I'm following you on 22:12 Twitter and I am calling from Bremerton Washington I wanted to know your 22:19 thoughts on when we will begin work on an elevator system to the International 22:25 Space Station's or if there will be new space station equipped with that kind of technology in our lifetime so very 22:34 curious about what the future holds for quick access to space thank you so much have a great night ok well in my 22:42 previous books I mentioned the fact that a space elevator could in some sense 22:47 take us to outer space just like Jack and the Beanstalk took Jack into the 22:53 heavens however there are some problems first of all when the Eiffel Tower was 22:59 being built in the 1800s it was quite a sensation this gigantic tower to the 23:04 heavens and there was the Russian physicist who was intrigued by it silikov ski he's the father of modern 23:12 rocketry and he wrote in his memoirs that just like this tower being built in 23:17 Paris a tower to the stars why not just keep on going why not keep on going 23:23 until it reaches outer space would it fall down well it's like a ball spinning 23:30 on a string why doesn't the ball fall down well because in typical for us the ball 23:36 does not fall down when you twirl it on a string and so he said to himself maybe the space elevator is the same way well 23:44 let's take a short commercial break and after the break we're going to talk about a gateway to heaven on science 23:49 fantastic welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku and 23:57 once again if you want to get on science fantastic then give us a call and for 24:03 half your thoughts will be heard on national radio well before the break we had a question about building a stairway 24:10 to heaven is it possible that one day we can create a space elevator to take us 24:15 to the International Space Station and beyond well the whole idea of this 24:21 stairway to heaven or a Jacob's Ladder into heaven was first mentioned during the 1800s by the Russian pioneer Tillich 24:29 offski he was watching the Eiffel Tower being built and he asked himself a simple question what happens if you 24:37 continue to build the Eiffel Tower a tower to heaven and just kept on going would it ever fall down and then he 24:44 realized that if you take a ball put it on a string and spin it around the string it doesn't fall down it doesn't 24:51 fall down because of centrifugal force and centripetal force and so he realized it at the eiffel tower were big enough 24:58 it would simply spin and create a gateway to heaven but does a catch 25:04 there's always a catch somewhere you can also calculate the tension on the steel 25:09 cable and the tension is enough to snap steel therefore the idea was considered 25:17 useless for the next 100 years the science fiction writer Arthur C Clarke 25:23 wrote a novel about it but it wasn't taken seriously because the steel would 25:29 snap because of the tension created by spinning around the earth well now comes 25:35 nanotechnology and carbon nanotubes and sheets of carbon called graphene it 25:41 turns out the strength the tensile strength of a cable of carbon nanotubes is greater greater than 25:49 that necessary to create a space elevator so all of a sudden a mini gold rush was created NASA gave funding for 25:58 preliminary investigation into a space elevator made out of carbon nanotubes 26:05 carbon in is pure form is the strongest substance known to science a sheet of 26:11 graphene will balance an elephant you think an elephant put the elephant on a pencil balance the pencil on a sheet of 26:19 graphene and graphene will not break it is stronger than steel forget steel is 26:26 stronger than diamonds is the strongest substance known to science so what's the catch the catch here is that pure carbon 26:35 pure atomic carbon one layer of carbon atoms can only be made to about the size 26:42 of a postage stamp anything larger then impurities start to build up ruining the 26:49 strength of carbon this means that it's an engineering problem not a physics 26:55 problem if in principle you can create a sheet of carbon big enough to create a 27:01 cable to take you to heaven then that would do it but it has to be pure the 27:08 slightest impurity will cause it to break so nASA has looked at funding for 27:13 the space elevator but well to be frank don't hold your breath I think it may take till the end of the century to 27:19 solve this engineering question and that is how do you make pure carbon nanotubes 27:25 and sheets of carbon nanotubes such that you can create a cable thousands of 27:31 miles long that's not going to break and this means that in the future perhaps by 27:37 the end of the century you'll be able to go into a space elevator and push the UP button and slowly watch you as you go 27:46 into heaven this means that yes it's definitely possible carbon nanotubes 27:51 could just be the trick the problem is to make pure carbon nanotubes 27:56 sufficient to take you to heaven just like Jack in the Beanstalk Jack in the 28:03 Beanstalk really didn't know where they've been so I came from but the fact that the earth is spinning means that 28:09 the Beanstalk will not fall because of centrifugal force so on paper it looks 28:14 great this could revolutionize the space program no more booster rockets no more 28:20 accidents on takeoff no more problems with that no you simply go into an 28:27 elevator hit the UP button and then slowly go into outer space just the way 28:33 to La Casa he envisioned back in the 1800s during the building of the eiffel 28:39 tower welcome back to science fantastic 28:54 with Professor Michio Kaku give us a call and have your thoughts heard on national radio ok let's move on now to 29:01 the next listener phone call hello this is Catherine from Welsh California 29:07 author of weird dragons and other new monsters listening on the genesis radio network last year in 2017 I published a 29:13 book about a creature called the mirror monster which automatically reflects any damage that's inflicted upon it back to 29:19 the attacker that is if you push a mirror monster you take the same damage that you inflict it on her leaving both 29:24 of you injured automatically is anything in science that would be able to prove this type of effect in real life aside 29:30 from the obvious quantum entanglement furthermore else create another creature called a weird dragon that gains power from the light of Jupiter only be killed 29:36 by gold swords is it possible for the appearance of Juber to affect audiences on earth and the same way that the moon 29:42 affects menstrual cycles lastly I want to say my respect for late Steven Hartman who died last week and how much 29:47 his discoveries influenced my career as an author how did mr. dr. Hawking affect your career well you ask a lot of 29:55 questions so let's try to break it up one by one first of all what I do is I work on completing Einsteins dream of a 30:02 theory of everything we want an equation no more than perhaps one inch long that 30:08 will allow us close read the mind of God just like e equals mc-squared is an equation one 30:14 inch long it unlocked the secret of the Stars a secret that was kept hidden for 30:20 thousands of years was unraveled by Einstein when he wrote down e equals mc-squared 30:26 so Stephen and I worked in the same general area he made the first big 30:31 breakthrough applying quantum mechanics to black holes showing that black holes are not really black at all the gray 30:38 they made radiation but all of us were working on the final Theory not just the 30:44 application of quantum theory to black holes no no we wanted the whole shebang 30:50 we wanted that one-inch equation we wanted a new theory altogether 30:56 that would explain everything now at the point at the present time the only theory which comes close is string 31:02 theory however it's not proven the Large Hadron Collider is not big enough to 31:08 prove whether or not this is in fact the theory of everything now you mentioned a whole bunch of other 31:14 things so let's back up first of all mythical animals do they really exist 31:19 the Loch Ness monster for example Bigfoot well so is possible however 31:25 biologists say first of all that you have to have a breeding population that 31:31 is what is the smallest number of abominable snowmen can you have and be 31:38 it self-sustaining if you have only one or two like an atom underneath then it'd 31:43 be very easy to extinguish it however once you have a breeding population of maybe 50 to 100 it becomes stable now if 31:52 you have a breeding population that large it means you also have junk left over you have waste products you have bones 32:00 you have carcasses left over by that and by looking at Loch Ness we find no 32:06 evidence of this no bones of ancestors of Loch Ness monster no feces no garbage 32:13 left over after their after their breakfast or dinner as a consequence we 32:19 tend to think that may maybe these animals are in fact mythical rather than real you also mention 32:26 Jupiter yes jupiter has moons call for example Europa Europa is very intriguing because 32:34 it has an ocean perhaps larger in volume than the oceans of the planet Earth 32:40 amazing because our oceans are only skin-deep compared to the rest of the earth 32:45 Europa most of the inside of Europa is in fact a liquid ocean what kinds of 32:51 animals can live therefore in Europa perhaps aquatic animals already nASA has 32:58 plans to launch the Europa clipper to that moon of Jupiter and after that 33:04 perhaps put a submarine that's right a submarine into the ocean of Europa a 33:12 moon of Jupiter now we're not there yet of course that's still years into the future but that is perhaps the most 33:19 likely place to find life on the planet Earth okay well let's move on to the 33:28 next listener phone call all right I'm Dave Rostov and I have a question from Philadelphia I was wondering if it 33:35 would be possible in any theoretical sense to time travel digitally meaning the ability to send 33:42 information digitally through time thank you well actually you asked a rather 33:49 intriguing question many scientists believe that sending a large object backwards in time may be quite difficult 33:56 you would have to have tremendous amounts of energy the Planck energy you would also have exotic forms of energy 34:03 called negative energy to keep the Gateway open so it doesn't close on it and if you read a copy of my book the 34:10 physics of the impossible I give you the basic ingredients necessary to perhaps 34:15 build a time machine you ask a more intriguing question if we can't send a 34:21 human backwards in time why not send a message a digital message that takes 34:27 almost no energy take a Morse code for example how much energy does it take to 34:32 say the Morse code message not much but we could do even better than that a molecular image on molecular message 34:40 perhaps could be sent through a wormhole backwards in time and so some people 34:45 have said that aliens from outer space if they're very advanced they may be able to create a wormhole back into the 34:52 past and then send a message a message back into the past so that they could 34:59 alter the fabric of space and time without having to send a large object 35:04 which is very difficult okay let's take a short commercial break and after that 35:09 we're going to continue a discussion of travelling to the past 35:18 [Music] 35:27 [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with 35:33 professor Michio Kaku that's right the lines are open right now and you're not going to get a busy signal to get right 35:39 to us so let's move on now to the first listener phone call professor Kaku this is Duke calling from 35:46 Alden Alaska I have a question a relative of mine had macular 35:54 degeneration and went blind before she died she claims that she experienced 36:01 problems with her eyes when she was looking at the stars in the form of US was 11 same in both eyes I'm wondering 36:10 if there's something that can affect the human eyes in deep space or from a 36:17 satellite she eventually went blind didn't and died but I've always thought 36:24 about what she said it was a sudden experience and she still had sight after 36:30 it she went see eye doctors and eventually had macular degeneration 36:36 thank you for your show we love it okay well yes macular degeneration is one of 36:42 the main reasons why the elderly have problems with their vision it causes clouding of their eyes 36:49 especially in the cornea region and you mentioned two questions first of all is there any phenomenon which can interfere 36:57 with your eyesight coming from the stars and the answer is yes and the second 37:02 question is well can that happen to you on the earth by simply looking at the stars and the answer that is probably no 37:09 first of all the astronauts that we've had on science fantastic and we've had a 37:14 number of astronauts they tell me that looking at outer space they see flashes 37:20 of light flashes of light right inside their eyeball what are these flashes of 37:25 light caused by cosmic rays cosmic rays perhaps caused by colliding black holes 37:31 in outer space think about that you're actually witnessing perhaps cataclysmic cosmic 37:39 events that took place billions of years ago they are manifested as subatomic particles whizzing through your eyeball 37:47 causing streaks of light on one hand it is a little bit dangerous because of 37:53 course astronauts have to worry about radiation in outer space but on the other hand it is incredible the high 37:59 ball is able to pick up this kind of radiation first of all when a subatomic 38:05 particle from outer space races through the atmosphere it rips the electrons off 38:11 the atoms creating ions the ions then can form a trail by condensing let's say 38:18 water vapor along that trail and that's called a cloud chamber a cloud chamber is what I built when I was in high 38:24 school when I wanted to detect antimatter coming from a sodium 22 source I put sodium 22 inside a cloud 38:33 chamber with a magnetic field turn on the magnetic field then I saw tracks tracks of subatomic particles and PI 38:41 electrons traveling inside my cloud chamber now this will also happen inside 38:47 your eyeball cosmic rays will go through your eyeball the aqueous humor of your eyeball causing it to ionize and the 38:55 ionization causes a slight electrical discharge in the form of a spark and so 39:01 yes astronauts do see this sparks taking place right inside their eyeball now 39:07 does it hurt and the answer is no so could this be the mechanism that perhaps 39:13 your relative felt well perhaps not because this radiation is very faint and 39:19 it cannot be felt but it does being that yes in some sense your eyeball can be 39:25 tuned to events happening in outer space okay let's take the next listener phone 39:32 call hello dr. Mitchell Kaku Jack Connor from Long Beach I heard story once when your book that 39:40 you built something like a nuclear reactor when you were a teenager in the Crick garage 39:46 and specifically that you had a family 39:51 member drive you around to get Hertz for it I was just wondering if it's possible to tell the story out here thank you and 39:58 I cannot wait to read the future of humanity take care great well I'm glad you like 40:05 my book the future of humanity and yes it too when I was in high school at the 40:10 age of sixteen seventeen I built a 2.3 million electron volt beta 40:16 shaw and electron accelerator in my mom's garage first of all I went to 40:21 Westinghouse and I got 400 pounds of transformer steel which I then cut up 40:28 and shaped in my high-school machine shop then I went to varying associates 40:33 and I got 22 miles of copper wire and of course I had to wind this gigantic spool 40:40 of wire so I went to the high school football field I put the gigantic spool of wire on the 40:46 gold post suspended from the goalpost and gave it to my father he then grabbed 40:52 a wire ran to the 50-yard line gave it to my mother my mother then took it at the 50-yard line ran to the goalpost and 40:59 we wound 22 miles of copper wire on the high school football field well finally 41:05 was ready it consumes six kilowatts of power and I'll tell you what happened when I turned it on after the break 41:13 [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with 41:20 professor Michio Kaku the lines are open this is your hour this is the chance when you can ask that question about 41:27 science that's always been bothering you but before the break we had a question about well my science fair project yes 41:35 when I was in high school I was enamored of antimatter so I went to the old 41:40 Atomic Energy Commission now call the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and ask for permission to get sodium 22 which is 41:47 radioactive and I put in a cloud chamber that I built and put in a magnetic field 41:53 and with a camera I took gorgeous photographs of antimatter in my mom's 41:58 garage well I wasn't satisfied with that I wanted to create a beam a beam of 42:04 antimatter rather than just analyze the emission of antimatter from sodium 22 42:09 and for that you need an atom smasher so I went to Stanford University which was 42:14 not too far from my high school and I got the blueprint for at betatron accelerator a baby train accelerated is 42:21 one of the main designs for an atom smasher in fact it's used in hospitals today to create that beam of x-rays 42:28 sometimes used in medical therapy well this is when I was in high school so I 42:34 got the blueprint I got 400 pounds of transformer steel 22 miles of copper wire and I built a betatron accelerator 42:42 in my mom's garage it consumed six kilowatts of power an enormous amount of power drain the electricity in my mom's 42:50 circuits and then it was ready I closed my eyes shut my ears and I plugged in my 42:59 address measure I heard this huge crackling sound just like in a mad 43:05 scientist laboratory six kilowatts of raw power surged through my capacitor 43:10 bank and then I heard this pop pop pop sound as I blew out every single circuit breaker in the house you know I was on 43:18 the Larry King show once and I told him the story and Larry King told me well as a young kid you would not be not only 43:26 just the only person to happen at smashing your mom's garage perhaps you're the only one period to have an 43:32 atom smasher because you blow the neighborhood block apart well there was no chance that I would blow the block 43:38 apart as Larry King told me however I blew out all the fuses in my mom's 43:43 garage my poor mom she come home from a hard day's work and she would say to 43:50 herself okay where is the fuse box how many fuses did he blow out today and she must have 43:57 wondered to herself why couldn't I have a son who plays basketball why can't I 44:04 have a son who plays baseball I forgot state why can't you find a nice Japanese girlfriend why does he have to 44:10 build these gigantic machines in the garage well those machines help to 44:15 change my life I went to the National Science Fair and I met Edward Teller father of the hydrogen bomb now I did 44:23 not have to explain to Edward Teller what antimatter was he of course was at 44:29 the forefront of atomic physics for many a decade and helped to build the atomic bomb and later the hydrogen bomb he took 44:37 a liking to me and he became my mentor in fact I used to go to his house several times a year in Berkeley and I 44:45 used to talk with him about science politics and the great universe around 44:50 us and so that Edward smasher helped to change my life because he arranged for me to get a scholarship to Harvard so I 44:58 could begin my career as a physicist okay let's move on now to the next 45:04 listener phone call hi there my name is Derek all-suite I'm calling from Chico California my question is about time 45:13 being circular I'm watching the show dark on Netflix right now the beginning 45:19 says the time is circle not a straight line it also says something about a 33 45:26 year reset or restart of time is there 45:31 any truth to either of these things thanks for your answer 45:37 well the short answer is probably no but it makes for a great science fiction I 45:42 love science fiction but let me explain Isaac Newton thought that time was like 45:48 an arrow you fire it never deviates the past is the past the future is the 45:54 future and it progresses evenly throughout the universe so that one second on the earth is one second on the 46:01 moon twelve o'clock on the earth is 12 o'clock throughout the entire universe one second is one second everywhere in 46:08 the universe well that's the Newtonian picture which is common sense however they along comes Einstein who 46:15 says not so fast time is a river it's a river which can meander speed up or slow 46:23 down and as a consequence time is not absolute it can bend it can speed up 46:30 slow down and we measure this all the time with our devices this is not science fiction right here in my 46:36 laboratory in our laboratory here at the college we actually measure this now a 46:41 long term string theory and says wait a minute perhaps the river of time can fork fork 46:49 into two rivers or perhaps the river of time can have whirlpools whirlpools in 46:56 the river of time this is something that we take very seriously these are called 47:02 closed timelike loops in other words they are time machines when the river of 47:09 time warps and goes back on itself to create a circle and so in that sense you 47:17 could have a circular time now then the next question is how do you do this is 47:23 this really physically realizable and that's when things begin to break down 47:30 you see in order to speed up or slow down the fabric of time you have to have 47:36 a star you had to have gigantic amounts of energy to do that like a black hole 47:42 for example you just can't do this in your living room we're talking about fabulous amounts of energy 47:49 to have the river of time fork into two rivers or to create a closed timelike loop you need two things one tremendous 47:56 amounts of positive energy to create a whirlpool in the fabric of time second 48:04 you need negative energy to stabilize it those are the two basic ingredients now 48:10 it turns out the positive energy it exists in the form of a black hole but we cannot manipulate black holes easily 48:17 that's an understatement second of all once you can have tremendous amounts of positive energy 48:23 you have to stabilize it with negative energy negative energy is extremely 48:29 difficult to manipulate in the laboratory we have created it but only in minut quantities you need tremendous 48:37 amounts of negative energy in order to stabilize this wormhole so it as your 48:43 question yes we physicists do look at the question of circular time but is it 48:48 practical well not for us maybe for an intelligent species much more advanced 48:54 than us now if you saw the movie interstellar that was a movie that whose 49:00 consultants were PhD physicists in fact kept formed when the Nobel Prize last year he was one of the consultants for 49:07 that film interstellar and so when I thought to myself how did he get around 49:12 the fact that we humans do not have enough energy to create these gigantic 49:18 interstellar machines how is he going to get around that and there was a very clever answer to that question it turns 49:26 out that the wormhole which took us to the outer reaches of the galaxy where did it come from in the movie with 49:32 Matthew McConaughey it came from our descendants in the future so we cannot 49:39 create the machine of that power but our children's children's children's 49:45 children thought thought thought we're capable of building the machine and sending a message backwards in time 49:52 giving us the instructions as to how to navigate through a wormhole that's how 49:58 they got around that pretty sneaky I thought okay well let's move Ryan long now to the next listener phone call 50:05 I got ikkaku this is Chan Smith from Cincinnati Ohio and I was just wondering 50:11 in the future do you think long distance space travel will be solved by going 50:17 faster or at the speed of light or bop in like another manner such as um 50:23 reconfiguring the atoms in a different place to be a different you but they had 50:30 to save information is you just basically finished transfer the information not the physical atoms 50:36 itself thank you well you actually write that it is possible well within the known 50:42 laws of physics to have information travel throughout the galaxy the 50:47 simplest method is what I call laser porting and I mentioned this in my book the future of humanity it's a technology 50:55 that we should have by the end of the century first of all we are in the process of digitizing people at the 51:01 present time believe it or not there's a Silicon Valley company which will digitize everything known about you in 51:08 other words digital immortality let's take a short commercial break by the way and afterwards we're going to talk about 51:14 the question can you become immortal digitally and if so can you travel at 51:20 the speed of light throughout the galaxy [Music] 51:27 welcome back to science fantasticly professor Michio Kaku well before the 51:33 break we had a call about is it possible that we can digitally send ourselves throughout the universe and the answer 51:41 surprisingly enough is yes first of all we are in the process now not tomorrow 51:46 now of digitizing people in other words in the future when you go to the library 51:52 and you take a book out about Winston Churchill not only will you read about him you'll talk to him you'll have a 51:59 conversation with him a holographic image Winston Churchill will appear to 52:04 you and you can ask any question and have a very interesting conversation with Winston Churchill because on his 52:11 videotapes all his memoirs everything known about him has been digitized and I 52:18 would love to have a conversation with Albert Einstein I mean think about that everything known about him is theories 52:25 as interviews would be digitized put in an avatar in a computerized form and one 52:31 day you will also be digitized so that you will be immortal as a digital avatar 52:39 this avatar will look like you talk like you have all your mannerisms and by the 52:44 end of the century we'll have the connectome project finished and it will have all your 52:50 memories as well that's right we're going to map the neural pathways of the entire human brain this is called 52:59 a connectome project every neuron will be digitized and so you will live 53:05 forever even though your biological body has died your digital fingerprint with all 53:13 your memories everything known about you will survive and then I think we should put it on a laser beam and send the 53:21 laser beam to the stars think about that your consciousness your personality can 53:27 be shot to the moon in one second on the moon there is a mainframe which 53:33 downloads your connectome and then puts you in robotic avatar this avatar is not 53:41 digital it is robotic it is superhuman it can live on Mars Jupiter the moon anywhere 53:48 you want it has a super human body you can perform superhuman feats and it is 53:54 perfect you're handsome you're gorgeous all your desires of your youth are 54:00 fulfilled in this mechanical avatar and then when you get bored you can go back 54:05 onto the laser beam and laser pull yourself to the next star the next Galaxy and at the speed of light you can 54:13 begin to explore the universe now this is physically possible by the end of the 54:19 century and I personally think let me stick my neck out I personally think 54:24 this already exists that aliens from out of space perhaps have already mastered 54:29 the art of laser putting themselves across the galaxy perhaps next to the 54:36 earth is a superhighway a superhighway of billions of souls souls zapping their 54:43 way across the galaxy and we humans are too primitive and too dumb to know it 54:50 you know my friends who are PhD physicist like myself they spend a whole 54:57 lifetime searching for alien messages in radio from outer space and I tell them 55:04 why radio I mean radio is so 20th century they should laser port 55:11 themselves across the galaxy why bother with radio but unfortunately that's all 55:17 we do when we look for alien life in outer space all we do is look at radio emissions from alien civilizations I 55:25 think there could be a laser port highway next to us and we're clueless 55:31 absolutely clueless about its existence ok well let's move right along to our next listener phone call hello my name 55:39 is Erik I'm actually from Twitter and I'm calling from Los Angeles my question 55:45 is do you find yourself optimistic about humanity 55:50 kind of egg but by this I mean have you seen yourself become more and more confidence over the years that we yeah 55:57 the species will become spacefaring or at the very least that will far increase the standard of living of near every 56:04 individual on the planet or do you find yourself worrying for our future and 56:09 that we may not reach the goals and maybe do you have friends and colleagues who may disagree with you thanks again 56:18 well you ask a very very important question by optimistic or pessimistic 56:23 about the future and my personal philosophy is very simple I personally 56:28 believe that the smallest unit of history is the decade anything smaller 56:35 than that and you're talking about random fluctuations you get all mired up on these little blips that are of no 56:42 consequence however when you look mystery decade by decade going back in 56:47 the 80s going back to the 40s going back to the turn of the century you realize the enormous absolutely staggering 56:55 amount of progress that's being made now you may say to yourself well the last 50 years we have the Cold War and history 57:02 pretty much Stood Still during that 50-year period of time but no if you take a look at the average 57:10 human being you realize that in the last several decades hundreds of millions 57:16 hundreds of millions of people entered the middle class especially in China and 57:23 in India hundreds of millions people that were once upon a time confined to 57:29 abject poverty disease perpetual warfare and strife are now beginning to have 57:36 aspirations of a middle-class lifestyle and so when you look on that scale the 57:42 scale of decades the centuries then you realize that well yeah there are setbacks like World War one in World War 57:49 two but in the main things got better back in the 1800s we had kings and 57:55 queens for God's sakes that were absolute rulers their rule was law no democracy no in 58:02 what and I think that is a tremendous plus for humanity another plus for 58:08 Humanity is the development of the Internet dictators love ignorance they love 58:15 poverty because then they can control their subjects if the subjects were rich 58:21 and their subjects were educated well they would overthrow the dictator and so 58:26 when I was a kid I still remember the concept of dictator for life it was the 58:31 Cold War and if you had a patron the United States or the Soviet Union you 58:38 were a pawn of one of the two superpowers you were permanent you were a dictator for a life the joke was the 58:46 only way we could remove you was in a coffin well those days are gone now we 58:52 have dictator for a few months because of the fact that the Internet has spread 58:58 information around the universe so that people are saying to themselves why do I 59:04 have to live like this why do I have to be poor because other countries live in 59:10 freedom and prosperity and so they overthrow their dictators and dictator 59:15 for life is a term that we don't use anymore then the other question is if in 59:21 the main things are getting better that how can people are so pessimistic well I think it's because of genetics let's 59:29 face it our basic personality has not changed for thousands of years and our 59:36 ancestors for the most part were pessimistic fearful monkeys I mean think 59:42 about it for a moment you realize that if our ancestors were bold and they were 59:47 totally optimistic and they were fearless well most of them would probably die and they didn't have 59:54 progeny to carry on their genes our ancestors were timid our dense 59:59 testers were pessimistic because their kids survived to spread their genes to 1:00:04 become [Music] 1:00:10 welcome back to science fantastic with professor Michio Kaku in this hour we're 1:00:17 taking your listener phone calls by giving us a call at six one two five six 1:00:22 four eight one thirty five well before the break we had a very profound question and that is am i basically 1:00:29 optimistic or pessimistic about the future well first of all let me be clear nobody knows the future I'm a physicist 1:00:37 I'm not a soothsayer I'm not a fortune-teller I look at trends trends 1:00:43 because we physicists create the future we're the ones who have been to the transistor the laser we invented 1:00:50 television x-ray machines MRI scans we created the space program in fact if you 1:00:57 think about it most of the inventions of the 20th century can be traced back to a 1:01:03 physicist and when we create these things we realize that we are changing human history for the better 1:01:09 as a consequence now some people think that all these wonders come from aliens 1:01:14 from out of space I get a lot of calls saying professor maybe at Roswell we captured a flying 1:01:21 saucer reverse-engineered all the technology and bingo voila we have the 1:01:26 iPhone that's when the internet comes from alien technology and I say no these 1:01:33 technologies some of them were created by friends of mine Charlie Townes the guy just down the 1:01:38 hall from me at Berkeley he's the guy who invented the laser for God's sake and so you realize that it was 1:01:44 physicists who created much of the architecture it was not aliens from 1:01:50 outer space and I tell people that if you've ever been in a flying saucer and 1:01:55 talk to these aliens from outer space I tell them the next time they kidnap you for God's sake steal something I don't 1:02:03 care what it is an alien paperweight there's no law against stealing from an extraterrestrial no law whatsoever you 1:02:11 will not be prosecuted for stealing from an alien civilization so anyway the 1:02:18 point I'm raising is simple our ancestors were timid our ancestors were fearful our ancestors 1:02:25 were worried about the future our ancestors were worried about anything knew that why is that because 1:02:32 their children survived as the consequence we are their children we are 1:02:37 their progeny our ancestors which were too bold too optimistic too open about 1:02:46 new dangers well they got eaten up by the Tigers their children did not survive to talk 1:02:52 about it you see there's no gene for science however there is a gene for 1:02:58 superstition there is a gene for jumping to conclusions there is a gene for 1:03:03 seeing things that are not there because they were good for us in the forest it was good that you saw things that didn't 1:03:10 exist because nine times out of ten it was nothing but at one time it saved 1:03:17 your butt that one time it was in fact a lion hiding in the forest that's why 1:03:23 when you see a picture of random squirrels circles and squirrels you 1:03:29 think that there is an image you think there's something lurking in that swirl 1:03:34 that swirl of lines because our brain is hardwired to see things that are not 1:03:41 really there you can do this of course with a simple Rorschach test get an ink blot of random patterns 1:03:49 created by an ink blot and you will see things without your permission even if 1:03:55 you tell yourself I'm not going to see anything I'm not going to say anything and you see a ink pot you will see 1:04:02 something because your brain is hardwired to see things that are not there because it helped us in the forest 1:04:09 so when we are in the forest before the creation of science it was good for us that we were fearful pessimistic we saw 1:04:19 things when there was nothing really there and we believed in magic and 1:04:24 superstition and is probably a gene for all of this but there's no gene for 1:04:29 science science is an acquired it's due to the fact that we can 1:04:35 reproduce and test and falsify these statements that's why we believe in 1:04:41 science not because there's a gene for science and that's why I tend to think 1:04:46 that people who are overly pessimistic or giving in to their ancestral genetics 1:04:53 into believing that all is bad woe is me okay let us move on to the next listener 1:05:01 phone call hi my name is Nathan I live in Los Angeles I guess my question is I 1:05:07 know neural regeneration isn't possible right now but will it be possible in our lifetime I know it's kind of a hot topic 1:05:14 identify this but I wondering how close we are if at all thank you well you ask a question 1:05:21 whether or not regeneration is possible and by that I guess you mean 1:05:27 regeneration of organs of the body like for example a salamander if you rip off 1:05:32 an arm or a leg from a salamander the salamander will regenerate it but we 1:05:38 cannot if you lose an arm or leg they're gone forever and the question is is it possible to 1:05:44 regenerate human organs well in principle the answer is yes but we now 1:05:50 know the mechanism by which regeneration takes place by analyzing very carefully 1:05:55 the cellular structure of salamanders that can regenerate organs we realize 1:06:01 that it's stem cells stem cells that allow the salamander to then regrow arms 1:06:08 and legs now we are mammals it turns out that we lost that ability once upon a 1:06:15 time years and years ago millions of years ago mammals and reptiles shared a 1:06:21 common heritage however when we became mammals we lost that ability to 1:06:26 regenerate human organs now of course if you saw a spider man and you know then 1:06:31 the spider-man movies he's up against the lizard which who can in fact regenerate organs of the body and that's 1:06:39 why he's one of spider-man's big enemies however at the present time we 1:06:45 scientists have not yet been able to reproduce this fact however stem cell 1:06:50 technology is one of the hot areas and it is possible that we are now teasing apart the mechanism the genetic 1:06:58 mechanism that allows reptiles to do this but we have not yet been able to 1:07:03 duplicate it for human beings however I think it's only a matter of time before 1:07:08 we make headway in this direction but it's not here yet welcome back to 1:07:25 science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku on science fantastic we profile the 1:07:31 amazing jaw-dropping scientific discoveries which are revolutionizing our world and touching our lives but 1:07:39 once again I had a very successful book tour perhaps I signed your copy of the future of humanity and I got a ton of 1:07:45 questions and so will just answer a few of them and then we'll go to the listener phone calls that you've been 1:07:52 sending me one call one question I often got was what is the timetable the 1:07:58 timetable for our exploration of outer space for 50 years we've been spinning 1:08:04 wheels NASA was the agency to nowhere we didn't go anywhere we didn't do anything 1:08:11 in out of space except of course maybe the space station and a few space probes but we didn't carry out the spirit of 1:08:18 exploration what's the timetable well the timetable is very simple starting next year December 2019 NASA is 1:08:28 going to go back to the moon for the first time in 50 years we're going to send the unmanned space capsule Orion 1:08:36 around the moon so it's on the agenda funding has been approved we're going 1:08:42 back to the moon and then three years after that we're going to send astronauts to the moon so we are going 1:08:50 to go back to the moon and what are the astronauts going to do they're going to build a space station a space station 1:08:56 going around the moon so we'll have a permanent presence in outer space you 1:09:01 know it takes only three days to go to the moon that's right just three days 1:09:06 you can go on Monday and come back on the weekend in fact I firmly believe that sometime 1:09:15 in the future people will honeymoon honeymoon on the moon space tourism is 1:09:21 going to become a reality very soon for two hundred thousand dollars you two can go into outer space in the future 1:09:28 perhaps you'll be able to see the moon as a tourist destination now Mars of course is more difficult 1:09:36 Mars is a lot farther away it will take not just one week for a round-trip but 1:09:42 maybe two years for a round-trip mission however that's NASA's timetable Elon 1:09:48 Musk has his own title timetable as well and he says Bob humbug 1:09:53 too many bureaucrats in NASA too many people that are slowing things down and 1:10:00 he thinks he can go to Mars in a few months not two years and so we think 1:10:07 that sometime around 2030 if not earlier if Elon Musk's projections are correct 1:10:13 we will in fact go to Mars now what about beginning to change the 1:10:18 atmosphere of Mars that is going to take longer we're talking about perhaps by the end of the century having a 1:10:25 permanent settlement having a permanent settlement on Mars and then the next 1:10:30 question I get is well does that mean we're going to evacuate the earth or does that mean we're going to flee 1:10:36 global warming and and get rid of global warming by leaving the planet earth and the answer to that is no first of all 1:10:44 nobody is talking about evacuating the earth and moving to Mars that simply costs too much money and second of all 1:10:52 global warming is a problem that we have to solve as Earthlings on the earth we 1:10:57 can't go to Mars to escape global warming no we got to clean up our own act because some people are afraid that 1:11:04 this like we messed up the earth we're going to mess up Mars as well and so then the question is well what is 1:11:11 the timetable for beginning to change the atmosphere of Mars well as I 1:11:17 mentioned in my book I think the first settlements on Mars will first of all unveil solar panels to create energy 1:11:24 energy to energize their spaceport and the first spaceport could actually be 1:11:30 underground in a lava tube lava tubes are caves left over from the creation of 1:11:35 Mars and they're right there you don't have to build them they're right there so the first space station 1:11:41 on the moon could be a lava tube and then when you build structures on Mars 1:11:48 we can duplicate the soil of Mars on the earth we can create brick out of Martian 1:11:55 soil this has already been done and so one of the first things we'll do is to create brick structures on Mars because 1:12:02 of the fact that brick can be made from the Martian soil and then you mind the ice you can extract drinking water from 1:12:10 the ice also hydrogen for rocket fuel oxygen for breathing all from water so 1:12:17 we'll have to set up mining operations to mine the water of Mars and then after 1:12:23 that agriculture we're going to get started by creating genetically modified 1:12:29 algae and genetically modified crops in order to create an agriculture on Mars 1:12:37 so all these things are doable but it's going to take some time but as I 1:12:42 mentioned before the cost of space travel is dropping to the point where all these become real possibilities okay 1:12:51 once again the book is called the future of humanity available in your bookstore or you can get a copy at Amazon but now 1:12:59 let's go to the listener phone calls if you want to get on science fantastic and ask a question make a comment give us a 1:13:06 call at six one two five six four eight one three five leave your name call 1:13:13 letters in the radio station and the city are calling from and maybe you can get on national radio okay let's move on 1:13:21 now to the neck listener phone call hello my name is Amy Rossi I'm calling from Seattle I have a 1:13:29 question if you have found a way to measure the resistance of dark matter 1:13:36 thank you well you asked a question that is very embarrassing because we know 1:13:42 very little about the physical properties of dark matter first of all every high school textbook is wrong 1:13:49 talking about this great universe of ours publishers have had to rewrite many 1:13:55 a textbook all textbooks say basically that the universe is made out of atoms 1:14:00 that sounds like a reasonable proposal everything you see around you is made out of atoms but it's actually wrong you 1:14:09 see most of the universe is made out of dark matter and dark energy things which are invisible but dark matter holds the 1:14:16 galaxies together and we actually live in a wind of dark matter it turns out 1:14:23 that most of the dark matter surrounds the galaxy far from the planet Earth but there is some dark matter perhaps in 1:14:30 your living room that's right the earth is moving in the Galactic dust and the 1:14:35 Galactic does we think some of it contains dark matter and we are actually moving in that wind now you mentioned 1:14:42 the question what about the resistance of dark matter well when you have air you have air resistance in the form of 1:14:49 drag and friction because air is quite dense in the earth dark matter is 1:14:55 extremely rare in fact we have yet to detect it in the laboratory believe it 1:15:01 or not we physicists have created gigantic swimming pools fluid to look 1:15:07 for tracks left by dark matter and so far we find nothing sorry about that 1:15:13 [Music] [Applause] 1:15:26 welcome back the science fantasticly professor Michio Kaku the lines are open 1:15:32 okay let's move on to the next listener phone call um my name is Jerry Todd 1:15:39 Coverstone are actually in calling you from a link that I am found on Twitter 1:15:45 that just showed up I am the inventor of the propellant list drive that you see 1:15:50 in the video that i retweeted back to you it is not I think it is actually 1:15:55 very real my biggest issue is on transgendered and trying to get the 1:16:02 local media or even the local physics department at IUPUI here in Indianapolis 1:16:07 is a bit hard to get anybody's attention despite the fact that the device is very 1:16:12 real and you can see it working what I like to know is what will it take for an 1:16:20 inventor to create such a thing to actually get the attention of people who 1:16:27 could actually do something with it I've got plans to make one that will be Shung enough to lift that one weighs six 1:16:33 pounds that per piece is about two pounds of thrust the next one should be 1:16:38 able to produce twenty pounds of thrust and it will probably around ten pounds in ruling is reaction list propellant 1:16:47 with the forces are internal there's nothing on the bottom there's nothing 1:16:53 grabbing the row that floor there's no strings attached this sort of thing can certainly feed on the International 1:17:00 Space Station as soon as possible to help kind of pull it back up into higher 1:17:06 orbit when the orbit decays thank you okay well you asked a very important 1:17:13 question a question that I often get because quite a few inventors quite a few budding scientists email me and they 1:17:20 say I got something I got something I got a theory I'm just dying to show people the correctness of my test 1:17:27 apparatus the my equipment my theory but no one will talk to me what am I 1:17:34 going to do well let's break it down as to what you're going to do if you have a 1:17:39 theory which we'll think is going to change everything either a theory or a practical working model or an invention 1:17:46 what should you do well first of all most of the questions I get come from 1:17:52 amateur physicists who say that well forget Einstein they are the next Einstein they got a theory that's even 1:17:59 better than Einstein but no one will talk to me what am I going to do 1:18:04 well the first thing you should do is publish your article you should get a 1:18:10 sheet of paper write down the equations that you have the theory that you have in mathematical form and send it to 1:18:17 Physical Review magazine Physical Review magazine is the magazine of the APS the 1:18:24 American Physical Society it is the premier organization of physicists in 1:18:30 the United States and perhaps even in the world they have referees in fact I'm 1:18:36 a referee I refereed papers written by my colleagues and in the same way you 1:18:42 can get a free referee doesn't cost anything you can get a scientific 1:18:47 evaluation of your theory I can tell you right now however that given the fact 1:18:52 that so many people write me their theory most of their theory consists of what we call words solid that is you get 1:19:00 a bunch of highfalutin words mix it together like a salad and voila there's 1:19:06 your theory well that don't cut it you have to put it in some kind of logical 1:19:11 mathematical fashion to make sense out of it you can't simply put words like 1:19:16 space dimension energy you can't put these words together in a 1:19:23 word salad come up with a very high sounding concept which is empty because 1:19:30 the people reading your paper are going to be professional physicists like myself they can spot a fake from a mile 1:19:36 away so what you should do is put it in mathematical form second once you put in 1:19:43 mathematical form what should be in that paper you simply can't say Einstein was wrong no you have to 1:19:50 lay out an experiment that can show inside was wrong and you have to show where in Einstein's theory that the 1:19:56 mistake is you simply can't say on the next Einstein Einstein was wrong that's 1:20:01 not enough third what is the content of what you have to say if you believe that you have 1:20:08 the unified field theory you have to have two ingredients in that paper a you 1:20:14 have to explain all of Einstein's theory there's a tensor equation that is an equation of general relativity it's 1:20:20 about two inches long your paper has to explain that two inch equation then you 1:20:26 have the quantum theory the quantum theory in this highest form is called the standard model it has 36 quarks 1:20:33 it has 19 free parameters it has all sorts of particles like leptons and 1:20:39 hydrogen's your theory has to explain that your theory has to explain why we 1:20:44 have quarks why we have leptons hydrants why we have the weak interactions strong 1:20:50 interactions you simply cannot say that I had the theory the universe you have to explain the quantum theory in other words you 1:20:57 have to build on the past you can't simply start all over again from scratch and say that I'm the next Einstein No 1:21:03 you have to build from what is already there now let's say you're in adventure what 1:21:10 are you going to do well first of all you should write up the blueprint create 1:21:15 a prototype and get a patent as simple as that you on the internet you can see 1:21:21 instructions as to how to get a patent you may want to get a patent lawyer but 1:21:26 the first thing you want to do is to get a patent because well maybe you're onto something in which case you want to have 1:21:32 a patent to protect it then if you think your idea has commercial applications 1:21:37 well there are companies which will try to commercialize your invention but 1:21:42 first you need a working prototype okay very essential or else no one's going to 1:21:49 believe you and of course you may want a videotape it and then get you know other 1:21:54 scientists to say that yes this invention is correct however I should tell you right 1:21:59 now the patent clerks in the Patent Office are on to it that is if someone 1:22:06 claims to get energy from nothing to create a perpetual motion machine immediately the red flags go up because 1:22:14 that of course would change not just the invention history it would change human history if you can create something that 1:22:21 gives you free energy something for nothing violates some of the cherished principles of science as Carl Sagan once 1:22:29 said incredible facts that it is as Carl 1:22:34 Sagan once said remarkable claims require remarkable proof and it means 1:22:40 that if you have a remarkable claim you better be sure you have the documentation you have the videotapes 1:22:48 you have the notebooks and you have the theory to back up your remarkable claim 1:22:53 and then of course good luck there's a certain amount of luck this involved but first write up the 1:23:00 blueprints get a working prototype get a patent get a patent attorney and if you 1:23:06 want to commercialize it there are companies which were a price will take your invention and start to 1:23:11 commercialize it okay let's move on to the next listener phone call hello hi 1:23:18 this is Blaine Clark calling from Toronto Ontario Canada I just did a kind 1:23:25 of a little bit religious and you know maybe scientific but what's the 1:23:30 correlation between uh black holes and um the city Mecca and specifically the 1:23:39 Kaaba if there's any type of energetic correlation but as you can tell us folks 1:23:47 thank you I think you wanted to find a relationship between black holes and the 1:23:53 Kabbalah I think that's what you said well the Kabbalah talks about Jewish 1:23:59 mysticism and it talks about different layers of existence specifically ten 1:24:06 layers of existence and I'll say a few things how that may intersect with well string 1:24:12 theory physics quantum physics but first let's take a short commercial break once again you were listening to science 1:24:18 fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku [Music] 1:24:33 welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku the lines are open 1:24:40 you're not going to get a busy signal here's your chance to ask that science question and get an answer on national 1:24:47 radio well the caller that just came in asked a question about well physics and 1:24:54 religion specifically spiritualism specifically things like the Kabbalah 1:25:00 well let's say a few things about the potential relationship that some philosophers have zeroed in on first of 1:25:07 all the Kabbalah has magic numbers certain numbers seem to be very 1:25:12 important for the religion for example the letters of Yahweh Yahweh is God the 1:25:19 Hebrew name for God if you add up the letters you get 26 and Kabbalah Kabalah 1:25:25 ISM is a mystical Jewish religion that talks about layers of the universe 10 1:25:31 well it turns out that 10 and 26 have magical meanings in string theory so let 1:25:37 me explain string theory is the only theory known to science which selects 1:25:43 out it's own dimensionality all theories you input the fact that the universe is 1:25:50 three-dimensional the I mean how else you going to do it right so all theories 1:25:56 start with three dimensions but string theory does not string theory starts off 1:26:01 as a quantum theory and then demands that strings move in a quantum mechanical form to do that that fixes 1:26:09 the dimension of space and time which is remarkable is the first time we've ever seen that in any physical 1:26:16 theory so the string theory dimensions are fixed by quantum 1:26:21 so these dimensions are computable and when you take an ordinary string 1:26:28 allowance string like a violin string to vibrate quantum mechanically it's the length out the dimensionality as 26 1:26:36 amazingly enough 26 is the number of dimensions for what is called the bosonic string which is also happens to 1:26:43 be the dimensionality of the number of letters in the word Yahweh or God then 1:26:50 it turns out when you make it super string theory you add electrons you add 1:26:56 other kinds of spinning particles to the string not just photons and it changes 1:27:03 the dimensionality to ten which again is another sacred number of the Kavala now 1:27:08 is that a coincidence I tend to think so however I guess you can't rule it out 1:27:14 but the point I'm raising is something very simple there are magic numbers in 1:27:19 spirituality but there are also magic numbers in mathematics and as a 1:27:25 consequence in mathematical physics and the question is is there a relationship 1:27:31 between these magic numbers in particular 10 and 26 and religion and 1:27:40 spirituality and mathematical physics the answer is I don't know but it does 1:27:46 seem coincidental that some of these magic numbers do seem to coincide okay 1:27:53 well let's move on to the next listener phone call Sean McCain from Seattle what 1:28:00 is your best estimate of when a quantum computer will be available to the 1:28:05 average citizen well you as the $64,000 question a 1:28:12 question which is going to change human civilization now we know that the 1:28:18 creation of the computer and the microchip altered human civilization the 1:28:23 internet the spread of democracy the changing of society itself as a 1:28:30 consequence and now we're going to witness the big leap with quantum computers but 1:28:35 first let's take a short commercial break [Music] 1:28:48 welcome back to science fantasticly professor Michio Kaku before the break 1:28:54 we had a question that could change the course of human civilization and that is 1:28:59 when are we going to have quantum computers well first of all let me explain much of the prosperity that 1:29:08 we've experienced in the last thirty years is due to Moore's law the fact that computer power doubles every 18 1:29:14 months that's because on silicon wafers we can cram more and more transistors on 1:29:21 a tiny wafer and that give us bingo the iPhone a gave us the wonders of the 1:29:28 Internet and modern technology simply carving out more and more transistors on 1:29:35 a tiny wafer of silicon well as you can imagine that can't go on forever as George Harrison once said all things 1:29:43 must pass including Moore's law Moore's law is already slowing down that's right 1:29:50 Moore's law is slowing down at Christmas we expect our toys and contraptions to 1:29:56 be twice as powerful as they were the previous Christmas now let me ask you a question would you buy a new computer would you 1:30:04 buy an upgrade knowing that the next model is just the same as the previous 1:30:10 model of last year probably not but then that's going to cause the computer 1:30:15 revolution to crash because we're so used to the idea that computer power 1:30:22 doubles every 18 months well that crash is coming sooner than 1:30:27 you realize perhaps maybe in ten let's say 10 15 years no one knows for sure 1:30:32 but Moore's law is slowing down transistors are becoming smaller and 1:30:38 smaller today your Pentium chip may have a layer 20 atoms across that's how thin 1:30:44 our layers of silicon are becoming 20 atoms across in 5-10 years it'll be 5 1:30:52 atoms across at that point quantum mechanics takes over you don't know where the electron 1:30:57 is anymore heat is generated and the computer crashes as a consequence it 1:31:04 short circuits and it melts therefore we are now looking at the post silicon era 1:31:10 this is a multi-billion dollar question Silicon Valley may no longer be the 1:31:17 engine of economic economic growth and prosperity Silicon Valley could become a 1:31:25 Rust Belt in the future because we're going to need more and more computer 1:31:31 power in a smaller and smaller space until eventually be computed on atoms 1:31:36 and when we compute on atoms we need quantum computers a quantum computer is 1:31:42 rather simple let's take a bunch of atoms and put them in a line put them in 1:31:47 a magnetic field these atoms are spinning and they're like a spinning top they align themselves in the direction 1:31:53 of the magnetic field they can be spin up or spin down like a top however in 1:31:59 the quantum world they could be spin up spin down or spin in between any number 1:32:05 in between so this means that the language of quanta computer is no longer 1:32:12 digital we're so used to digital technology that is zeros and ones zeros 1:32:17 and ones zeros and ones but quantum computers are more powerful there could be zero one and a half there could be 1:32:24 numbers in between zeros and one so immediately you see the power of quantum 1:32:30 computers you can do a lot more with quantum computers than ordinary 1:32:35 computers such as breaking computer codes you realize that all the great 1:32:40 nations of the world use sophisticated computer codes to guard their secrets 1:32:46 it takes a computer perhaps millions not millions but hundreds of years to crack 1:32:52 some of these codes so it means that for the most part these codes are 1:32:57 unbreakable but quantum computers can break them therefore the CIA and the NSA 1:33:03 have expressed interest in studying quantum computers now recently as you 1:33:09 know our government has acted as soon when it comes to government secrets everybody is leaking everything 1:33:16 our government can keep a secret for nothing of his life depended on it well some of these secrets are rather 1:33:22 interesting by looking at some of these secret documents that are so freely circulated on the internet now 1:33:29 we now realize in the CIA and the NSA the National Security Agency seriously 1:33:35 looked at the military implications of quantum computers what happens when 1:33:42 quantum computers can break any code and access anyone's deepest secrets well 1:33:50 I'll give you the conclusion after the break let's take a short commercial break and after the break we're going to 1:33:55 talk about what happens when all hell break loose when we get quantum computers welcome 1:34:14 back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku before the break we mentioned the most fantastic computer 1:34:22 technology coming down the pike is something called quantum computers in 1:34:28 fact I was just speaking for IBM the other day and a few months ago I spoke 1:34:33 in Moscow to Russian scientists all of them focus on the question of quantum 1:34:39 computers so let me explain we live in the digital era where transistors can be 1:34:45 zeros or 1 zeros and ones and therefore you can send a code a code made out of 1:34:51 zeros and ones what happens if you could throw away this code and have zero one 1:34:57 or a half or a third or a quarter or anything in between 1:35:02 then of course obviously duh you can have tremendous amounts of information 1:35:09 transmitted rather than zeros and ones that's what quantum computers come in 1:35:14 atoms in a magnetic field can spin up or down therefore atoms can convey digital 1:35:20 information but atoms can also be in between in between 0 and 1 and therefore 1:35:27 transmitted tremendous amounts of information so much that you could break 1:35:32 any code on the planet Earth so of course the nations of the world are very 1:35:37 much worried about this this could be a game changer once we have quantum computers now what's the catch there's 1:35:45 always a catch someplace right the catch is because you're computing an individual atoms this is a very delicate 1:35:52 process and any disturbance any sneeze any rumble from a mile away to disrupt 1:36:01 your calculation this is called decoherence we want our atoms to vibrate 1:36:06 in unison once there's a jiggling someplace miles away it could cause an 1:36:12 impurity it could cause the signal to degrade and it could ruin your 1:36:18 calculation so in other words quantum computers are great but on paper you 1:36:24 have to worry about the slightest vibration this is called decoherence which is one of the main problems facing 1:36:31 quantum computers now the question was when are we going to have quantum 1:36:36 computers the answer is of course I don't know it's a question that will 1:36:42 determine the fate of Nations the next Silicon Valley could become a quantum 1:36:48 valley when I don't know I think personally on a scale of decades it may 1:36:55 take that amount of time before we have the ideal perfect quantum computers but 1:37:01 right now that doesn't stop inventors from creating partial quantum computers and we're making inroads in them right 1:37:09 now even as we speak first of all we no longer use bits because this corresponds to zeros and 1:37:15 ones we use qubits or quantum bits which can be in between 0 and 1 how many 1:37:21 qubits do you need before you can outrace any ordinary computer and the 1:37:27 answer to that is 50 so the next time you see a breakthrough in quantum computers in a magazine or on TV listen 1:37:35 when they say hum any cubits they can calculate with that is how many Adams does it take to 1:37:41 perform a calculation if they can perform a calculation on 50 cubits 1:37:46 that's the point where a quantum computer can outrace in a perform an 1:37:52 ordinary computer so watch for that key number okay let's move on now to the 1:38:00 next listener phone call um I'll be very short from ya and my question is that 1:38:07 will ever the doodle in plums be able to help us control how we see the world I 1:38:14 mean the video does control the synaptic responses off of a using artificial neurons thank you 1:38:21 well you asked for a tall order that is can you actually change the way the 1:38:27 neurons fire in the brain well the short answer is no we're not at that point 1:38:32 however you don't have to do that in order to access the human brain so let 1:38:38 me explain in my previous book called the future of the mind I showed that a 1:38:43 simple chip placed directly on top of the exposed brain can connect the brain 1:38:50 to a laptop computer and you can have a two-way conversation between the brain 1:38:55 and a computer this is called BCI brain computer interface and the simplest 1:39:02 consequence is you could take someone who's paralyzed and give them the gift of movement once again they can operate 1:39:10 a wheelchair turn on the lights they can type they can begin the process of 1:39:15 surfing the web communicating with their loved ones even if they are totally paralyzed 1:39:20 next we can connect them to a an avatar 1:39:25 a mechanical avatar so that they can function almost normally for example if 1:39:33 I have a brain chip connecting them to an exoskeleton an exoskeleton devised by 1:39:38 the military they can walk they can begin to manipulate objects around the 1:39:44 moon with this external skeleton their body now christopher reeve the 1:39:49 famous actor who played Superman in the movies died tragically he was in a 1:39:55 accident involving a horse and his spinal cord was shattered and he became 1:40:02 a vegetable his dream his dream was to be able to walk once again the sad thing 1:40:09 is well he died years ago but we can do that now at Duke University professor 1:40:15 Nicholas who I've had on this show showed how it was possible to hook chips on the brain connecting him connecting 1:40:23 an individual to an exoskeleton allowing him to kick the football initiating the 1:40:29 soccer games the world soccer games in San Paulo Brazil this is amazing the 1:40:35 ability to connect the brain to an object which will then connect you to an 1:40:40 exoskeleton now we can even do more than this we can actually upload memories now 1:40:46 and download memories in animals in mice we've been able to do this with simple 1:40:53 memories upload and download simple memories in mice now we're doing it on 1:40:58 primates and eventually on Alzheimers patients and who knows maybe one day you'll be able to learn calculus by 1:41:05 simply pushing a button [Music] 1:41:18 [Music] 1:41:34 [Music] Cuckoo for Kaku 110K subscribers Videos About 101 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... @justme-rz1kx 5 years ago You are my youngest sons hero. I was called in to speak with his 3rd grade science teacher because he had been trying to explain string theory to his classmates. His teacher told me he shouldn't know about it let alone understand it. I told that teacher that I didn't believe in placing limits on a child's ability to learn or understand "high concept" knowledge. Needless to say I ended up having to move to a new school district where I found a school willing to encourage his love for science and not trying to hold him back to "age appropriate" study. Thank you for sharing your gift of teaching "high science" in a way that is easy to understand. 2 Reply @JGphins 6 years ago Thank you MR. Kaku for all your contributions. I truly enjoy your work and appreciate the amazing knowledge that you share with us, thank you. 8 Reply @JerseyLynne 6 years ago Michio Kaku always sounds happy. He must really be. 13 Reply @IjazAhmed05 6 years ago thank you MR, Kaku for your simple explanation of the tough and hard everyday phenomenons... 1 Reply @michaellombard3524 6 years ago Wow, I also believe in a unified theory and discussing sacred numbers coming to fruition is just amazing for me. Im not even Jewish but the thought of spirituality finally coming together with physics is such a joyous moment. 3 Reply 1 reply @drewjonespdx 6 years ago Michio - thanks for being the scientific voice of reason. You're underrated.. Neal degrasse is so full of himself, can't stand him. More Michio please. 33 Reply 10 replies @TimeTravelersCoinExchange 4 years ago This is great. Every mystery and interesting scientific concept wrapped into one show. Reply @mushfiquekhurshid9567 3 years ago What if dark matter are actually dyson spheres created by aliens with such technologies that we cannot detect them Reply @haz2010 6 years ago (edited) I think the graviton particles are so small and sensitive they act as the space fabrics for the photon particles to transmit through. Once an observer begins to watch the particles going through the openings, the picture changes dramatically; as the observation act disturbs the space fabric it self not the photon particles been transmitted. Reply @akbarkanji5368 3 years ago Sir, these are very interesting but fictitious Reply @ladykoiwolfe 4 years ago (edited) I've been wondering if we messed up Venus and moved to Earth. I don't think gravity is what they think it is either, but how possible do you think it is that it's actually a form of magnetics? I was surprised to learn even water is magnetic, very weakly, but still. That would mean we are too, not to mention we have iron in our blood. 1 Reply 1 reply @unclejoe4060 6 years ago Michio Kaku is the best science communicator. 3 Reply @rager2012ify 4 years ago Very interesting! A free education. Reply @Fossilized-cryptid 2 years ago Professor Michio what happened to the podcast, would enjoy to hear from you from your own show instead of interviews Reply @narinphatsimon2697 3 years ago Schön 💚💚💚💚💚💚💚💚💚💚👍 Reply @hieveryone.8508 6 years ago (edited) Michio Kaku is a cool guy. Reply @forMacguyver 6 years ago Didn't get to ask this question but maybe somebody here can answer this. How does a photon pass on momentum if it has no mass and therefore no kinetic energy ? 4 Reply 3 replies @WesleyLWood 6 years ago Just a weird completely uninformed thought that poped into my head, what about a magnetically enhanced tether system for strengthening the space elevator cable. Overlapping magnetic fields holding it together. Reply @atl5305 6 years ago If it's possible to build space elevators to low earth orbit... is it possible to create a Mars elevator, a Venus elevator, and beyond? Reply 1 reply @frankrwalsh 6 years ago If gravity travels at the speed of light how does it get past the event horizon? Reply @harrioinonen9822 6 years ago Hyvä Michio!!! Reply 1 reply @matthewrangel8639 6 years ago I am going to figure this out . Reply 1 reply @jameslucas6589 6 years ago Great program advertising and breaks. The content keeps interrupting the breaks though. 🤢 Reply @danielfahrenheit4139 5 years ago flood the lines and ask him... should we legalize drugs? this is highly debated and I cant get my head around it Reply @dankovasovic8087 3 years ago Good, great and deserved.. But isn't it time to dedicate one episode to Subrahmanian Chandrasekhar...a person who even proved mathematically All about Black Holes.. More over even received a Nobel for this..but somehow since then..(1984..) And much more.. before Nobel ...was too long denied...and now turned out to be forgotten from current Scientific community... Why is that so? Reply @edwardchhangte3899 6 years ago You always inspires me, sir : ) Reply 2 replies @DylanDiMiG 6 years ago Cool radio broadcast I learned. My bad thanks for the info Reply @NoThankYouToo 6 years ago (edited) I love Michio, but I’m disappointed in his lack of imagination about “photon torpedoes.”’ Weapons often have oversimplified or hyperbolic names, and rarely if ever exactly describe their mechanism. There are any number of ways to weaponize light, and in fact, had any early Starfleet engineer figured out a novel way to use focused light rays to create a new torpedo, they may very well have used their naming rights to point out their breakthrough. Off the top of my head, and since it’s obviously a launched projectile in finite supply, it has mass they store on board she ship. Upon impact, or once it’s pierced a hull depending on circumstances, the projectile housing springs open, and encased inside is an orb which sprays omnidirectional laser blasts. I’m sure I and everyone else can think of more. I think it’s silly to take it literally. I think it’s supposed to be super-advanced technology. But what do I know? I’m just a bill. Reply 1 reply @cynthiaestrada8318 5 years ago and gravitrons is chunky gravy Reply @KungFuChess 6 years ago There is no gravity. Reply 1 reply @cynthiaestrada8318 5 years ago gravity is extra gooey gravy, Reply @pramgod628 6 years ago Santa story around 42 mins... Pop pop pop of brakers... How many fuses he blowout today! M. Kaku get your story together pls. Reply 1 reply @joshua3171 6 years ago 1:02:16 on earth.................... 1 Reply @matthewrangel8639 6 years ago I got a great theory Reply @abracadabrais 6 years ago AVISO! You need to keep a reign on all the disparaging comments & unrelated intrusions via comments & especially those insulting Dr. Kaku & Stephen Hawking by monitoring or turning comments feature off. Do you even have permission to run this channel by Dr. Kaku? Ahem. Reply 1 reply @MoritaJunichiro 3 years ago Etheric body？　micro or macro or ♾？ Reply @farshidkhorasani9346 6 years ago 👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽 Reply @jthompson120db 6 years ago we will eventually head more towards religion, as we already steered away which we will eventually come to so to speak Reply @jo-jovolkswagen7136 6 years ago I have to say... I just woke up and see the picture that the world try to tell the crackhead aliens... it is too late... if I see this 10 years ago... maybe .. things will be easy to answer ...but ...what I can do today ...?...??????? Reply @stuart940 6 years ago does he record these shows in the toilet? Reply @ruleaus7664 6 years ago 29:00 What a troll. 1 Reply @grantandrew9308 6 years ago that does not constitute immortality Reply @earthman4222 6 years ago Mucho Baku is a self-important self-promoter. Reply @sandymoonstone855 6 years ago 🍎 📷👌 Reply @jpoconnor2857 6 years ago Do not watch this on 420 Especially after yoga class 2 Reply @spnyce4414 6 years ago MICHIO me me me I did all this KAKU 2 Reply 1 reply @mirandalyn3439 4 years ago of course a 'he' would be the next einstein. sigh* name dropping galore and oversimplification Reply @pcallicrate 6 years ago B Reply @pacajalbert9018 3 years ago trochu to potrvá kým sa roz pamätám ktorá rybka ktorá farba sa ozvala z oceánu Reply @tonefingerz2021 6 years ago yea the degrads dude seems like a cia dissifo dude Reply @ConFusion 6 years ago Is it just me or does he sound drunk?? 1 Reply 1 reply @SuperOpus111 6 years ago M Reply @gigelchiazna1573 6 years ago science is just a new religion 2 Reply 1 reply @DavidOlver 6 years ago science is becoming more and more religious every day. 6 Reply 6 replies @ianbynoe6515 6 years ago (edited) Hawking was a fool, God lives. Reply