金刚经：最精华的10句

《金刚般若波罗蜜经》《金刚经》 是大乘佛教的重要经典 读懂其中精华十句话 即可读通此经，开悟人生 唐咸通九年刊刻《金刚般若波罗蜜经》（金刚经），是我国现存有确切纪年的最早的雕版印刷品，由卷首画、经文及施刻人组成。 其卷首扉页画是世界上最古老的版画作品之一。清光绪二十五年英国人斯坦因在敦煌石窟中发现，骗掠回英国。此卷现藏于英国国家图书馆。 1、凡所有相，皆是虚妄。若见诸相非相，则见如来。 一切诸相都是虚妄不实的，不要执着于任何形象和境界，一切都会随顺而变。 如果能够照见各种现象的空性，便是真正的悟到了佛性。 六祖惠能的“菩提本非树，明镜亦非台；本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。”也是契合了这个道理。 “凡所有相，皆是虚妄”并不是说一切相都不存在，而是说一切相都有，但是当我们看清相的本质的时候，心不会受其影响而波动。 之所以发生影响和波动，是因为考虑到自身的利益，觉得那些人、事、物、环境状况种种对自己太重要了，和自己的利害、得失有关，所以认为是真实相。 《坛经》里。其中有一个故事最能解释这句话。 一个旗在风中飘动，有的人说是风在动，有人说是旗在动，而六祖说，风和旗都没有动，而是心在动。 风也是相，旗也是相，当旗与风都是相，都是虚妄时，唯一能使旗动的就是心念了。 2、 一切有为法，如梦幻泡影， 如露亦如电，应作如是观。 一切因缘聚合的现象、事物，都不是永恒的，就像梦幻泡、露水、闪电一样，随瞬即逝，无常变化。 对于我们生存的这个世界，诸佛菩萨的看法是这样的，它像闪电，它像露水，它不是真的，存在的时间很短。 我们一个人生活在世间不过几十年而已，寿命长的，七、八十岁就算是寿命长的，四、五十岁过世的很多，真的是如露亦如电，应作如是观，你这样看就正确，就对了。 3、法尚应舍，何况非法。 诸法的实相， 不可以用文字语言来描述。 佛陀为了引导众生能够最终离苦得乐、到达彼岸。不得不随顺世间言辞习惯， 不说而说， 所以《金刚经》里面讲：“说法者， 无法可说！”， 所有一切讲出的法并不是法本身，都是为了让我们更方便理解法的本质。 用刷碗的例子来比喻，如果把一个油污的碗比作我们众生的心，那么佛所说的法就是洗洁精和水。 只有用洗洁精和水才能把碗洗彻底洗干净，但是一个沾满了洗洁精的碗绝对不能算一个干净的碗。 所以还要把洗洁精也冲干净，把水也晾干，然后才能算一个真正干净的碗。 同样我们当通达了某个法的真正意趣之后，不可以对这个法太执着，该舍的时候就要舍弃掉。 然而， 如果我们还没有真正通达的时候， 是不是可以随便舍弃这个法的。 《金刚经》里面同样还有一句“知我说法如伐喻者”， 就是说， 佛所说的这个法呢， 就像一个小船， 如果你过了河呢， 就要果断地把船舍弃掉， 不然带着船怎么继续前进的行程。 可是如果你还没过去这个河， 就把这个船给舍弃掉了， 这河可怎么过呀？ 4、所谓佛法者，即非佛法 所谓的佛法，其本性并非实有，如果你有一个佛法的观念存在，你已经执着在法的虚相的概念上了，佛法不一定在佛经上，世间皆是佛法…… 真正的佛不认为自己是佛， 真正的圣人，不认为自己是圣人。 “佛法”即是佛所说的一切教法。这句经文的关键在于第二句话“即非佛法”。 佛陀教导我们，要看破世间万物，不要去执着。所谓佛法也是教导我们如何去看破、放下世间万物的方法。 《金刚经》的根本思想，就是让我们去掉一切牵挂，放下一切烦恼，达到心灵的绝对清净安宁，得大解脱。 所以最后，我们也不能执着于佛法带来的种种不可思议。 5、应无所住而生其心 应该无任何执着的升起清净心，真正的清净心，不是有个光，有个境界，而是不把心念停留在色、声、香味、触法上。 真正的修行，应该随时随地无所住， 坦坦然，物来则应，去则不留。 6、若菩萨有我相、人相、众生相、寿者相，即非菩萨。 如果菩萨在心中还有对自我的执着、对他人的执着、对众生的执着、对生死的执着，那他就不是菩萨了。 7、过去心不可得，现在心不可得，未来心不可得。 一切众生的心都在变化中，像时间一样，永远不会停留，永远把握不住，永远是过去的…… 我们刚说一声未来，它已经变成现在了，正说现在的时候，已经变成过去了。 8、是法平等，无有高下。 八万四千法门，念佛也好，修密宗也好，参禅也好，修止观也好，以华严境界看来，一花一世界，一叶一菩提。（这里指的是正法正知正见，千万不要理解错了，学偏了走歪了，邪教邪见众多，千万不要误入歧途邪道，不要被骗财骗色，入魔道更可怕） 真正的佛法是平等，无有高下的。 9、所作福德，不应贪著。 对于所做的福报功德，不应因贪求而升起执取之心。 有好处，自己并不领受，而回馈给世界一切众生，愿这个世界一切众生受这个好处，自己并不需要。 10、如来者，无所从来，亦无所去，故名如来。 众生本具的如来本性，不停驻于任何时间和空间而存在，离一切分别妄念，即是如来清净本性。 静下来，一切都会不同 放松+放下+回到当下修复身心的能量尽享清净、自在和喜悦 当然除了《金刚经》，还有《心经》《地藏经》《法华经》《楞严经》《华严经》《阿弥陀经》《佛说无量寿经》《药师经》《僧伽吒经》《长阿含经》《普门品》《佛说长寿灭罪护诸童子陀罗尼经》《圆觉经》《佛说父母恩重难报经》《佛说盂兰盆经》《大般若经》《大悲咒》《准提咒》《楞严咒》等等，都是日常可以必读的大乘佛经。 法无高下、应机则妙；药无贵贱，对症则良！

The Human Microbiome: A New Frontier in Health

The Human Microbiome: A New Frontier in Health Dec 23, 2019 Microbiome expands the genetic and functional capacity of its human host. Susan Lynch explains that human microbiome develops early in life and that gut microbes shape immune function and relate to disease outcomes in childhood. She also explores next-generation microbiome therapeutics and research. Recorded on 11/07/2019. [12/2019] [Show ID: 35240] More from: Next: UCSF Scientists Outline What’s To Come (https://www.uctv.tv/mini-med-next ​) 625 Comments rongmaw lin Add a public comment... Katie Kat Katie Kat 1 year ago This is a little long but I think it’s kind of interesting. I was a 4oyr old nurse that had naturally been thin all my life. I could eat all I wanted and did. I was a formula feed baby. I was brought up an a meat and potatoes diet. We always has a meat (beef, pork mostly, and sometimes chichen, NO fish or NO seafood) so we always had a meat, a starch whether it was potatoes or rice, and a vegetable. I don’t remember there being any fruit in my house when I was a child. I even had a set of triplets and all the weight I had gained came right off at age 33. However, everything changed when I was 37. I have breast cancer and needed surgery and 3 different chemo medications over 4 months. I pretty much made it through okay. But come about 1 1/2 - 2 years later I started to blow up like a balloon. I was gaining weigh so fast that sometimes my abdomen ached. I couldn’t stop it. I couldn’t eat as much as a used to eat and I started eating very little but still the weigh kept coming. It hit my belly first convincing everyone around me that I was pregnant. I was not. My doctor looked for tumors or cysts like on an ovary and there was none. Just fat. I know had a fatty liver and I don’t drink. The weight still kept coming. I went from weighing 125 lbs to 200 lbs over a few years. I have been at 200 lbs for probably 4 years now. I’m currently 50. But my weight still creeps up. I will look at the scale and I will be 210 lbs and then I have to starve to death to try to get back down to 200. I have tried dieting but I get sick when I down eat. Meaning my stomach hurts, I get a headache, and I’m nauseous. So instead a try eating just a small portion of food but that only holds me at this weight, Here’s the interesting part and this is all guess work on my part. This is all so new my doctors think I crazy. Remember that I am a nurse. My specialty is working with diabetics. Almost of of them are type II which is the one associated with obesity. My glucose level has been steadily raising and I now had pre-diabetes. No doubt to become full on type ii diabetes. I had 21 patiences a day and I worked a lot of hours. If you’re thinking many diabetic nurses are thin you are probably right but there are a lot of fat ones too. Here’s what’s different in my case. I had my gut biome completely destroyed by chemo therapy. One week before I started chemo I had some kind of skin infection so the doctor gave me everything under the sun that would kill whatever was affecting my skin. I had strong full spectrum antibiotics, anti-virus medicates and I don’t remember what else. So for the week prior to starting chemotherapy I had already given my gut biome a good killing. Then for four straight months, death to my gut biome. Going back to my job. I always eat the same foods that these people eat because I never brought my lunch so i would just steal the extra trays of food. I was very up close and physical with all these patients while taking care of there missing limbs, wounds that wouldn’t heal, and all kind of diabetes ii problems they had. At times I would have to use the main bathroom where many patients also used although they were supposed to use their bathrooms in their room. I know my microbiome was pretty much wiped out. The chemo also wipes out and reeks havoc with your immune system. I think as my biome was replacing itself it did it just like when you are a child. It got it from my environment and that happen to be a diabetes ward with a bunch of obese patients and their families. I think a fecal transplant but there’s not a lot doing obesity. Most are already full. And beside I live on the gulf side of Florida. And the weigh transplants aren’t near me. Another problem is that nobody takes me seriously. My story could be a possibility. It’s not impossible that it happened sort of like this. One good thing came out of chemo. Before chemo I had restless leg syndrome so bad most nights that I would cry because i was frustrated and it hurts. It would go on so long that eventually I would be so exhausted I would fall asleep for a little while. Well, guess what’s gone for almost a decade and a half? Yep, RLS completely gone. I think that is due to the destruction that chemo therapy does to your nerve or maybe it’s an unknown virus. I have no idea but I am so glad it’s gone. I wish I could tell this to a chief researcher of RLS. It might just be a fluke or maybe it could give them a clue. 117 SpockBoy SpockBoy 9 months ago I read about a case where a healthy (but overweight) person donated a fecal sample to a skinny (but sickly) woman. The sickly woman's colon problems were completely healed but she became overweight (just like her fecal donor) even though she had never been overweight before. I hope you are able to heal yourself. Good luck! : ) 19 canyoupleaserunfast canyoupleaserunfast 7 months ago Have u tried taking probiotics, going wholefood plant based, strictly organic food (most pesticides are actually antibiotics and the trace amounts don't do much to healthy people, but to those with compromised gut microbiota are preventing stabilisation), eat prebiotics, which are fermented foods (like make your own organic sauerkraut and Kimchi), eat lots of fibre and resistant starches - these are the food for you gut bacteria in the small intestine and colon respectively and will allow producing short chain fatty acids like butyrate that will improve metabolism. I suggest books by Dr Greger "how not to die" and "how not to diet" looking at recent nutrition research that is actually legit. Also a book "Human Microbiota in Health and Desease. From Pathogenesis to Recovery" u can sign up to sribd library and read full copy from there. I have Crohns desease that got set off by a 4month long course of antibiotics and I am looking into nutrition and microbiome to reverse this. 33 K. H. K. H. 7 months ago I would definitely recommend going plant-based (doesn't have to be full vegan) to build up your microbiome. Fruits, vegetables, fermented foods, sourdough etc. 14 K. H. K. H. 7 months ago Oh, and eat nuts. 8 John Evans John Evans 7 months ago Kate please look at Dr William Davis Making yoghurt, ( wheatbelly )shows how he made a yoghurt from a specific probiotic to boost gut bacteria and the benefits are amazing. Good bless you. my wife has cancer it's not easy, 15 John Evans John Evans 7 months ago Google how to make L. Reuteri yogurt. It will give you the recipe to boost your gut bacteria in your upper gi tract. 9 John Evans John Evans 7 months ago Dr William Davis YouTube video germs muscle and pac man in this video he explains how the probiotic yoghurt works, and it's benefits. 8 Ash Mac Ash Mac 7 months ago Katie Kat please look into pbx detox spray and pure body drops for detoxing the gut...also with a lot of people who have unshiftable weight it is actually due to stored toxins pesticides and heavy metals ...we are bombarded with these things from no age never mind what's in our food etc... honestly look into this for yourself...even for the radiation pbx is excellent in drawing out all of the bad from the body and give it a chance to rebalance and heal...I have just started it myself ...theres groups on facebook that you can see from others who benefit, from autism to anxiety the list goes on... 5 Ash Mac Ash Mac 7 months ago you ever try pbx detox spray I have been researching as my daughter has uc ...so much of these illnesses are due to heavy metals and toxins etc.. 5 Angela Williamson Angela Williamson 6 months ago Go on a low-carb diet, remove vegetable oils /seed oils from your diet and wheat. All processed foods remove. Eat meat with the fat, chicken liver ( organ meats) fish, non starchy vegetables. Olive oil eggs and make your own fermented food including yoghurt. Repopulate your microbiome with lots of different vegetables with very little carbohydrate. You won't be pre-diabetic or overweight, inflammation will go. And you gut will be happy. I guarantee you'll have a lot more energy and you will be healthier. 18 Inevitable Realizations Inevitable Realizations 1 year ago Wow all these processed packaged foods are killing the diversity of bacteria in our gut. No wonder we have so many food allergies and sensitivities 210 maltipaws maltipaws 1 year ago Sulfite intake is directly linked to asthma symptoms and urticaria. Sulfites are ubiquitous, as they are used as a fumigant, antimicrobial agent and bleaching agent in the manufacturing/processing of foodstuffs. In the U.S. ingredients of ingredients are not required to be listed on food labels. So you won’t see sulfites listed when they are used in the processing of food raw materials. The worst offender is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Sulfites are used as antimicrobial “preservatives” in high fructose corn syrup at 1000 times the level permitted by the FDA as an additive, but as an ingredient of an ingredient, it need not be disclosed. Compounding this problem is the fact that many pediatricians tell parents of asthmatic children to replace milk with juice - often containing high fructose corn syrup, thus heavily laden with sulfites. Sulfites are also used as a bleaching agent in regular sugar, flour and salt. So condiments and gravy and other flour products can be a problem. Sulfites are also used in the manufacturing process of all alcoholic beverages and all sugared beverages. Additionally, sulfites are found in all frozen seafood, to prevent black spots. The food technology industry has been allowed to become insidious in renaming high fructose corn syrup and even changing the manufacturing process, making it more potent and requiring more sulfites. There is information available on the internet regarding the tested content of sulfites in foodstuffs and the renaming of HFCS. If you, or someone you know suffer from asthma it’s worth the effort to research. Most of this information regarding sulfites became known because previously, restaurants were allowed to sprinkle metabisulfite on salad bar foods, e.g., greens, veggies, fruit, etc., resulting in more than a few asthmatics having immediate lethal asthma attacks. HTH! 51 Biomeducated Biomeducated 1 year ago (edited) Simply fascinating! As a biomedical PhD student working on the Gut-Liver axis, the gut microbiome is extremely relevant for my research. I'm glad I convinced my PI to include a segment of experiments to check how the gut bacteria play a role in our models. Great things will come from microbiome research! It's still early days to come up with targeted therapies, but man, this is exciting research! 61 jafinch78 jafinch78 5 months ago Thankfully there are still excellent scientists and engineers and even technicians still in the World. 28 Pog Champ Pog Champ 6 months ago It's so funny cos my sisters boyfriend (who has Colitis) reckons the doctor told them to 'not eat highly fibrous foods as their body cannot break it down and they should stick to refined stuff'. Goes to show a lot of doctors don't learn about nutrition and are just taught to prescribe drugs! 20 Andrew James Andrew James 7 months ago She is one of the best speakers I've ever heard. I can listen to her all day. Little bit of residual Irish brogue, but she's clearly been in SoCal for a long time. And doing great work! 43 Pedro Lavigne Pedro Lavigne 2 months ago Very instructive presentation. This lady is gifted by such a harmonious voice and perfect diction that I would pay to listen to her reciting the content of the phone book. 4 Norman Spurgeon Norman Spurgeon 6 months ago I would like to hear this professor's assessment of glyphosate, the ingredient in the herbicide Round Up. It kills the bacteria in our gut, on a daily basis. This is a call for the practical knowledge of this expert. 16 Light House 61 Light House 61 6 months ago Yes, great info, Thank you. But no mention of herbicides making their way into the natural food chain. And how this effects the microbiome of the parents and or the infant. 10 Magdalena Deline Magdalena Deline 7 months ago Amazing lecture! Amazing story! Amazing people! I was amazed by the way she conveyed! Easy to understand! I'm glad youtube suggest this lecture! 21 University of California Television (UCTV) Sean Dowling Sean Dowling 6 months ago (edited) might this be the reason that dogs (misguidedly) eat each other's pheoces? 7 Alyson Smith Alyson Smith 7 months ago I wonder what she thinks about covid 19 and mRNA vaccine? She seems not only smart but trustworthy. 9 Karen Hughes Karen Hughes 6 months ago I haven't been told any of this they have allowed the illnesses to keep mounting up as each one Is ignored 3 Rosita Abejuela Rosita Abejuela 7 months ago Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge 9 University of California Television (UCTV) Steve McQueen Steve McQueen 1 year ago I'm blown away by this. 10 TheBodyScientist81 TheBodyScientist81 2 months ago Great video. I have been educating my clients on this for the last 20 years. It's SUPER important. I have been taking HSO probiotic supplements and eating fermented foods my entire adult life. And I avoid antibiotic, antibacterial soap and hand sanitizers like the plague. Because I protect my microbiome at all costs! 3 Casey Jude Casey Jude 6 months ago This was fascinating. Thanks for making it understandable for lay people. I hope I get to see the healthy world humans could make with this science. 6 University of California Television (UCTV) Jimmy Ezra Jimmy Ezra 1 year ago AMAZING and Mesmerizing !!!! I watched it once and should watch it few times more....Thanks for such valuable information and research .... 16 Luann Rouff Luann Rouff 1 year ago Fascinating and well presented. It would be great to see some controlled studies on the health effects of fasting and time-restricted eating, both of which eliminated my chronic atopic dermatitis. No doctor had helped me before that, or suggested a link between my gut and my skin. Of course, fasting and eating fewer meals are free, so probably a hard sell. 39 ASMR Gratitude ASMR Gratitude 1 year ago Curious if there is a correlation between gluten sensitivity and the removal of tonsils. 5 alnaturalle alnaturalle 1 year ago Great informative lecture again making the case of the importance of gut microbiome in health and disease. 7 Jan Linson Jan Linson 3 days ago I like the speaker's accent( wondered, if might be a little bit Irish? 🤔🙂💕🕊) Thomas Ronnberg Thomas Ronnberg 1 year ago I just discovered this channel. Thank you and thank you. 5 University of California Television (UCTV) N O N O 11 months ago This is a fantastic theoretical concept because it shifts the focus from siloed systems thinking to big data topigraphical data of small organism within their natural habitat than Petri dishes. 4 George Falco George Falco 4 months ago There were many healers talking about this close to three decades ago and they were labeled Quacks... Now we have researchers like this who are stepping in and grabbing all of the glory... This is the way mainstream medicine plays... Of course pharmaceutical companies will step in for their piece of the action 12 Perplexed Perceptions 2 Perplexed Perceptions 2 1 month ago (edited) 7:20 This sounds like the PCR Testing going on for COVID... 1 Chris Frankford Chris Frankford 4 months ago Thank you, very interesting. Is Dr Lynch any relation to Dr Henry T Lynch who developed the Lynch Syndrome? 1 krishna jain krishna jain 2 months ago Dr Lynch wow what an amazing topic!! enjoyed the video and look forward to see more of such. Thank you 2 Junior Jetseter Junior Jetseter 1 year ago (edited) I am highly impressed ! Microbiome Science is in it's very beginning stage and has the enormous potential for application in treatment of ALL medical conditions. They are a true biomarkers of most deseases. I am full of admiration for Dr. Lynch for linking different ailments with different Microbiome diversity. These studies might be awarded with the Noble Price. It is already revolutionizing diagnostics. 29 Ole Reidar Johansen Ole Reidar Johansen 1 year ago We should really study people with “fibromyalgia” i.e. chronic widespread pain. I am certain it’s a condition caused by a disturbance in the gut microbiome. Curing these patients would get millions of people back to work, increase their QOL and save billions in healthcare spending. 80 Ania Tejchman Ania Tejchman 4 months ago I loeved your presentation! Great and so important subject 4 Hanna RAOUL Hanna RAOUL 4 months ago Thank you, it's a very interesting and so promising path. It would be wonderful to learn with you about bacteria's functions and plant molecules' interactions. 1 Willie Brown Willie Brown 3 months ago Thanks for your service. We humans need your help thanks agin. You and your team are probably studying the most important part of our. Existence 2 Teresa O'Connell Teresa O'Connell 5 months ago This great info is life changing. Hang in there until minute 39:00 for the anti viral data that could help in these present times. 1 Manuel García Barbero Manuel García Barbero 1 year ago thank you for sharing all this!!! 3 Free Guitar Lessons Channel By Mike Free Guitar Lessons Channel By Mike 1 year ago mouth biome, lung biome,, skin 3 Joshua McPherson Joshua McPherson 2 months ago Fascinating...and exciting. Really helps me increase my understanding of a whole range of subjects related to the roots of disease and common disorders. 1 Quaalude Charlie Quaalude Charlie 1 month ago (edited) Gut microbes shape immune functional capacity . Human host. Susan Lynch , She is Great ! :) QC 2 Term limits Com Term limits Com 1 year ago (edited) Thank you for the video. Clear and comprehensible presentation . I hope people stop using toxic pharmaceuticals and return to using phagocytes . Nurses in Georgia, USSR did a lot of work in this field. They drink deeply from the Pierian Spring. 4 Yohana Melinda Yohana Melinda 10 months ago Nice lecture. Thank you ! 3 Balancing Life Balancing Life 4 months ago Been plant based over 4 years. Definitely not going back. Stronger than ever, healthier than ever before. 2 Rose Aguilar Rose Aguilar 1 month ago I am so thankful I can learn from you on this channel. You're awesome!!!. Following. 1 University of California Television (UCTV) Hannah James Hannah James 6 months ago Breakthrough for the next generation So profound They are new every morning Ty 2 Alvaro Salvo Alvaro Salvo 1 year ago An extraordinary lecture . The future of medicine starts from the gut .It must be placed left ,right and center. It is the only way to make sense of all systems in an evolutionary manner . Where we come from and where we are going 34 Cristina Scapin Cristina Scapin 7 months ago An amazing lecture! Finally, we are starting to focus on human studies confirming what already seen in animal models. Great results, and much more promising ones to come! 9 Dr Arun Valsan Dr Arun Valsan 1 day ago (edited) Wow! What a lucid presentation! Kudos Dr Lynch! June Pagan June Pagan 4 months ago Interesting that there may be a connection to Prevention of bad outcome from Covid. Linoleic acid. Dialing down cytokine storm? 2 rose bunos rose bunos 2 months ago impressive presentor....!!! wow 3 SV Nagappa SV Nagappa 1 year ago This is well known that in plant species bacteria can cause mutation and also cause modified cell division called gall. Since I started to do this, I have believed that in humans microbiome mutation is causing cancers etc. This mutation happens in plants and can be induced through harmonal analouges of the benzene ring. In humans microbiomes may be mutating causing hormonal mis secretion causing cancer. Please use hormone analouge and check it out. 7 Sean Balfour Sean Balfour 1 year ago Ohh man I’m so glad I came across this post . I have some sort of circulatory inflammatory problem I’m hoping this can help 8 Carol Reid Carol Reid 3 months ago Excellent lecture! Thank you! If we can change and prevent disease this way, perhaps we can turn disease processes in adults and better understand disease processes overall. Doctors (in general), have become largely over specialized. If we can treat the moms down the road with nutrition, microbiology at birth, perhaps even treating mothers with healthy bacteria, a healthy diet when nursing, could be a real game changer. Having prescription of antibiotics and a follow-up of microbes may get people healthy more quickly, and perhaps become a normal prescription. Many of us have known about this for many years, yet largely outside of the mainstream medical schools. So good to see UCSF with a program to study this. In as early as the 1970s, people were treating others with fecal capsules. Sadly lawmakers in the UK who had no understanding of the science behind it just said "Ew Yuck!" And outlawed the treatments that were actually treating and helping people. Much respect for what you are doing! This was used in ancient times too, as you pointed out. Labeling of appropriate species of healthy bacteria is incredibly important. Sadly, there are those who wish to destroy any type of natural medicine and have succeeded in trashing much of it. I hope your studied will continue and be successful in changing how we view illness. Everything in our bodies is connected! Itwould be interesting to see studies of those with depression vs those without depression and correlate with babies and gut health. The gut is a very interesting place to look at serotonin levels and Serotonin metabolism, inhibition, etc. Some drug companies make far too much money on drugs to be objective... some drugs developed for this use have been demonized as being "dangerous", in favor of drugs that will likely be needed for life. Stick to the science! You're on the right trail. Much to be found that works perfectly there using nature. You have a lifetime of work ahead of you! Don't stop. 2 christopher suits christopher suits 1 year ago vaccines? 1 Jamie Shields Jamie Shields 1 day ago Wait..... so FMT is useless for Crohn’s?? My heart just shattered. So what do people with Crohn’s do for their microbiome?? 😩 what if a person has both Crohn’s AND IBS? Jan Linson Jan Linson 3 days ago Really appreciate the info🤗💕 Casey Castle Casey Castle 1 year ago The tools for understanding are also the tools for misunderstanding. Natural systems are complex super dynamic interdependent scenarios, a bit beyond our comprehension, but not our facilitation and participation, so long as we can curb our misunderstandings. Thanks for the excellent information! 6 Beebee Imstrong Beebee Imstrong 6 months ago Oh God,heal my gut area. 1 Rudy C. Zamora Rudy C. Zamora 1 year ago Thank You 2 Inturi Venkateswarlu Inturi Venkateswarlu 3 weeks ago A great lecture on microbiota and its impact on human health and disease. Thank you.I.Venkateswarlu 1 Travis Smith Travis Smith 3 months ago they always said death start in the gut 1 william armstrong william armstrong 1 month ago Wow. Interesting stuff. The development of this research is critical. Keep up the good work. 1 Lowell Herried Lowell Herried 1 year ago Fantastic: I''ve had three exposures to Lyme disease and the structure that conceptualized it coherently were as a 'Biofilm'. Googling "biofilm disrupters" or just biofilm certainly will give more understanding to and put this in a perspective that will mean a very positive move forward!! 10 David Fletcher David Fletcher 1 month ago I am interested in medicine . I am a senior . what area could get into? 1 Bozena Pilska Bozena Pilska 5 months ago Lady maybe U become form a green soup, I'M beautifully & faithfully created by GOD ALMIGHTY! Pedro Domingos Pedro Domingos 3 months ago This is amazing 1 R Nunez C. R Nunez C. 3 weeks ago Excellent talk thank you!. 1 Gloria Kiri Gloria Kiri 3 months ago Excellent presentation! Very educational , thank you very much 1 Alfetta Racer Alfetta Racer 1 year ago Excellent lecture! 1 Rizwana Rizwana 1 month ago (edited) @3:00 do you see coronavirus?? In 2019?? Connie Connie 6 months ago Thank you 😊 1 University of California Television (UCTV) spacelion spacelion 7 months ago And eating unusual wild animals like bats n snakes?wonder what happens then... 1 Christopher Hernandez Christopher Hernandez 3 months ago I'm blown away by this. 1 Sue Parton Sue Parton 1 year ago Fascinating 2 YL Calif YL Calif 3 weeks ago The video should have been titled: "Gut Biome and Asthma" Got bored and searched elsewhere for expanded biome topics. Chris Potgieter Chris Potgieter 6 months ago Clearly the so called "developed" US environment has constrained their microbiome diversity to the extent where it shows in the unhealthy obese population statistics...a richer more natural biome population surely bodes for a healthier population?? 1 Styx 12 Styx 12 6 months ago How does microwave cooking effect food biome 8 nickacelvn nickacelvn 3 months ago One could substitute the word microbe for human if one was studying us as an alien species. PERCIVAL PERCIVAL 1 month ago On the slides 'Allergy' was spelt incorrectly. Also, a few slides before 'initiative' was too. evilcanofdrpepper evilcanofdrpepper 1 month ago Does that part about C-sections mean if you have one the first thing you should do is smother your child in yogurt with high Lacto Bacillius content? Traian Danciu Traian Danciu 7 months ago Can microbionta induce interferon? John Minton John Minton 3 months ago So we evolved to use these bacteria that quench inflammation in the gut, or was it designed that way? Thomas Karlsson Thomas Karlsson 6 months ago What Stig Bengmark knew years ago ..... ansgar X ansgar X 3 months ago Can someone sum it all up, what should I do with all this knowledge? silkhead44 silkhead44 1 year ago synthetic treatments ...$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1 Melissa Flower Melissa Flower 2 weeks ago @26:08 whaaaaaaaaaat. 1 Dawn Carrasco Dawn Carrasco 2 months ago Wow great to know. Steve's Mixed Bag Steve's Mixed Bag 1 year ago Will any OTC probiotics restore a healthy intestinal microbiota ? Some products have 5 or10 strains , some 20 and one has 31 strains . Are they just "snake oil" ??? Would OTC probiotics work better if administered via enema ? 5 Fari Fari 3 weeks ago Dr has a strong Irish twang? Raj09091986 Kumar Raj09091986 Kumar 1 week ago May I get chance to work with you? 1 wesieboy56 wesieboy56 9 months ago very interesting 1 Kamil Olczak Kamil Olczak 1 year ago Wow 2 Hayden H Hayden H 6 months ago Excellent audio 👏 1 Charlie Adams Charlie Adams 5 months ago "Community"... "Diversity" ... in the first paragraph?!? You're right, it is all feces. 1 M56 V89 M56 V89 6 months ago If I could only get a functional medicine doctor to agree with this concept of what microbiome could do.. Deep Foughts Deep Foughts 6 months ago And can the microbial metabolites have anything to do with the food we eat...? Ye gods! Ryan M Eng Ryan M Eng 4 months ago This is a fantastic theoretical concept because it shifts the focus from siloed systems thinking to big data topigraphical data of small organism within their natural habitat than Petri dishes. Zaki Razak Zaki Razak 1 year ago Go to the videos by Dr Natasha Campbell Mcbride. You will know more about microbiome. She is years ahead in gut science. 28 Mudassir Ahmad Mudassir Ahmad 1 year ago So cool from🇵🇰💕💕💚💓 1 Koroglu Rustem Koroglu Rustem 6 months ago Now universities found a way to engage the population at large. This must have the case from the beginning of podcasting, but that's fine. 1 Silver White Silver White 1 year ago Big pharmaceutical companies will not like this. 4 l8Os l8Os 6 months ago So how do u get a healthy guy? 1 Karen Hughes Karen Hughes 6 months ago I have 13 chronic conditions and nobody seems to .care about my genes John Hobitakis John Hobitakis 1 month ago Can an fmt help with fibromyalgia? Ruth Moore Ruth Moore 1 year ago A good speaker, knows her subject. 3 Vijay Koul Vijay Koul 1 year ago Indeed a nice presentation with lot of information about Microbiome. Thanks Susan Lynch and UCTV 4 penguin penguin 1 year ago can someone bother making timestamps David Sayers David Sayers 7 months ago Really beautifully described Prof 1 Bill Bruckner Bill Bruckner 1 year ago Read the book: The Human Super Organism. Picked it up, couldn't put it down. 66 Steven Lucks Steven Lucks 1 year ago How can I get in touch with your organization? 1 Charlotte Wenzel Charlotte Wenzel 4 months ago Please make a cure for tinnitus Kathy Fausett Kathy Fausett 1 year ago Confirmation that the British gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield was dead on when his small study suggested a correlation between the gut and autism. 37 Alex M Alex M 6 months ago Is any practical use of this information? Where we can go and have tests? Karen Hughes Karen Hughes 6 months ago I was told unblocking my pores wouldn't hekp my eczema 1 Satine Luso Satine Luso 1 month ago Let’s start from balancing the gut bacteria if u r suffering mental dysfunction. Organically Pure Organically Pure 3 months ago This really lays the foundation of disease genesis to reside firmly in the gut! An excellent presentation and one which should form the basis for future study into this fascinating science. 1 Norbert Szabó Zsolt Norbert Szabó Zsolt 1 year ago With a 3 day fast you can re-calibrate your gut microbiome and immune system. 19 My Muzzer My Muzzer 1 year ago Why can't This be given to adults? john peter john peter 1 year ago Utterly fantastic research......HEALTH ....IT IS ALL IN THE GUT, ALL OF IT. 7 thorium222 thorium222 4 months ago Professor Susan Lynch is obviously such a smart lady and doing very important work. I am very much impressed. 1 Simon Cleopater Simon Cleopater 6 months ago What annoys the shit out of me, no pun intended, is that this is in no way being made available via mainstream medical practices. You either have to enroll in a medical trial or pay everything out of pocket and go to a country with barely any regultions. It's sad that innovative thinking is being held back by the miasma of opposing positions within the medical field. 12 Ivana Plavsic Ivana Plavsic 3 months ago Takes on average 20 years to change a scientific paradigm, so don't count on this becoming main stream any time soon. Sasha Pooch Sasha Pooch 1 year ago (edited) How about educating the population on the consumption of 'real food' and on the dangers of 'junk food'? A simpler, safer approach? Type 2 diabetes can be reversed by diet strategies, elimination of sugars and fasting. The obesity/diabetes epidemic is directly related to the spread of the Western SAD diet. 1 Traian Danciu Traian Danciu 7 months ago Haw many antibiotic and bacteriophages are in gut microbionta ? MH Human MH Human 7 months ago Great lecture! Can you test the influence of VACCINES in the microbiomes in early years? New borns until 10 yrs of age? How about on the elderly? This soooo much needed! 2 J Kloos J Kloos 1 year ago excellent lecture! G Karelse health psychologist NL 1 The Healthy American Peggy Hall The Healthy American Peggy Hall 4 months ago Then how in the world can germ theory be correct? How can any of these ideas that contagious viruses even be considered? Barry Minor Barry Minor 3 months ago WE are what WE ABSORB or not.... stay Healthy HAPPY HEARTGUTBRAIN ...Nourish the SOUL 1 Rui-9-CS Rui-9-CS 4 months ago 💕💕 Dr John Stewart Dr John Stewart 1 year ago Good progress but still lots we do not know Dr John Stewart Dr John Stewart 1 year ago Good progress but still lots we do not know Leonie Jazz Leonie Jazz 2 weeks ago Elegant mice? Where? ANGELICA CINTRA ANGELICA CINTRA 3 months ago Congratultions 1 HawaiiLimey HawaiiLimey 1 year ago I'm a formula fed 70's child FUT2 non excretor. Suffered ADHD, numerous illnesses, addiction issues etc.. I'm finding health through organically growing my own vegetables with which to support my microbiome. Prolonged fasting has massively helped too as has cutting out alcohol, bread and vegetable fats. I make my own ferments and herbal extractions for digestive tonics. I fully subscribe to modulating your microbiome to help the physiology reach homeostasis. 11 Vilma Sekona Vilma Sekona 6 months ago How about a drug addiction? Is there a study about such? 4 JeRome Welch JeRome Welch 4 months ago 26.23 stool soup really today we would use macro phages yes macrophage not stool soup... Sara Elizabeth Gerrie Sara Elizabeth Gerrie 1 year ago Excellent work. Thank you! 3 He Who Is He Who Is 11 months ago (edited) Grateful for you and your work Dr. Lynch. Now more than ever it is key to eat SPECIFICALLY for our microbiome. We are what our microbes eat. If you happen to be afforded the luxury of having full autonomy over a two inch nutrient intake valve on the front of your skull USE it. It helps me to visualize how much area a goalie is responsible for in football. I just have to cover two inches. Trust me, you can do this! 4 RobtJude RobtJude 1 year ago Speaks very well , intonation and articulation with a slight Irish accent. 1 akcunningham1 akcunningham1 5 months ago That is NOT what microbes do naturally (battling one another), the pleomorphic cells adapt to the environment and do whatever job is at hand. If u want to do something why not address what's causing the problems w microbiome to begin with. Poor nutrition and toxicity is the problem 9 times out of ten. Stop making drugs and therapies that create further problems and more issues w toxicity 1 adrian sharp adrian sharp 4 months ago So this just goes to show change your diet Change Your Life!! Wow. Now I know why my mother got rid of her asthma by changing her diet to a juice based diet and she had extremely bad asthma now she's thrown away her inhaler and can take a deep breath. It all starts from nutritious nutrition from the compost up🌱 1 Ken Otwell Ken Otwell 1 year ago I hope SpaceX is planning on how to bring our microbiome to Mars so people can survive. 3 Gladys Ma Gladys Ma 6 months ago Search Patrick McKeown and find out how to breathe. 1humanagenda 1humanagenda 6 months ago pro biotics pre biotics kimchi picled food in general 1 Nenad Jovanovic Tuf Nenad Jovanovic Tuf 1 year ago so what would u recommend for morbus crohn ? u said stuhl transformation is not workin right? i wish somebody could answer my question Mahir Sayar Mahir Sayar 6 months ago is that an Irish accent i hear? 1 The New World Inside The New World Inside 1 year ago Besides the microbiome we should also be looking at the state of the gut. Modern western diet is wreaking havoc on the gut environment through the constant putrefaction and deterioration of the stuff we call food nowadays. Proper diet has never been so important. 11 Traian Danciu Traian Danciu 7 months ago Can IgA produced in intestin difuze in lung? ThunderAppeal ThunderAppeal 2 months ago You can treat 'childhood' allergic asthma at any stage in a persons life. This obsession with 'treating early stages at a young age' excludes a large part of the population because of nothing more than laziness and indifference. Traian Danciu Traian Danciu 7 months ago Why parasitoses increase eozinofilic cells theunpossiblefile theunpossiblefile 6 months ago (edited) 12/ 2019 video just b4 COVID. I’m 73 & had life long asthma. I was prescribed emergency & preventative sprays. I stopped all the sprays 4 yrs ago. Causing my ex-MD to label me noncompliant. I drank Keto/ Bulletproof coffee+butter/ ghee, MCT oil & plain Bulletproof collagen powder. Not looking to treat anything it just tasted good. Not a stupid YT “cure” bc I didn’t cure anything. I relieved the asthma by 90%. Good pandemic prep. Keto/ BP coffee changes gut flora & non-inflammatory. The ‘my way or the highway’ GP using insurance metrics heard too many RW fake cure & anti-vax horror stories from patients. He probably labeled it psychosomatic & all in my head. Not. Keto coffee should be used as a meal substitute even if there’s no weight problem. If you drink it everyday don’t be sedentary. 7 Deep Foughts Deep Foughts 6 months ago "links"... "suggesting"... No, there are links. From which you cannot show cause. She is doing the suggesting. Israel T. Israel T. 1 year ago (edited) Didn't she just say that germ free mice were healthy???!!! ChooseLife ChooseLife 1 year ago I make my own bacteria to make smoothies. That is all I eat until night. I live on kefir that I make with different things. I like to take medical drinks like ensure loaded with sugar to feed them. I get the nutrition without the sugar that caused me a candida problem. 1 June Pagan June Pagan 4 months ago Diet works to address inflammation. I’ve been a private health chef for 30 years and have seen positive results in 99% of my clients in their health journey. 2 Jacqueline Wachell Jacqueline Wachell 2 months ago Why I am a Moral naturist, who gets naked on a beach to solely absorb microbiome from the land and heal my ancestral flesh! ted ted 1 year ago So what are people's take aways to help ones own health. Less processed food to start? With the micro biomedical developed at age 3 is there much more we can do after that age. And what can we do for kids under that age? Tks 3 dave murphy dave murphy 5 months ago Wierd Al yancovic Germs Mockavel Velli Mockavel Velli 9 months ago (edited) The Chinese may have called it "yellow soup", but it doesn't sound acceptable when White people co-opt that esp. when "yellow" is linked to racism. Too many connections there between Chinese, "yellow" racial slur and the literal shxxt you're working with. Try again UC. 1 Marilyn Nelson Marilyn Nelson 6 months ago WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THIS INFORMATION? 😳😳😳 ThunderAppeal ThunderAppeal 2 months ago Only new to the 'western' world. Robert Marsh Robert Marsh 1 month ago Hippocrates: "All disease begins the gut" ~2500 years ago Isn't it crazy how we think we've discovered something new when people knew this in Ancient Greek times and probably even further back in history. Modern, particularly Western society thinks on such small time scales that the old becomes the new. 1 Jason Bowman Jason Bowman 6 months ago Test on mice the changes on babies before birth? Also could changing the microbiome in older people be possible with fasting and reducing existing levels first. I had allergies and got rid of them after watching the science of fasting and fasted for 6 days, and how much more effective would it have been if I had these supplements while doing a long fast. Great info and thank you for sharing your findings with the community. 1 Elliott James Elliott James 5 months ago Universitys are way behind mem Sisters mem Sisters 1 year ago EcN 1917, dr. Nissle had extracted non pathogenic Ecoli 103 years ago to treat IBS and dysentry, its much broader now to take FMT fecal microbiota transplantation, as its a whole microcosm not just one, FMT now treat Cdifficile colitis, IBD and IBS Robert Wadlow Robert Wadlow 1 month ago A "new" frontier? Lol. Not quite theunpossiblefile theunpossiblefile 6 months ago Excellent narration , more grounded than usual without ‘up talk’ or vocal fry. More than offsetting the dumb Feng Shui commercial resembling pro Trump Epoch Times adverts swamping YT. Pawnee Pleines Pawnee Pleines 1 month ago Some of the most ignorant individuals I have ever met attend Californias STANFORD AND BERKELEY University ... imagine that jack daniels jack daniels 5 months ago I watched this video to get an answer.. which I DID NOT.... is it good to consume fermented foods eg veg? YES OR NO???.. waste of time... 2 shroud shroud 4 months ago New Therapeutics?? Better to just eat right. Silly medicine. Its the diet stupid Basil Basil 5 months ago Well, my microbiome is screwed. I can't consume alcohol, eat bread, worry about eggs, cheese, get histamine problems. It really sucks, and doctors are essentially clueless, though mostly nice. I wish doctors actually knew how to help. They are supposedly internal specialists. John Robert John Robert 3 months ago The crystal ball what is she a witch.. Lisa Ball Lisa Ball 1 year ago I have watched to 40 minute mark and no mention of how huge amount of childhood vaccinations might impact the gut microbiome. If allergic asthma is happening disproportionately to children, then why not examine the main pharma introductions to children? Vaccines and antibiotics.... 10 william beaumont william beaumont 1 year ago Big challenge understanding microbes. Very complex. They’re very clever. Were fortunate they didn’t evolve over the past billion years. 1 go eagles go eagles 1 year ago Not sure what my problem is but I will go into a unprovoked rage then i have gut discomfort and then poop out sludge and I'll be back to normal after that. 4 Dominic Lee Dominic Lee 1 year ago (edited) i suffer from multiple food allergies, eczema, IBS, insomnia, ME/CFS... there must be something wrong with my microbiome.. 29:03 i believe microbial transplant should work for Crohn's disease. 3 Dr Earbuds Dr Earbuds 1 month ago Talking complicated s*** and then at the end of the day what did you learn nothing The Plant Opinion The Plant Opinion 1 month ago the real question is why this information has been hidden for decades, this was not just recently discovered. Healthy soil grows healthy plants which feeds the animals and thus ourselves. Soilfoodweb - Dr Elaine Ingham. all studies are irrelevant unless the diets are tested for chemicals and microbials themselves. Grma Linda Grma Linda 1 month ago I had childhood asthma in the 60s. Went to children's got allergy shots etc. Late teens it all reduced but in late 20s returned and I used the heart rate method to determine new allergies. Eventually was told of taking raw adrenal gland and have not had issue with it since nor the hayfever which had always accompanied the episodes. Since then I've learned salt intake plays a roll and have seen it help my grandchildren. Darkness under eye and easy bleeding noses can be early signs for moms to watch for but not much money in salt solutions is there. No worries, you can take your knowledge and apply it elsewhere. Remember your bottom line is singular. Buck an8r Buck an8r 7 months ago so if as a child had an over abundance of vaccines, which destroyed the microbiome, coulstthat also contribute to autism? 1 Teenie Queenie Teenie Queenie 6 months ago Are we really talking about ppl eating someone else’s Pooh?!?! 1 Manja Planting Manja Planting 1 month ago Very.interesting M. E. M. E. 2 months ago This is highly exciting from a medical point of view, but also very disencouraging from an individual point of view. Makes it seem like your entire life's health is fated from birth. On the other hand there are other parameters determining your immune system, psychological ones for example. Studies show that even an increased stress level of the parents is a good indicator fora child developing asthma in later years. So as far as statistics go: Sometimes the data off the median of the distribution is equally exciting. Who are the individuals who do NOT become sick, despite being at a high risk, and why don't they? you2tooyou2too you2tooyou2too 1 year ago (edited) Re 11:00, The metabolites are in some sense, the communications infrastructure, connecting & influencing the biome and the super-organism. All of this applies to the alimentary micro-biome also, and communicates more directly with the lower brain. re. 15:45 She could have mentioned medical interventions, from prescribed antibiotics, dietary preservatives(re 1:07:00), laxatives, & hygiene practices, to fasting, and surgical or colonoscopic purges. ... She does, somewhat, when prompted by questions at 1:14:45. re. 1:00:00 Is this treating a socio-economic symptom of the pharma-food industries? It might eventually be effective, for the individual, but is it better than treating the socio-economic disease of ignorant or uncooperative industrial foods? She mentions, briefly, the need to destabilize the existing ecology, before introducing a therapeutic 'foreign' biome, to prevent rejection. Although, that aspect of the treatment (and fecal transplants in general) might be more readily accepted & effective, if couched in those terms. I am gratified that she seems to understand that it will be a battle to prevent these insights (some many decades old) from being distilled into simple silver bullets to be fired by industry rather than complex therapeutic regimens tailored for individual patients. I'm sorry she hadn't the time to present that challenge of the future of HUb research & therapy developments. Christine Rich Christine Rich 5 months ago Glad to hear microbiome discussion but dislike when the conversation fails to implicate glyphosate and roundup and the extreme encroachment of chemical agriculture on human and environmental health 4 midi510 midi510 3 months ago I wonder if dogs will eat animal shit because they sense that it has something they need. It could be a case of dogs self medicating. Marcelo Marcelo 3 months ago Awesome 1 Anto Anto 6 months ago Interesting how « hypocondria » refers to people imagining they are sick when they aren’t while at first in their time the hypocondrics were a group a doctors that were emphasising the importance of the stomach, gut zone. oldrin old oldrin old 1 month ago Liessssssss Luis trujano Luis trujano 8 months ago "We've evolved in a microbial suit" - Best description ever!! 7 barryispuzzled barryispuzzled 7 months ago (edited) The conclusion needs to be stated at the start otherwise the listener might not feel motivated to last until the end. It's a difficult topic to follow when a technical language is used to describe outcomes of experiments (it gets heavy about 55 mins). Why say 'adipose' when you can say 'fat'? It's fine for someone with a degree in biology but for those without the specialized language a simple statement such as "asthma is accompanied by increased gut fungi and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids" would help. I also wanted to hear about how diet influences the bacterial population. What feeds the nasty bacteria? Can particular diets favour particular communities? 3 Pankaj Joshi Pankaj Joshi 3 months ago We know that excess water is absorbed back into the body from the faeces as it waits it turn to be excreted.. And because the water is excreted from our body through the urinary bladder, does it mean therefore that the urine, just like the faeces could also be rich in microbiome but maybe not to the extent that the faeces is.. If so wouldn't urine transplant be simpler if not "most" effective in place of faeceal transplant?? ally2ava ally2ava 4 months ago But if nutrition isn’t addressed then the diseased microbiome will return. thenewapollo thenewapollo 6 months ago @UCSF, anti- and probiotics for increasing IL-10 already exist. Why are you wasting money on pre-existing research? Also, IL-10 increases cancer risk. Why is this not mentioned here? Sunk TheBirdie Sunk TheBirdie 2 months ago (edited) Am I missing something here ? Why wouldn't a key question be why are humans overstuffed with inflammatory linoleic acid which is the precursor to 12,13 DiHOME ? It's in breast milk at too high level because mom is overeating it, non ? Tony Hogg Tony Hogg 1 month ago Microbiome Lawrence lawrence Lawrence lawrence 4 months ago Impressive lecture and her ability to pronounce those tough words flawlessly. 3 Anita Dunn Anita Dunn 3 months ago This is a little long but I think it’s kind of interesting. I was a 4oyr old nurse that had naturally been thin all my life. I could eat all I wanted and did. I was a formula feed baby. I was brought up an a meat and potatoes diet. We always has a meat (beef, pork mostly, and sometimes chichen, NO fish or NO seafood) so we always had a meat, a starch whether it was potatoes or rice, and a vegetable. I don’t remember there being any fruit in my house when I was a child. I even had a set of triplets and all the weight I had gained came right off at age 33. However, everything changed when I was 37. I have breast cancer and needed surgery and 3 different chemo medications over 4 months. I pretty much made it through okay. But come about 1 1/2 - 2 years later I started to blow up like a balloon. I was gaining weigh so fast that sometimes my abdomen ached. I couldn’t stop it. I couldn’t eat as much as a used to eat and I started eating very little but still the weigh kept coming. It hit my belly first convincing everyone around me that I was pregnant. I was not. My doctor looked for tumors or cysts like on an ovary and there was none. Just fat. I know had a fatty liver and I don’t drink. The weight still kept coming. I went from weighing 125 lbs to 200 lbs over a few years. I have been at 200 lbs for probably 4 years now. I’m currently 50. But my weight still creeps up. I will look at the scale and I will be 210 lbs and then I have to starve to death to try to get back down to 200. I have tried dieting but I get sick when I down eat. Meaning my stomach hurts, I get a headache, and I’m nauseous. So instead a try eating just a small portion of food but that only holds me at this weight, Here’s the interesting part and this is all guess work on my part. This is all so new my doctors think I crazy. Remember that I am a nurse. My specialty is working with diabetics. Almost of of them are type II which is the one associated with obesity. My glucose level has been steadily raising and I now had pre-diabetes. No doubt to become full on type ii diabetes. I had 21 patiences a day and I worked a lot of hours. If you’re thinking many diabetic nurses are thin you are probably right but there are a lot of fat ones too. Here’s what’s different in my case. I had my gut biome completely destroyed by chemo therapy. One week before I started chemo I had some kind of skin infection so the doctor gave me everything under the sun that would kill whatever was affecting my skin. I had strong full spectrum antibiotics, anti-virus medicates and I don’t remember what else. So for the week prior to starting chemotherapy I had already given my gut biome a good killing. Then for four straight months, death to my gut biome. Going back to my job. I always eat the same foods that these people eat because I never brought my lunch so i would just steal the extra trays of food. I was very up close and physical with all these patients while taking care of there missing limbs, wounds that wouldn’t heal, and all kind of diabetes ii problems they had. At times I would have to use the main bathroom where many patients also used although they were supposed to use their bathrooms in their room. I know my microbiome was pretty much wiped out. The chemo also wipes out and reeks havoc with your immune system. I think as my biome was replacing itself it did it just like when you are a child. It got it from my environment and that happen to be a diabetes ward with a bunch of obese patients and their families. I think a fecal transplant but there’s not a lot doing obesity. Most are already full. And beside I live on the gulf side of Florida. And the weigh transplants aren’t near me. Another problem is that nobody takes me seriously. My story could be a possibility. It’s not impossible that it happened sort of like this. One good thing came out of chemo. Before chemo I had restless leg syndrome so bad most nights that I would cry because i was frustrated and it hurts. It would go on so long that eventually I would be so exhausted I would fall asleep for a little while. Well, guess what’s gone for almost a decade and a half? Yep, RLS completely gone. I think that is due to the destruction that chemo therapy does to your nerve or maybe it’s an unknown virus. I have no idea but I am so glad it’s gone. I wish I could tell this to a chief researcher of RLS. It might just be a fluke or maybe it could give them a clue. True Scotsman True Scotsman 2 months ago its funny talking to a fundy christian that thinks this is nonsense. Biologist: "You came from bacteria". Response: "I AINT NO BUG"! Ken Marchant Ken Marchant 6 months ago V Anita Courtney Anita Courtney 1 month ago I started dating my current partner in 2009. We never used a condom. I did an HIV test in 2012 and it was negative. I always test when I have a new partner. I did a test again early 2011 and it was negative again. My partner never tested, according to him, and he would always gave an excuse when I asked him to go for a test. In July-August 2012 I started experiencing painful sexual intercourse and my partner would not stop regardless of the pain. My vagina would be red and swollen with blisters and I never went to the doctor about that problem. In October 2012, I had the most terrible flu I ever had, I was shivering, my body was aching to the point that I did not want to be touched. Again, I just bought over-the-counter medicines. I then went to do a blood test because I was taking a new cover. I was confident of the results as I knew my status and assumed my partner could also be negative. I then received a call from my broker saying that my application has been declined because I am at risk, I should visit my doctor. I never thought of HIV, I thought maybe it might be cancer as I also suffer from an acid reflux. I then went to visit my doctor on 3rd November 2012 and he told me that I am HIV positive. I was shocked, in disbelief. I then went home and stayed in the garage for about 2 hours. I cried a lot, blaming myself for being so careless, I saw my life, my dreams ending. I thought of the treatment and how it deforms you, the illnesses and all the negative things. I couldn't understand how I could be so foolish. I never blamed my partner because he did not rape me, and it was my responsibility as well to ensure my safety. I came to peace with the fact that I am HIV positive and told myself I will be positive. Fortunate enough for me, I have been watching HIV programs before and reading about HIV articles, so I was informed about the decision. My CD4 count was 700 so I didn't have to take ARVs (antiretroviral therapy). I told my partner a week later and he was not sympathetic and that made me angry. I was expecting his support. I got angry at him and demanded he should do a test, and he never did. Early 2012 he became sick and when he went to the doctor, the doctor did the test and he was HIV positive and his CD4 count was below 350 so he was put on ARVs. He battled accepting his status and did not even take his medicines. It was a very hard time for us until we came across DR HARVEY on You tube we saw comments on how he cures people with his natural herbs so we contacted and today i must tell you me and my husband are totally cured and healed all thanks to DR HARVEY for his God's hands in my family he also cured my sister from stage iv pancreatic cancer I'm forever grateful sir. You can contact DR HARVEY VIA EMAIL:[Drharveyphytotherapy@yahoo.com] WHATSAPP:+19716663103 Fareed Waseem Fareed Waseem 6 months ago I knew all this more than a decade ago as I went through my own disease. I knew it was microbe that was responsible for my sudden own health problems. When I change my gut health the disease disappeared and I was completely cured. My doctor was not a believing person and he had a 30 year old field experience in that field. 3 Bonnie Poole Bonnie Poole 4 months ago As we see Covid 19 deaths are related to obesity and an over-reactive immune response, I say, "Wow!" Anabela Ramos Anabela Ramos 5 months ago A study can be completly ruined like this: Vegetables or meat, which is more beneficial? Was the meat raw or cooked????? What about the vegetables, raw or cooked????? Neil Ouimet Neil Ouimet 9 months ago Vegans wake up,the bell tolls for thee!!! 1 Chris Chris 2 months ago if humans were left to forage for food like wild animals do; the animal rips open the gut to consume enzymes and they eat dirt on their food that gives them more enzymes not to forget that the enzymes need the right environment to live healthy and produce; that is accomplished by balancing the body's electrical energy by grounding and balancing the body's temperature by sleeping in the shade, middle of the day; they keep healthy; it's not rocket science. every cause has a healthy outcome. Sanjiv Dogra Sanjiv Dogra 1 year ago Indian Ayurveda knows it from centuries.They have distinguished human in three forms as per microbiomes. 20 Steven Offord Steven Offord 1 month ago It would have been good if the references to 'autism spectrum disorder' made it clear that no alteration in the gut microbiome of someone who is not genetically autistic can not make them autistic 9Nore vica-verca),as autism is primarily genetic. Nerobehavioral indicators by which specialists recognize autism are indicators of autistics manifesting distress. I full believe that microbiome alteration can improve these symptom/behaviors. It can not however 'cure' them of being autistic as this is who they are. You can't make them 'not autistic'. You can make them happier more comfortable autistic. It's really important to understand this so as not to fuel the 'cure for autism' industry, which is very harmful to autistic people. Drew Griffiths Drew Griffiths 6 months ago Found it interesting until she said the words synthetic towards the end. Then I switched off. Better off listening to Dr Andrew Kaufman on any subject to your own health.. 2 webaccess11 webaccess11 1 month ago x orion9k orion9k 4 months ago 32:42 it's the vaccines and too clean environments for children that are creating asthma. abdulazuz adel abdulazuz adel 6 months ago My wife had 4 c-sections and lots of antibiotics. After first 2, she was able to loose weight, but last two seemed to bring irreversible changes. I love my wife fat or thin, but she refused to give up. I will not bore you with all diets she tried, just mention that when she went on water fast for 20 days, even then she was able to loose only about 10 kg. She would go on repeating fasts, but after this first one she got severe re-feeding syndrome. Her body swell, especially legs and she had difficulty taking stairs. Should I mention that her weight was back in first 6 hours? Then she went on Keto OMAD. Lost 15 kg, but decided to add to her diet probiotics. And in a week started gaining weigh back. She was and still is having one meal a day. No sugar,bread, starchy vegetables. Her weight still creeps back as fast as it was crowling off her prior to probiotics. If anyone wants to comment, I would welcome any advise. My wife is not diabetic, has no thyroid or other problems. Gwen Scott Gwen Scott 1 year ago The Lion Diet The Lion Diet is a carnivorous diet that consists solely of ruminant meat (beef, lamb, goat, etc.), salt, and water. It’s the ultimate elimination diet, as it eliminates practically all other dietary variables, while still sustaining your body’s nutritional needs. Thousands of people have followed this way of eating for years, reporting complete remissions of autoimmune, psychological and digestive illnesses, as well as significant improvements to cognitive, emotional and physical functions. 7 a. y a. y 6 months ago Would drinking the local water supply be a beneficial way of exposing your family to the environment, rather than using bottled water as seems to be the modern trend? Benedick Howard Benedick Howard 6 months ago Why not simply fast and change the biome in a few days. Been done for millenia. Jeeez, stop funding these companies. Oh I forgot, they only publish stuff that s going to keep us dependent on the killer medical system. 3 денис баженов денис баженов 1 year ago So we have to avoid contacts with obese people? They can transmit their disease to us? I started to get more weight when I had contacts with obese people and was eating at the same table. I suspect the worse. 3 oldrin old oldrin old 1 month ago In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 The same was in the beginning with God. 3 All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. 4 In him was life; and the life was the light of men. 5 And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. 6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. 7 The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. 8 He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. 9 That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. 10 He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not. 11 He came unto his own, and his own received him not. 12 But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: 13 Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. 15 John bare witness of him, and cried, saying, This was he of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is preferred before me: for he was before me. 16 And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace. 17 For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. 18 No man hath seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. 19 And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou? 20 And he confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ. 21 And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am not. Art thou that prophet? And he answered, No. 22 Then said they unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself? 23 He said, I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias. 24 And they which were sent were of the Pharisees. 25 And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? 26 John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; 27 He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose. 28 These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing. 29 The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. 30 This is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man which is preferred before me: for he was before me. 31 And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water. 32 And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. 33 And I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost. 34 And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God. 35 Again the next day after John stood, and two of his disciples; 36 And looking upon Jesus as he walked, he saith, Behold the Lamb of God! 37 And the two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus. 38 Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and saith unto them, What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master,) where dwellest thou? 39 He saith unto them, Come and see. They came and saw where he dwelt, and abode with him that day: for it was about the tenth hour. 40 One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. 41 He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. 42 And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. 43 The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. 44 Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter. 45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. 46 And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. 47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! 48 Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. 49 Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel. 50 Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw thee under the fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things than these. 51 And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man. Cathy McMahan Cathy McMahan 1 year ago (edited) And no one is looking at vaccines and the adjuvants causing asthma. I think they are causing ASIA syndrome as well as metal implants. 1 1humanagenda 1humanagenda 6 months ago g c m a f is cure for autism and is natural yogurt Daham Daham 1 year ago ◼️All creatures were, Human Beings, in a Dream before this. ◼️Be careful about what you Think 'Selfishly', in this Dream. ◼️And you may Evolve as a creature (Fungus to Beast), with the consciousness of a human being, in the next dream. Barry Minor Barry Minor 3 months ago great presentation pieceing Together the many biodiverse variables for HEALTHIER happier Energized HEARTgutBRAIN... eat your Reishi HONEY and TURMERIC👅👁💖🍯🍉🍄🌶🥕🍎🦄 too 2 Northern Tracey Northern Tracey 6 months ago No mention of vaccines and their roll in allergies despite the nobel peace prize winning study on anaphylaxis. Lots of 'we think', 'might cause' and other thoughts still basing them on the old dogma of germ theory. Also you haven't taken into account pleomorphism when looking at the present microbes. So much more to learn you'll not find out by torturing mice! Fail Funny Fart Fail Funny Fart 11 months ago Sumarize this video in 6 sentences please Diane Gibbs Diane Gibbs 2 months ago This IS MY STORY..WOULD LOVE TO FIND A STUDY NEAR ME. WEVE BEEN POISONED FROM FOOD CHEMICALS AIR POLLUTION SINCE THE DAYS OF TIME...HOW CAN I ENROLL IN YOUR PROGRAM. Super Nova Super Nova 2 months ago I just wonder about all the plant-based research and what it has to do with the eight hundred thousand years that human beings consumed 95% meat. 1 Nihan Y Nihan Y 1 year ago I am 20 minutes into the lecture and I have a major objection. The lecture compares the gut microbiome in the US to the gut microbiome of two "less developed countries (as a political scientist I have a major issue with this classification but I am gonna leave that aside for a moment). The key difference the study seems to find is that the gut microbiome in the" less developed" countries is inhabidated by bacteria that break down plant fibers whereas in the US it seems to be inhabidated by bacteria that breakdown simple sugars which is a clear proof of a so-called modern diet mostly made up by processed carbohydrates. But the lecture presents this difference as a difference between animal vs plant based diet. First of all, there is no evidence that the people in the lesser developed countries don't consume animal foods. It is quite possible to consume plant fiber in addition to animal foods as it is the case in most traditional diets. Second, where is the proof that the diet in the US is animal based (given the data in the lecture). It is clear that the key difference lies in a traditional diet made up by whole foods containing a good amount of plant fiber possibly in addition to animal foods as opposed to a modern diet composed of highly processed foods consisting of largely simple processed carbohydrates possibly with a good amount of probably highly processed animal foods. To sum up the key difference is between traditional and modern diets but not in plant based and animal based diets. And to me any country who managed to protect their original diets and food sources is more developed any other country no matter how economically and/or politically (militarily) powerful the later are. 17 Katie Kat Katie Kat 1 year ago Poor mice, and other animals for that matter. We just use and do whatever we want with them. It’s so horrible. I understand that it saves human lives. It makes me feel horribly guilty and I don’t even work in any kind of research area. Poor helpless unsuspecting animals. Yes, it saves humans but honestly it would be a much better Earth if humans went extinct. 4 Scott Joshua Scott Joshua 1 year ago What?!? No! Do your research! Don’t make sweeping statements about the efficacy of fecal transplants for crohn’s disease and it’s implications across the board: that we should be stepping back from this lifesaving treatment without doing proper research. This is just irresponsible! Take this video down. Kevin Chang Kevin Chang 6 months ago anyone used omx by dr ohhira? Super terrific Super terrific 1 week ago She shouldn’t say that the microbiome is not the answer to Crohn’s Disease just because Fecal transplant did not work. Fecal Transplant is not the answer. G F G F 1 year ago It's pronounced fun-ji LittleRedSlipper LittleRedSlipper 4 months ago It developed from your vaccines that you give them! ..........Asthma what are you kidding me. Yahusha is the Torah made flesh Yahusha is the Torah made flesh 1 year ago Macroevolution is a joke. Why are there still monkeys if we evolved from monkeys? I believe in microevolution cuz we can adapt to our environment and so on. But macroevolution is false. 6 Sunny D Sunny D 1 year ago (edited) Funny how some people just assume everyone believes in evolution and that everyone believes it as fact and not a theory. Theres a huge difference between macro evolution and micro evolution. One has been observed, while the other has not. Science is always observable. Theory is not. 2 Chau Nguyen Chau Nguyen 4 months ago eat lots of plants. fiber promotes a healthy gut microbiome. 2 Kooi Seng Chng Kooi Seng Chng 1 year ago She did not mention anything about secondary bile acids. 1 JeRome Welch JeRome Welch 4 months ago 10.16. coevolved!? evolution is a theory , what you're speaking about is cellular adaptation within environment of the host . and this organism for which you speak .. Genetic mutation is about transcription, we can't rule that out error , transcription errors may leads to miscommunication at the molecular biological level. Molecular mimicry and other radical gnomic behavior .. Perhaps we should call it miss behavior in this context Aurel Gergey Aurel Gergey 3 months ago „...the gut is not like las vegas: what happens in the gut stays in the gut.“ spot on! André Angelantoni André Angelantoni 1 year ago The asthma is coming from the vaccines. Dr. Thomas' data shows those kids vaccinated to the full schedule have the most asthma, those who are unvaccinated have very low incidence of asthma and those kids who use his modified vaccine schedule show up somewhere in between. 4 Michael Maragh Michael Maragh 1 month ago (edited) Pleasingly clear pronunciation, comparable to a lady from Ghana..... For 5,000 years, AyurVedic Medicine has maintained that Quality of Digestion is even more important than Food Selection. Real science always agrees with AyurVeda.. Dirk Katz Dirk Katz 5 months ago Dear, now the cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is found: radiation of microwave-oven(magnetron). To stop you have to eliminate the oven out of the house.Attention: radiation goes through walls, it can come from your neighbours. The plug out of electricity net because the oven has also radiation when it is not in use.And out of the house because the oven has a high voltage capacitor. The distance between an oven and a person is very important.After a 3 months without microwaves health becomes better. The victims are more sensible and also the distance between victim and oven is important.After long time obesity is possible. (Also possible: nightmares, change of character)Most people with a microwave arent chronically ill because some people are more sensitive for microwaves, also the distance person/microwave is very important. The oven in another place is more safe. The radiation become less when the oven gets older.Some ovens give less radiation then others. In Russia the less radiation is allowed by law. I had much very positive reactions, some people recovered entirely. Sometimes not because it was being tired through other causes or diseases,not the real cfs.Take everyday a vitamin D supplement because almost everyone have to little.(attention: it cures only CFS,not other diseases with fatigue) Bic Gohill Bic Gohill 1 year ago The speaker is in horrible shape, why are we listing? Oh she’s a doctor (god). Jolene F Jolene F 4 months ago Love the topic of microbes, but seriously, we humans. We did not evolve from a dang monkey. We are the only species with a conscious, and the only ones who know that one day....we gonna die. Katie Jo Katie Jo 1 month ago Parasites. Its parasites. Linda Cianchetti Linda Cianchetti 1 year ago (edited) Science is not this...I'd advise everyone to read, Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures. The more one digests it, the healthier one grows. Erase THIS nonsense pseudoscience from consciousness, immediately. lucy diamonds lucy diamonds 1 year ago Lord, desgusting, everyth but the right thing, vegan diet, so now yello soup!👎👎👎 whynot a wonderful calliflower color full incredible tasty dish wt or wtout lemon juice, wake up folks!! As for the scientists, take off yr bloody hands over the animals!!!!!! Monsters!

Fat

Fat This article is about the type of nutrient in food. For fat in humans and animals, see Adipose tissue. For other uses, see Fat (disambiguation). A space-filling model of an unsaturated triglyceride. Idealized representation of a molecule of a typical triglyceride, the main type of fat. Note the three fatty acid chains attached to the central glycerol portion of the molecule. Composition of fats from various foods, as percentage of their total fat In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds; most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.[1] The term often refers specifically to triglycerides (triple esters of glycerol), that are the main components of vegetable oils and of fatty tissue in animals;[2] or, even more narrowly, to triglycerides that are solid or semisolid at room temperature, thus excluding oils. The term may also be used more broadly as a synonym of lipid -- any substance of biological relevance, composed of carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen, that is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.[1] In this sense, besides the triglycerides, the term would include several other types of compounds like mono- and diglycerides, phospholipids (such as lecithin), sterols (such as cholesterol), waxes (such as beeswax),[1] and free fatty acids, which are usually present in human diet in smaller amounts.[2] Fats are one of the three main macronutrient groups in human diet, along with carbohydrates and proteins,[1][3] and the main components of common food products like milk, butter, tallow, lard, bacon, and cooking oils. They are a major and dense source of food energy for many animals and play important structural and metabolic functions, in most living beings, including energy storage, waterproofing, and thermal insulation.[4] The human body can produce the fat that it needs from other food ingredients, except for a few essential fatty acids that must be included in the diet. Dietary fats are also the carriers of some flavor and aroma ingredients and vitamins that are not water-soluble.[2] Contents 1 Chemical structure 1.1 Conformation 1.2 Examples 2 Nomenclature 2.1 Common fat names 2.2 Chemical fatty acid names 2.3 IUPAC 2.4 Fatty acid code 3 Classification 3.1 By chain length 3.2 Saturated and unsaturated fats 3.3 Cis and trans fats 3.4 Omega number 3.4.1 Examples of saturated fatty acids 3.4.2 Examples of unsaturated fatty acids 4 Biological importance 4.1 Adipose tissue 5 Production and processing 6 Nutritional and health aspects 6.1 Essential fatty acids 6.2 Saturated vs. unsaturated fats 6.2.1 Cardiovascular disease 6.2.2 Cancer 6.2.3 Bones 6.2.4 Disposition and overall health 6.3 Monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated fat 6.3.1 Cardiovascular disease 6.3.2 Insulin resistance and sensitivity 6.3.3 Cancer 6.3.4 Pregnancy disorders 6.4 "Cis fat" vs. "trans fat" 6.4.1 Cardiovascular disease 6.4.2 Breast feeding 6.4.3 Other health risks 6.4.4 Biochemical mechanisms 6.4.5 Natural "trans fats" in dairy products 6.4.6 Official recommendations 6.4.7 Regulatory action 6.4.8 Alternatives to hydrogenation 6.5 Omega-three and omega-six fatty acids 6.6 Interesterification 7 Fat digestion and metabolism 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 References Chemical structure Example of a natural triglyceride with three different fatty acids. One fatty acid is saturated (blue highlighted), another contains one double bond within the carbon chain (green highlighted). The third fatty acid (a polyunsaturated fatty acid, highlighted in red) contains three double bonds within the carbon chain. All carbon-carbon double bonds shown are cis isomers. The most important elements in the chemical makeup of fats are the fatty acids. The molecule of a fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group HO(O=)C− connected to an unbranched alkyl group –(CH x) nH: namely, a chain of carbon atoms, joined by single, double, or (more rarely) triple bonds, with all remaining free bonds filled by hydrogen atoms[5] The most common type of fat, in human diet and most living beings, is a triglyceride, an ester of the triple alcohol glycerol H(–CHOH–) 3H and three fatty acids. The molecule of a triglyceride can be described as resulting from a condensation reaction (specifically, esterification) between each of glycerol's –OH groups and the HO– part of the carboxyl group HO(O=)C− of each fatty acid, forming an ester bridge −O−(O=)C− with elimination of a water molecule H 2O. Other less common types of fats include diglycerides and monoglycerides, where the esterification is limited to two or just one of glycerol's –OH groups. Other alcohols, such as cetyl alcohol (predominant in spermaceti), may replace glycerol. In the phospholipids, one of the fatty acids is replaced by phosphoric acid or a monoester thereof. Conformation The shape of fat and fatty acid molecules is usually not well-defined. Any two parts of a molecule that are connected by just one single bond are free to rotate about that bond. Thus a fatty acid molecule with n simple bonds can be deformed in n-1 independent ways (counting also rotation of the terminal methyl group). Such rotation cannot happen across a double bond, except by breaking and then reforming it with one of the halves of the molecule rotated by 180 degrees, which requires crossing a significant energy barrier. Thus a fat or fatty acid molecule with double bonds (excluding at the very end of the chain) can have multiple cis-trans isomers with significantly different chemical and biological properties. Each double bond reduces the number of conformational degrees of freedom by one. Each triple bond forces the four nearest carbons to lie in a straight line, removing two degrees of freedom. It follows that depictions of "saturated" fatty acids with no double bonds (like stearic) having a "straight zig-zag" shape, and those with one cis bond (like oleic) being bent in an "elbow" shape are somewhat misleading. While the latter are a little less flexible, both can be twisted to assume similar straight or elbow shapes. In fact, outside of some specific contexts like crystals or bilayer membranes, both are more likely to be found in randomly contorted configurations than in either of those two shapes. Examples Examples of 18-carbon fatty acids. Stearic acid saturated Stearic-acid-3D-balls.png Oleic acid unsaturated cis-8 Oleic-acid-3D-ball-&-stick.png Elaidic acid unsaturated trans-8 Elaidic-acid-3D-balls.png Vaccenic acid unsaturated trans-11 Vaccenic-acid-3D-balls.png Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid (with only single bonds) found in animal fats, and is the intended product in full hydrogenation. Oleic acid has a double bond (thus being "unsaturated") with cis geometry about midway in the chain; it makes up 55–80% of olive oil. Elaidic acid is its trans isomer; it may be present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and also occurs in the fat of the durian fruit (about 2%) and in milk fat (less than 0.1%). Vaccenic acid is another trans acid that differs from elaidic only in the position of the double bond; it also occurs in milk fat (about 1-2%). Nomenclature Common fat names Fats are usually named after their source (like olive oil, cod liver oil, shea butter, tail fat) or have traditional names of their own (like butter, lard, ghee, and margarine). Some of these names refer to products that contain substantial amounts of other components besides fats proper. Chemical fatty acid names In chemistry and biochemistry, dozens of saturated fatty acids and of hundreds of unsaturated ones have traditional scientific/technical names usually inspired by their source fats (butyric, caprylic, stearic, oleic, palmitic, and nervonic), but sometimes their discoverer (mead, osbond). A triglyceride would then be named as an ester of those acids, such as "glyceryl 1,2-dioleate 3-palmitate".[6] IUPAC In the general chemical nomenclature developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the recommended name of a fatty acid, derived from the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon, completely describes its structure, by specifying the number of carbons and the number and position of the double bonds. Thus, for example, oleic acid would be called "(9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid", meaning that it has an 18 carbon chain ("octadec") with a carboxyl at one end ("oic") and a double bound at carbon 9 counting from the carboxyl ("9-en"), and that the configuration of the single bonds adjacent to that double bond is cis ("(9Z)") The IUPAC nomenclature can also handle branched chains and derivatives where hydrogen atoms are replaced by other chemical groups. A triglyceride would then be named according to general ester rules as, for example, "propane-1,2,3-tryl 1,2-bis((9Z)-octadec-9-enoate) 3-(hexadecanoate)". Fatty acid code A notation specific for fatty acids with unbranched chain, that is as precise as the IUPAC one but easier to parse, is a code of the form "{N}:{D} cis-{CCC} trans-{TTT}", where {N} is the number of carbons (including the carboxyl one), {D} is the number of double bonds, {CCC} is a list of the positions of the cis double bonds, and {TTT} is a list of the positions of the trans bounds. Either list and the label is omitted if there are no bounds of that type. Thus, for example, the codes for stearic, oleic, elaidic, and vaccenic acids would be "18:0", "18:1 cis-9", "18:1 trans-9", and "18:1 trans-11", respectively. The code for α-oleostearic acid, which is "(9E,11E,13Z)-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid" in the IUPAC nomenclature, has the code "18:3 trans-9,11 cis-13" Classification Main article: fatty acid By chain length Fats can be classified according to the lengths of the carbon chains of their constituent fatty acids. Most chemical properties, such as melting point and acidity, vary gradually with this parameter, so there is no sharp division. Chemically, formic acid (1 carbon) and acetic acid (2 carbons) could be viewed as the shortest fatty acids; then triformin would be the simplest triglyceride. However, the terms "fatty acid" and "fat" are usually reserved for compounds with substantially longer chains.[citation needed] A division commonly made in biochemistry and nutrition is:[citation needed] Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) with less than six carbons (e. g. butyric acid). Medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) with 6 to 12 carbons (e.g. capric acid). Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) with 13 to 21 carbons (e.g. petroselinic acid). Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) with 22 or more carbons (e. g. cerotic acid with 26) A triglyceride molecule may have fatty acid elements of different lengths, and a fat product will often be a mix of various triglycerides. Most fats found in food, whether vegetable or animal, are made up of medium to long-chain fatty acids, usually of equal or nearly equal length. Saturated and unsaturated fats For human nutrition, an important classification of fats is based on the number and position of double bonds in the constituent fatty acids. Saturated fat has a predominance of saturated fatty acids, without any double bonds, while unsaturated fat has predominantly unsaturated acids with double bonds. (The names refer to the fact that each double bond means two fewer hydrogen atoms in the chemical formula. Thus, a saturated fatty acid, having no double bonds, has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for a given number of carbon atoms — that is, it is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms.)[7][8] Unsaturated fatty acids are further classified into monounsaturated (MUFAs), with a single double bond, and polyunsaturated (PUFAs), with two or more.[7][8] Natural fats usually contain several different saturated and unsaturated acids, even on the same molecule. For example, in most vegetable oils, the saturated palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid residues are usually attached to positions 1 and 3 (sn1 and sn3) of the glycerol hub, whereas the middle position (sn2) is usually occupied by an unsaturated one, such as oleic (C18:1, ω–9) or linoleic (C18:2, ω–6).[9]) Stearic acid.svg Stearic acid (saturated, C18:0) Palmitoleic acid structure.png Palmitoleic acid (mono-unsaturated, C16:1 cis-9, omega-7) Oleic acid flat.svg Oleic acid (mono-unsaturated, C18:1 cis-9, omega-9) Alpha-linolenic acid.svg α-Linolenic acid (polyunsaturated, C18:3 cis-9,12,15, omega-3) Gamma-linolenic acid.svg γ-Linolenic acid (polyunsaturated, C18:3 cis-6,9,12, omega-6) While it is the nutritional aspects of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are generally of greatest interest, these materials also have non-food applications. They include the drying oils, such as linseed (flax seed), tung, poppy seed, perilla, and walnut oil, which polymerize on exposure to oxygen to form solid films, and are used to make paints and varnishes. Saturated fats generally have a higher melting point than unsaturated ones with the same molecular weight, and thus are more likely to be solid at room temperature. For example, the animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids. Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid. Unsaturated fats are prone to oxidation by air, which causes them to become rancid and inedible. The double bonds in unsaturated fats can be converted into single bonds by reaction with hydrogen effected by a catalyst. This process, called hydrogenation, is used to turn vegetable oils into solid or semisolid vegetable fats like margarine, which can substitute for tallow and butter and (unlike unsaturated fats) can be stored indefinitely without becoming rancid. However, partial hydrogenation also creates some unwanted trans acids from cis acids.[citation needed] In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules yield slightly less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The heats of combustion of saturated, mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acid esters have been measured as 2859, 2828, 2794, and 2750 kcal/mol, respectively; or, on a weight basis, 10.75, 10.71, 10.66, and 10.58 kcal/g — a decrease of about 0.6% for each additional double bond.[10] The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation. Cis and trans fats Another important classification of unsaturated fatty acids considers the cis-trans isomerism, the spatial arrangement of the C–C single bonds adjacent to the double bonds. Most unsaturated fatty acids that occur in nature have those bonds in the cis ("same side") configuration. Partial hydrogenation of cis fats can turn some of their fatty acids into trans ("opposite sides") variety. Elaidic acid is the trans isomer of oleic acid, one of the most common fatty acids in human diet. The single change of configuration in one double bond causes them to have different chemical and physical properties. Elaidic acid has a much higher melting point than oleic acid, 45 °C instead of 13.4 °C. This difference is commonly attributed to the supposed ability of the trans molecules to pack more tightly, forming a solid that is more difficult to break apart.[11] Omega number Another classification considers the position of the double bonds relative to the end of the chain (opposite to the carboxyl group). The position is denoted by "ω−k" or "n−k", meaning that there is a double bond between carbons k and k+1 counted from 1 at that end. For example, alpha-Linolenic acid is a "ω−3" or "n−3" acid, meaning that there is a double bond between the third and fourth carbons, counted from that end; that is, its structural formula ends with –CH=CH–CH 2–CH 3.[12] Examples of saturated fatty acids Main article: List of saturated fatty acids Some common examples of fatty acids: Butyric acid with 4 carbon atoms (contained in butter) Lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms (contained in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and breast milk) Myristic acid with 14 carbon atoms (contained in cow's milk and dairy products) Palmitic acid with 16 carbon atoms (contained in palm oil and meat) Stearic acid with 18 carbon atoms (also contained in meat and cocoa butter) Examples of unsaturated fatty acids Main article: List of unsaturated fatty acids Myristoleic acid C14:1, ω−5, cis-9-tetradecenoic acid Sapienic acid C16:1 ω−10, cis-6-Hexadecenoic acid Palmitoleic acid C16:1, ω−7 , cis-9-hexadecenoic acid Oleic acid C18:1 ω−9, cis-9-octadecenoic acid Petroselinic acid C18:1 ω−12, cis-Octadec-6-enoic acid cis-Vaccenic acid, C18:1 ω−7), cis-11-octadecenoic acid Vaccenic acid C18:1 ω−7, trans-11-octadecenoic acid Elaidic acid 18:1 ω−9, trans-9-octadecenoic acid (trans-oleic acid) Linoleic acid Linolenic acid Paullinic acid C20:1 ω−7, cis-13-eicosenoic acid Gadoleic acid C20:1 ω−11, cis-9-icosenoic acid Gondoic acid 20:1 ω−9, cis-11-eicosenoic acid Erucic acid C22:1 ω−9, cis-15-tetracosenoic acid Brassidic acid C22:1 ω−9, trans-15-tetracosenoic acid Nervonic acid C24:1 ω−9, | cis-15-tetracosenoic acid Arachidonic acid Biological importance In humans and many animals, fats serve both as energy sources and as stores for energy in excess of what the body needs immediately. Each gram of fat when burned or metabolized releases about 9 food calories (37 kJ = 8.8 kcal).[13] Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble, meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported in conjunction with fats. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance, whether chemical or biotic, reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute—or at least maintain equilibrium of—the offending substances by storing it in new fat tissue.[citation needed] This helps to protect vital organs, until such time as the offending substances can be metabolized or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and hair growth. Adipose tissue The obese mouse on the left has large stores of adipose tissue. For comparison, a mouse with a normal amount of adipose tissue is shown on the right. In animals, adipose tissue, or fatty tissue is the body's means of storing metabolic energy over extended periods of time. Adipocytes (fat cells) store fat derived from the diet and from liver metabolism. Under energy stress these cells may degrade their stored fat to supply fatty acids and also glycerol to the circulation. These metabolic activities are regulated by several hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon and epinephrine). Adipose tissue also secretes the hormone leptin.[14] The location of the tissue determines its metabolic profile: visceral fat is located within the abdominal wall (i.e., beneath the wall of abdominal muscle) whereas subcutaneous fat is located beneath the skin (and includes fat that is located in the abdominal area beneath the skin but above the abdominal muscle wall). Visceral fat was recently discovered to be a significant producer of signaling chemicals (i.e., hormones), among which several are involved in inflammatory tissue responses. One of these is resistin which has been linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes. This latter result is currently controversial, and there have been reputable studies supporting all sides on the issue.[citation needed] Production and processing A variety of chemical and physical techniques are used for the production and processing of fats, both industrially and in cottage or home settings. They include: Pressing to extract liquid fats from fruits, seeds, or algae, e.g. olive oil from olives; Solvent extraction using solvents like hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide. Rendering, the melting of fat in adipose tissue, e.g. to produce tallow, lard, fish oil, and whale oil. Churning of milk to produce butter. Hydrogenation to reduce the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. Interesterification, the rearrangement of fatty acids across different triglycerides. Winterization to remove oil components with higher melting points. Clarification of butter. Nutritional and health aspects Types of fats in food Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat ω−7 ω−9 Polyunsaturated fat ω−3 ω−6 Trans fat Interesterified fat See also Fatty acid Essential fatty acid Conditionally essential fatty acid Triglyceride Cholesterol vte The benefits and risks of various amounts and types of dietary fats have been the object of much study, and are still highly controversial topics.[15][16][17][18] Essential fatty acids There are two essential fatty acids (EFAs) in human nutrition: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).[19][13] Other lipids needed by the body can be synthesized from these and other fats. Saturated vs. unsaturated fats Different foods contain different amounts of fat with different proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Some animal products, like beef and dairy products made with whole or reduced fat milk like yogurt, ice cream, cheese and butter have mostly saturated fatty acids (and some have significant contents of dietary cholesterol). Other animal products, like pork, poultry, eggs, and seafood have mostly unsaturated fats. Industrialized baked goods may use fats with high unsaturated fat contents as well, especially those containing partially hydrogenated oils, and processed foods that are deep-fried in hydrogenated oil are high in saturated fat content..[20][21][22] Plants and fish oil generally contain a higher proportion of unsaturated acids, although there are exceptions such as coconut oil and palm kernel oil.[23][24] Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado, nuts, olive oils, and vegetable oils such as canola. Saturated esterified fatty acids as percentage of total fat[25] Food Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Coconut oil 47% 18% 9% 3% Palm kernel oil 48% 1% 44% 5% Butter 3% 11% 29% 13% Ground beef 0% 4% 26% 15% Salmon 0% 1% 29% 3% Egg yolks 0% 0.3% 27% 10% Cashews 2% 1% 10% 7% Soybean oil 0% 0% 11% 4% Many careful studies have found that replacing saturated fats with cis unsaturated fats in the diet reduces risk of risks of cardiovascular diseases,[26][27] diabetes, or death.[28] These studies prompted many medical organizations and public health departments, including the World Health Organization,[29][30] to officially issue that advice. Some countries with such recommendations include: United Kingdom [31][32][33][34][35] United States [28][36][37][38][39] India [40][41] Canada [42] Australia [43] Singapore [44] New Zealand [45] Hong Kong [46] A 2004 review concluded that "no lower safe limit of specific saturated fatty acid intakes has been identified" and recommended that the influence of varying saturated fatty acid intakes against a background of different individual lifestyles and genetic backgrounds should be the focus in future studies.[47] This advice is often oversimplified by labeling the two kinds of fats as bad fats and good fats, respectively. However, since the fats and oils in most natural and traditionally processed foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids,[48] the complete exclusion of saturated fat is unrealistic and possibly unwise. For instance, some foods rich in saturated fat, such as coconut and palm oil, are an important source of cheap dietary calories for a large fraction of the population in developing countries.[49] Concerns were also expressed at a 2010 conference of the American Dietetic Association that a blanket recommendation to avoid saturated fats could drive people to also reduce the amount of polyunsaturated fats, which may have health benefits, and/or replace fats by refined carbohydrates — which carry a high risk of obesity and heart disease.[50] For these reasons, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for example, does not advise the complete elimination of saturated fat, but only recommends that it does not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake.[citation needed] A 2003 report by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommends limiting the saturated fatty acids to less than 10% of daily energy intake and less than 7% for high-risk groups.[49] A general 7% limit was recommended also by the American Heart Association in 2006.[51][52] The WHO/FAO report also recommended replacing fats so as to reduce the content of myristic and palmitic acids, specifically.[49] The so-called Mediterranean diet, prevalent in many countries in the Mediterranean Sea area, includes more total fat than the diet of Northern European countries, but most of it is in the form of unsaturated fatty acids (specifically, monounsaturated and omega-3) from olive oil and fish, vegetables, and certain meats like lamb, while consumption of saturated fat is minimal in comparison. A 2017 review found evidence that a Mediterranean-style diet could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, overall cancer incidence, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and mortality rate.[53] A 2018 review showed that a Mediterranean-like diet may improve overall health status, such as reduced risk of non-communicable diseases. It also may reduce the social and economic costs of diet-related illnesses.[54] A small number of contemporary reviews have challenged this negative view of saturated fats. For example, an evaluation of evidence from 1966-1973 of the observed health impact of replacing dietary saturated fat with linoleic acid found that it increased rates of death from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease.[55] These studies have been disputed by many scientists,[56] and the consensus in the medical community is that saturated fat and cardiovascular disease are closely related.[57][58][59] Still, these discordant studies fueled debate over the merits of substituting polyunsaturated fats for saturated fats.[60] Cardiovascular disease Main article: Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease The effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease has been extensively studied.[61] The general consensus is that there is evidence of moderate-quality of a strong, consistent, and graded relationship between saturated fat intake, blood cholesterol levels, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease.[28][61] The relationships are accepted as causal,[62][63] including by many government and medical organizations.[49][64][65][28][66][67][68][69] A 2017 review by the American Heart Association estimated that replacement of saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat in the American diet could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 30%.[28] The consumption of saturated fat is generally considered a risk factor for dyslipidemia — abnormal blood lipid levels, including high total cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, "bad" cholesterol) or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, "good" cholesterol). These parameters in turn are believed to be risk indicators for some types of cardiovascular disease.[70][71][72][73][74][66][75][76][77] These effects were observed in children too.[78] Several meta-analyses (reviews and consolidations of multiple previously published experimental studies) have confirmed a significant relationship between saturated fat and high serum cholesterol levels,[28][79] which in turn have been claimed to have a causal relation with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (the so-called lipid hypothesis).[80][81] However, high cholesterol may be caused by many factors. Other indicators, such as high LDL/HDL ratio, have proved to be more predictive.[81] In a study of myocardial infarction in 52 countries, the ApoB/ApoA1 (related to LDL and HDL, respectively) ratio was the strongest predictor of CVD among all risk factors.[82] There are other pathways involving obesity, triglyceride levels, insulin sensitivity, endothelial function, and thrombogenicity, among others, that play a role in CVD, although it seems, in the absence of an adverse blood lipid profile, the other known risk factors have only a weak atherogenic effect.[83] Different saturated fatty acids have differing effects on various lipid levels.[84] Cancer The evidence for a relation between saturated fat intake and cancer is significantly weaker, and there does not seem to be a clear medical consensus about it. A meta-analysis published in 2003 found a epidemiology and etiology of breast cancer#Specific dietary fatty acidssignificant positive relationship between saturated fat and breast cancer.[85] However two subsequent reviews have found weak or insignificant relation,[86][87] and noted the prevalence of confounding factors.[86][88] Another review found limited evidence for a positive relationship between consuming animal fat and incidence of colorectal cancer.[89] Other meta-analyses found evidence for increased risk of ovarian cancer by high consumption of saturated fat.[90] Some studies have indicated that serum myristic acid[91][92] and palmitic acid[92] and dietary myristic[93] and palmitic[93] saturated fatty acids and serum palmitic combined with alpha-tocopherol supplementation[91] are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in a dose-dependent manner. These associations may, however, reflect differences in intake or metabolism of these fatty acids between the precancer cases and controls, rather than being an actual cause.[92] Bones Various animal studies have indicated that the intake of saturated fat has a negative effect on effects on the mineral density of bones. One study suggested that men may be particularly vulnerable.[94] Disposition and overall health Studies have shown that substituting monounsaturated fatty acids for saturated ones is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure. More physical activity, less anger, and less irritability were associated with a higher-oleic acid diet than one of a palmitic acid diet.[95] Amounts of fat types in selected foods Monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated fat Schematic diagram of a triglyceride with a saturated fatty acid (top), a monounsaturated one (middle) and a polyunsaturated one (bottom). Assuming given that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are generally healthier than saturated ones (SFAs), another question that has gained attention in recent decades is the risks and benefits of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, with a single double bond) versus polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, with two or more double bonds). The most common fatty acids in human diet are unsaturated or mono-unsaturated. Monounsaturated fats are found in animal flesh such as red meat, whole milk products, nuts, and high fat fruits such as olives and avocados. Algal oil is about 92% monounsaturated fat.[96] Olive oil is about 75% monounsaturated fat.[97] The high oleic variety sunflower oil contains at least 70% monounsaturated fat.[98] Canola oil and cashews are both about 58% monounsaturated fat.[citation needed] Tallow (beef fat) is about 50% monounsaturated fat.[99] and lard is about 40% monounsaturated fat.[citation needed] Other sources include hazelnut, avocado oil, macadamia nut oil, grapeseed oil, groundnut oil (peanut oil), sesame oil, corn oil, popcorn, whole grain wheat, cereal, oatmeal, almond oil, sunflower oil, hemp oil, and tea-oil Camellia.[100] Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, seed oils, and oysters.[7] Food sources of polyunsaturated fats include:[7][101] Food source (100g) Polyunsaturated fat (g) Walnuts 47 Canola Oil 34 Sunflower seeds 33 Sesame Seeds 26 Chia Seeds 23.7 Unsalted Peanuts 16 Peanut Butter 14.2 Avocado Oil 13.5 [102] Olive Oil 11 Safflower Oil 12.82[103] Seaweed 11 Sardines 5 Soybeans 7 Tuna 14 Wild Salmon 17.3 Whole Grain Wheat 9.7 Cardiovascular disease Studies have given conflicting indications about the effect of MUFA/PUFA intake and cardiovascular disease. Although PUFAs seem to protect against cardiac arrhythmias, a study concluded that PUFA intake is positively associated with coronary atherosclerosis progression in a group of post-menopauseal women, whereas MUFA intake is not.[104] This probably is an indication of the greater vulnerability of polyunsaturated fats to lipid peroxidation, against which vitamin E has been shown to be protective.[105] Insulin resistance and sensitivity MUFAs (especially oleic acid) have been found to lower the incidence of insulin resistance PUFAs (especially large amounts of arachidonic acid) and SFAs (such as arachidic acid) increased it. These ratios can be indexed in the phospholipids of human skeletal muscle and in other tissues as well. This relationship between dietary fats and insulin resistance is presumed secondary to the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation, which is partially modulated by dietary fat ratios (Omega-3/6/9) with both omega 3 and 9 thought to be anti-inflammatory, and omega 6 pro-inflammatory (as well as by numerous other dietary components, particularly polyphenols and exercise, with both of these anti-inflammatory). Although both pro- and anti-inflammatory types of fat are biologically necessary, fat dietary ratios in most US diets are skewed towards Omega 6, with subsequent disinhibition of inflammation and potentiation of insulin resistance.[48] But this is contrary to the suggestion of more recent studies, in which polyunsaturated fats are shown as protective against insulin resistance. The large scale KANWU study found that increasing MUFA and decreasing SFA intake could improve insulin sensitivity, but only when the overall fat intake of the diet was low.[106] However, some MUFAs may promote insulin resistance (like the SFAs), whereas PUFAs may protect against it.[107][108][clarification needed] Cancer Levels of oleic acid along with other MUFAs in red blood cell membranes were positively associated with breast cancer risk. The saturation index (SI) of the same membranes was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. MUFAs and low SI in erythrocyte membranes are predictors of postmenopausal breast cancer. Both of these variables depend on the activity of the enzyme delta-9 desaturase (Δ9-d).[109] Results from observational clinical trials on PUFA intake and cancer have been inconsistent and vary by numerous factors of cancer incidence, including gender and genetic risk.[110] Some studies have shown associations between higher intakes and/or blood levels of omega-3 PUFAs and a decreased risk of certain cancers, including breast and colorectal cancer, while other studies found no associations with cancer risk.[110][111] Pregnancy disorders Polyunsaturated fat supplementation was found to have no effect on the incidence of pregnancy-related disorders, such as hypertension or preeclampsia, but may increase the length of gestation slightly and decreased the incidence of early premature births.[7] Expert panels in the United States and Europe recommend that pregnant and lactating women consume higher amounts of polyunsaturated fats than the general population to enhance the DHA status of the fetus and newborn.[7] "Cis fat" vs. "trans fat" In nature, unsaturated fatty acids generally have double bonds in cis configuration (with the adjacent C–C bonds on the same side) as opposed to trans.[112] Nevertheless, trans fatty acids (TFAs) occur in small amounts in meat and milk of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep),[113] typically 2–5% of total fat.[114] Natural TFAs, which include conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid, originate in the rumen of these animals. CLA has two double bonds, one in the cis configuration and one in trans, which makes it simultaneously a cis- and a trans-fatty acid.[115] Trans fat contents in various natural and traditionally processed foods, in g per 100 g[116] Food type Trans fat content butter 2g to 7 g whole milk 0.07g to 0.1 g animal fat 0g to 5 g[114] ground beef 1 g Margarine, a common product that can contain trans fatty acids Cover of original Crisco cookbook, 1912. Crisco was made by hydrogenating cottonseed oil. The formula was revised in the 2000s and now has only a small amount of trans fat. Wilhelm Normann patented the hydrogenation of liquid oils in 1902 Concerns about trans fatty acids in human diet were raised when they were found to be an unintentional byproduct of the partial hydrogenation of vegetable and fish oils. While these trans fatty acids (popularly called "trans fats") are edible, they have been implicated in many health problems.[117] Converson of cis to trans fatty acids in partial hydrogenation The hydrogenation process, invented and patented by Wilhelm Normann in 1902, made it possible to turn relatively cheap liquid fats such as whale or fish oil into more solid fats and to extend their shelf-life by preventing rancidification. (The source fat and the process were initially kept secret to avoid consumer distaste.[118]) This process was widely adopted by the food industry already in the early 1900s; first for the production of margarine, a replacement for butter and shortening,[119] and eventually for various other fats used in snack food, packaged baked goods, and deep fried products.[120][121] Full hydrogenation of a fat or oil produces a fully saturated fat. However, hydrogenation generally was interrupted before completion, to yield a fat product with specific melting point, hardness, and other properties. Unfortunately, partial hydrogenation turns some of the cis double bonds into trans bonds by an isomerization reaction.[120][121] [122] The trans configuration is favored[citation needed] because it is the lower energy form. This side reaction accounts for most of the trans fatty acids consumed today, by far.[123][124] An analysis of some industrialized foods in 2006 found up to 30% "trans fats" in artificial shortening, 10% in breads and cake products, 8% in cookies and crackers, 4% in salty snacks, 7% in cake frostings and sweets, and 26% in margarine and other processed spreads. [116] Another 2010 analysis however found only 0.2% of trans fats in margarine and other processed spreads. [125] Up to 45% of the total fat in those foods containing man-made trans fats formed by partially hydrogenating plant fats may be trans fat.[114] Baking shortenings, unless reformulated, contain around 30% trans fats compared to their total fats. High-fat dairy products such as butter contain about 4%. Margarines not reformulated to reduce trans fats may contain up to 15% trans fat by weight,[126] but some reformulated ones are less than 1% trans fat. High levels of TFAs have been recorded in popular "fast food" meals.[124] An analysis of samples of McDonald's French fries collected in 2004 and 2005 found that fries served in New York City contained twice as much trans fat as in Hungary, and 28 times as much as in Denmark, where trans fats are restricted. For Kentucky Fried Chicken products, the pattern was reversed: the Hungarian product containing twice the trans fat of the New York product. Even within the United States, there was variation, with fries in New York containing 30% more trans fat than those from Atlanta.[127] Cardiovascular disease Numerous studies have found that consumption of TFAs increases risk of cardiovascular disease.[19][13] The Harvard School of Public Health advises that replacing TFAs and saturated fats with cis monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats is beneficial for health.[128] Consuming trans fats has been shown to increase the risk of coronary artery disease in part by raising levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, often termed "bad cholesterol"), lowering levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, often termed "good cholesterol"), increasing triglycerides in the bloodstream and promoting systemic inflammation.[129][130][131] The primary health risk identified for trans fat consumption is an elevated risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).[132] A 1994 study estimated that over 30,000 cardiac deaths per year in the United States are attributable to the consumption of trans fats.[133] By 2006 upper estimates of 100,000 deaths were suggested.[134] A comprehensive review of studies of trans fats published in 2006 in the New England Journal of Medicine reports a strong and reliable connection between trans fat consumption and CAD, concluding that "On a per-calorie basis, trans fats appear to increase the risk of CAD more than any other macronutrient, conferring a substantially increased risk at low levels of consumption (1 to 3% of total energy intake)".[135] The major evidence for the effect of trans fat on CAD comes from the Nurses' Health Study – a cohort study that has been following 120,000 female nurses since its inception in 1976. In this study, Hu and colleagues analyzed data from 900 coronary events from the study's population during 14 years of followup. He determined that a nurse's CAD risk roughly doubled (relative risk of 1.93, CI: 1.43 to 2.61) for each 2% increase in trans fat calories consumed (instead of carbohydrate calories). By contrast, for each 5% increase in saturated fat calories (instead of carbohydrate calories) there was a 17% increase in risk (relative risk of 1.17, CI: 0.97 to 1.41). "The replacement of saturated fat or trans unsaturated fat by cis (unhydrogenated) unsaturated fats was associated with larger reductions in risk than an isocaloric replacement by carbohydrates."[136] Hu also reports on the benefits of reducing trans fat consumption. Replacing 2% of food energy from trans fat with non-trans unsaturated fats more than halves the risk of CAD (53%). By comparison, replacing a larger 5% of food energy from saturated fat with non-trans unsaturated fats reduces the risk of CAD by 43%.[136] Another study considered deaths due to CAD, with consumption of trans fats being linked to an increase in mortality, and consumption of polyunsaturated fats being linked to a decrease in mortality.[132][137] Trans fat has been found to act like saturated in raising the blood level of LDL ("bad cholesterol"); but, unlike saturated fat, it also decreases levels of HDL ("good cholesterol"). The net increase in LDL/HDL ratio with trans fat, a widely accepted indicator of risk for coronary artery, is approximately double that due to saturated fat.[138][139][140] One randomized crossover study published in 2003 comparing the effect of eating a meal on blood lipids of (relatively) cis and trans-fat-rich meals showed that cholesteryl ester transfer (CET) was 28% higher after the trans meal than after the cis meal and that lipoprotein concentrations were enriched in apolipoprotein(a) after the trans meals.[141] The citokyne test is a potentially more reliable indicator of CAD risk, although is still being studied.[132] A study of over 700 nurses showed that those in the highest quartile of trans fat consumption had blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) that were 73% higher than those in the lowest quartile.[142] Breast feeding It has been established that trans fats in human breast milk fluctuate with maternal consumption of trans fat, and that the amount of trans fats in the bloodstream of breastfed infants fluctuates with the amounts found in their milk. In 1999, reported percentages of trans fats (compared to total fats) in human milk ranged from 1% in Spain, 2% in France, 4% in Germany, and 7% in Canada and the United States.[143] Other health risks There are suggestions that the negative consequences of trans fat consumption go beyond the cardiovascular risk. In general, there is much less scientific consensus asserting that eating trans fat specifically increases the risk of other chronic health problems: Alzheimer's disease: A study published in Archives of Neurology in February 2003 suggested that the intake of both trans fats and saturated fats promote the development of Alzheimer disease,[144] although not confirmed in an animal model.[145] It has been found that trans fats impaired memory and learning in middle-age rats. The trans-fat eating rats' brains had fewer proteins critical to healthy neurological function. Inflammation in and around the hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for learning and memory. These are the exact types of changes normally seen at the onset of Alzheimer's, but seen after six weeks, even though the rats were still young.[146] Cancer: There is no scientific consensus that consuming trans fats significantly increases cancer risks across the board.[132] The American Cancer Society states that a relationship between trans fats and cancer "has not been determined."[147] One study has found a positive connection between trans fat and prostate cancer.[148] However, a larger study found a correlation between trans fats and a significant decrease in high-grade prostate cancer.[149] An increased intake of trans fatty acids may raise the risk of breast cancer by 75%, suggest the results from the French part of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.[150][151] Diabetes: There is a growing concern that the risk of type 2 diabetes increases with trans fat consumption.[132][152] However, consensus has not been reached.[135] For example, one study found that risk is higher for those in the highest quartile of trans fat consumption.[153] Another study has found no diabetes risk once other factors such as total fat intake and BMI were accounted for.[154] Obesity: Research indicates that trans fat may increase weight gain and abdominal fat, despite a similar caloric intake.[155] A 6-year experiment revealed that monkeys fed a trans fat diet gained 7.2% of their body weight, as compared to 1.8% for monkeys on a mono-unsaturated fat diet.[156][157] Although obesity is frequently linked to trans fat in the popular media,[158] this is generally in the context of eating too many calories; there is not a strong scientific consensus connecting trans fat and obesity, although the 6-year experiment did find such a link, concluding that "under controlled feeding conditions, long-term TFA consumption was an independent factor in weight gain. TFAs enhanced intra-abdominal deposition of fat, even in the absence of caloric excess, and were associated with insulin resistance, with evidence that there is impaired post-insulin receptor binding signal transduction."[157] Infertility in women: One 2007 study found, "Each 2% increase in the intake of energy from trans unsaturated fats, as opposed to that from carbohydrates, was associated with a 73% greater risk of ovulatory infertility...".[159] Major depressive disorder: Spanish researchers analysed the diets of 12,059 people over six years and found that those who ate the most trans fats had a 48 per cent higher risk of depression than those who did not eat trans fats.[160] One mechanism may be trans-fats' substitution for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Very high intake of trans-fatty acids (43% of total fat) in mice from 2 to 16 months of age was associated with lowered DHA levels in the brain (p=0.001).[145] When the brains of 15 major depressive subjects who had committed suicide were examined post-mortem and compared against 27 age-matched controls, the suicidal brains were found to have 16% less (male average) to 32% less (female average) DHA in the OFC. The OFC controls reward, reward expectation, and empathy (all of which are reduced in depressive mood disorders) and regulates the limbic system.[161] Behavioral irritability and aggression: a 2012 observational analysis of subjects of an earlier study found a strong relation between dietary trans fat acids and self-reported behavioral aggression and irritability, suggesting but not establishing causality.[162] Diminished memory: In a 2015 article, researchers re-analyzing results from the 1999-2005 UCSD Statin Study argue that "greater dietary trans fatty acid consumption is linked to worse word memory in adults during years of high productivity, adults age <45".[163] Acne: According to a 2015 study, trans fats are one of several components of Western pattern diets which promote acne, along with carbohydrates with high glycemic load such as refined sugars or refined starches, milk and dairy products, and saturated fats, while omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce acne, are deficient in Western pattern diets.[164] Biochemical mechanisms The exact biochemical process by which trans fats produce specific health problems are a topic of continuing research. Intake of dietary trans fat perturbs the body's ability to metabolize essential fatty acids (EFAs, including Omega-3) leading to changes in the phospholipid fatty acid composition of the arterial walls, thereby raising risk of coronary artery disease.[165] Trans double bonds are claimed to induce a linear conformation to the molecule, favoring its rigid packing as in plaque formation. The geometry of the cis double bond, in contrast, is claimed to create a bend in the molecule, thereby precluding rigid formations.[citation needed]. While the mechanisms through which trans fatty acids contribute to coronary artery disease are fairly well understood, the mechanism for their effects on diabetes is still under investigation. They may impair the metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs).[166] However, maternal pregnancy trans fatty acid intake has been inversely associated with LCPUFAs levels in infants at birth thought to underlie the positive association between breastfeeding and intelligence.[167] Trans fats are processed by the liver differently than other fats. They may cause liver dysfunction by interfering with delta 6 desaturase, an enzyme involved in converting essential fatty acids to arachidonic acid and prostaglandins, both of which are important to the functioning of cells.[168] Natural "trans fats" in dairy products Some trans fatty acids occur in natural fats and traditionally processed foods. Vaccenic acid occurs in breast milk, and some isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are found in meat and dairy products from ruminants. Butter, for example, contains about 3% trans fat.[169] The US National Dairy Council has asserted that the trans fats present in animal foods are of a different type than those in partially hydrogenated oils, and do not appear to exhibit the same negative effects.[170] While a recent scientific review agrees with the conclusion (stating that "the sum of the current evidence suggests that the Public health implications of consuming trans fats from ruminant products are relatively limited"), it cautions that this may be due to the low consumption of trans fats from animal sources compared to artificial ones.[135] More recent inquiry (independent of the dairy industry) has found in a 2008 Dutch meta-analysis that all trans fats, regardless of natural or artificial origin equally raise LDL and lower HDL levels.[171] Other studies though have shown different results when it comes to animal-based trans fats like conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Although CLA is known for its anticancer properties, researchers have also found that the cis-9, trans-11 form of CLA can reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease and help fight inflammation.[172][173] Two Canadian studies have shown that vaccenic acid, a TFA that naturally occurs in dairy products, could be beneficial compared to hydrogenated vegetable shortening, or a mixture of pork lard and soy fat, by lowering total LDL and triglyceride levels.[174][175][176] A study by the US Department of Agriculture showed that vaccenic acid raises both HDL and LDL cholesterol, whereas industrial trans fats only raise LDL with no beneficial effect on HDL.[177] Official recommendations In light of recognized evidence and scientific agreement, nutritional authorities consider all trans fats equally harmful for health and recommend that their consumption be reduced to trace amounts.[178][179][180][181][182] The World Health Organization recommended that trans fats make up no more than 0.9% of a person's diet in 2003[114] and, in 2018, introduced a 6-step guide to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from the global food supply.[183] The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) advises the United States and Canadian governments on nutritional science for use in public policy and product labeling programs. Their 2002 Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids[184] contains their findings and recommendations regarding consumption of trans fat (summary). Their recommendations are based on two key facts. First, "trans fatty acids are not essential and provide no known benefit to human health",[129] whether of animal or plant origin.[185] Second, given their documented effects on the LDL/HDL ratio,[130] the NAS concluded "that dietary trans fatty acids are more deleterious with respect to coronary artery disease than saturated fatty acids". A 2006 review published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) that states "from a nutritional standpoint, the consumption of trans fatty acids results in considerable potential harm but no apparent benefit."[135] Because of these facts and concerns, the NAS has concluded there is no safe level of trans fat consumption. There is no adequate level, recommended daily amount or tolerable upper limit for trans fats. This is because any incremental increase in trans fat intake increases the risk of coronary artery disease.[130] Despite this concern, the NAS dietary recommendations have not included eliminating trans fat from the diet. This is because trans fat is naturally present in many animal foods in trace quantities, and thus its removal from ordinary diets might introduce undesirable side effects and nutritional imbalances. The NAS has, thus, "recommended that trans fatty acid consumption be as low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet".[186] Like the NAS, the World Health Organization has tried to balance public health goals with a practical level of trans fat consumption, recommending in 2003 that trans fats be limited to less than 1% of overall energy intake.[114] Regulatory action Main article: Trans fat regulation In the last few decades, there has been substantial amount of regulation in many countries, limiting trans fat contents of industrialized and commercial food products. Alternatives to hydrogenation In recent years, the negative public image and strict regulations have driven many fat processing industries to replace partial hydrogenation by fat interesterification, a process that chemically scrambles the fatty acids among a mix of triglycerides. When applied to a suitable bend of oils and saturated fats, possibly followed by separation of unwanted solid or liquid triglycerides, this process can achieve results similar to those of partial hydrogenation without affecting the fatty acids themselves; in particular, without creating any new "trans fat". Researchers at the United States Department of Agriculture have investigated whether hydrogenation can be achieved without the side effect of trans fat production. They varied the pressure under which the chemical reaction was conducted – applying 1400 kPa (200 psi) of pressure to soybean oil in a 2-liter vessel while heating it to between 140 °C and 170 °C. The standard 140 kPa (20 psi) process of hydrogenation produces a product of about 40% trans fatty acid by weight, compared to about 17% using the high-pressure method. Blended with unhydrogenated liquid soybean oil, the high-pressure-processed oil produced margarine containing 5 to 6% trans fat. Based on current U.S. labeling requirements (see below), the manufacturer could claim the product was free of trans fat.[187] The level of trans fat may also be altered by modification of the temperature and the length of time during hydrogenation. A University of Guelph research group has found a way to mix oils (such as olive, soybean, and canola), water, monoglycerides, and fatty acids to form a "cooking fat" that acts the same way as trans and saturated fats.[188][189] Omega-three and omega-six fatty acids Main article: Omega-3 fatty acid Main article: Omega-6 fatty acid The ω−3 fatty acids have received substantial atterntion in recent years. In preliminary research, omega-3 fatty acids in algal oil, fish oil, fish and seafood have been shown to lower the risk of heart attacks.[110] Other preliminary research indicates that omega-6 fatty acids in sunflower oil and safflower oil may also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.[190] Among omega-3 fatty acids, neither long-chain nor short-chain forms were consistently associated with breast cancer risk. High levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), however, the most abundant omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes, were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.[109] The DHA obtained through the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids is positively associated with cognitive and behavioral performance.[191] In addition DHA is vital for the grey matter structure of the human brain, as well as retinal stimulation and neurotransmission.[7] Interesterification Some studies have investigated the health effects of insteresterified (IE) fats, by comparing diets with IE and non-IE fats with the same overall fatty acid composition.[192] Several experimental studies in humans found no statistical difference on fasting blood lipids between a with large amounts of IE fat, having 25-40% C16:0 or C18:0 on the 2-position, and a similar diet with non-IE fat, having only 3-9% C16:0 or C18:0 on the 2-position.[193][194][195] A negative result was obtained also in a study that compared the effects on blood cholesterol levels of an IE fat product mimicking cocoa butter and the real non-IE product.[196][197][198][199][200][201][202] A 2007 study funded by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board[203] claimed that replacing natural palm oil by other interesterified or partial hydrogenated fats caused adverse health effects, such as higher LDL/ HDL ratio and plasma glucose levels. However, these effects could be attributed to the higher percentage of saturated acids in the IE and partially hydrogenated fats, rather than to the IE process itself.[204][205] Fat digestion and metabolism Main article: Lipid metabolism Fats are broken down in the healthy body to release their constituents, glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol itself can be converted to glucose by the liver and so become a source of energy. Fats and other lipids are broken down in the body by enzymes called lipases produced in the pancreas. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids as a source of energy for metabolism. In particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer fatty acids.[citation needed] Despite long-standing assertions to the contrary, fatty acids can also be used as a source of fuel for brain cells through mitochondrial oxidation. [206] See also ANGPTL4 Advanced glycation endproduct Ancel Keys Animal fat D. 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Retrieved March 10, 2011. vte Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Fatback LardoSaloSalt porkSzalonnaLardLardonPork belly BaconPancettaTocinoSpeck Beef/mutton fats DrippingSuetTallowTail fat Dairy fats ButterClarified butter GheeNiter kibbehSmen Poultry fats Chicken fatDuck fatSchmaltz Other animal fats Blubber MuktukWhale oil Vegetable fats Borneo tallowCocoa butterMango butterMargarineShea butterVegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oilShark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oilCorn oilCottonseed oilOlive oilPalm oil palm kernel oilPeanut oilRapeseed oil Canola oil and Colza oil (toxic oil syndrome)Safflower oilSoybean oilSunflower oil Nut oils Almond oilArgan oilCashew oilHazelnut oilMacadamia oilMarula oilMongongo nut oilPecan oilPine nut oilPistachio oilWalnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oilAvocado oilCastor oilGrape seed oilHemp oilLinseed oil (flaxseed oil)Mustard oilOlive oilPerilla oilPoppyseed oilPumpkin seed oilRice bran oilSesame oilTea seed oilWatermelon seed oil See also List of vegetable oilsCooking oilEssential oil Authority control Edit this at Wikidata NDL: 00570877 Categories: NutrientsMacromolecules