The 14 Most Common Signs of Gluten Intolerance
Gluten intolerance is a fairly common problem.
It is characterized by adverse reactions to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye.
Celiac disease is the most severe form of gluten intolerance.
It is an autoimmune disease that affects about 1% of the population and may lead to damage in the digestive system (1, 2).
However, 0.5–13% of people may also have non-celiac gluten sensitivity, a milder form of gluten intolerance that can still cause problems (3, 4).
Both forms of gluten intolerance can cause widespread symptoms, many of which have nothing to do with digestion.
Here are the 14 main signs and symptoms of gluten intolerance.
Bloating is when you feel as if your belly is swollen or full of gas after you've eaten. This can make you feel miserable (5).
Although bloating is very common and can have many explanations, it may also be a sign of gluten intolerance.
In fact, feeling bloated is one of the most common complaints of people who are sensitive or intolerant to gluten (6, 7).
One study showed that 87% of people who had suspected non-celiac gluten sensitivity experienced bloating (8).
BOTTOM LINE:Bloating is one of the most common symptoms of gluten intolerance. It involves the belly feeling swollen after eating.
Occasionally getting diarrhea and constipation is normal, but it may be a cause for concern if it happens regularly.
These also happen to be a common symptom of gluten intolerance.
Individuals with celiac disease experience inflammation in the gut after eating gluten.
This damages the gut lining and leads to poor nutrient absorption, resulting in significant digestive discomfort and frequent diarrhea or constipation (9).
However, gluten may also cause digestive symptoms in some people who don't have celiac disease (10, 11, 12, 13).
More than 50% of gluten-sensitive individuals regularly experience diarrhea, while about 25% experience constipation (8).
Furthermore, individuals with celiac disease may experience pale and foul-smelling feces due to poor nutrient absorption.
Frequent diarrhea can cause some major health concerns, such as loss of electrolytes, dehydration and fatigue (14).
BOTTOM LINE:Gluten-intolerant people commonly experience diarrhea or constipation. Celiac disease patients may also experience pale and foul-smelling feces.
Abdominal pain is very common and can have numerous explanations.
Up to 83% of those with gluten intolerance experience abdominal pain and discomfort after eating gluten (8, 17).
BOTTOM LINE:Abdominal pain is the most common symptom of gluten intolerance, experienced by up to 83% of gluten intolerant individuals.
Many people experience headaches or migraines once in a while.
Migraines are a common condition, with 10–12% of the Western population experiencing them regularly (18, 19).
Interestingly, studies have shown that gluten-intolerant individuals may be more prone to migraines than others (20, 21).
If you have regular headaches or migraines without any apparent cause, you could be sensitive to gluten.
BOTTOM LINE:Gluten-intolerant individuals seem to be more prone to migraines than healthy people.
Feeling tired is very common and usually not linked to any disease.
However, if you constantly feel very tired, then you should explore the possibility of an underlying cause.
Gluten-intolerant individuals are very prone to fatigue and tiredness, especially after eating foods that contain gluten (22, 23).
Studies have shown that 60–82% of gluten-intolerant individuals commonly experience tiredness and fatigue (8, 23).
Furthermore, gluten intolerance can also cause iron-deficiency anemia, which in turn will cause more tiredness and lack of energy (24).
BOTTOM LINE:Feeling extremely tired is another common symptom, affecting about 60–82% of gluten-intolerant individuals.
Gluten intolerance can also affect your skin.
A blistering skin condition called dermatitis herpetiformis is the skin manifestation of celiac disease (25).
Everyone who has the disease is sensitive to gluten, but less than 10% of patients experience digestive symptoms that indicate celiac disease (25).
Furthermore, several other skin diseases have shown improvement while on a gluten-free diet. These include (26):
- Psoriasis: An inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by scaling and reddening of the skin (27, 28, 29).
- Alopecia areata: An autoimmune disease that appears as non-scarring hair loss (28, 30, 31).
- Chronic urticaria: A skin condition characterized by recurrent, itchy, pink or red lesions with pale centers (32, 33).
BOTTOM LINE:Dermatitis herpetiformis is the skin manifestation of celiac disease. Several other skin diseases may also improve with a gluten-free diet.
Depression affects about 6% of adults each year. The symptoms can be very disabling and involve feelings of hopelessness and sadness (34).
People with digestive issues seem to be more prone to both anxiety and depression, compared to healthy individuals (35).
There are a few theories about how gluten intolerance can drive depression. These include (40):
- Abnormal serotonin levels: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that allows cells to communicate. It is commonly known as one of the "happiness" hormones. Decreased amounts of it have been linked with depression (37, 41).
- Gluten exorphins: These peptides are formed during the digestion of some of the gluten proteins. They may interfere with the central nervous system, which may raise the risk of depression (42).
- Changes in the gut microbiota: Increased amounts of harmful bacteria and decreased amounts of beneficial bacteria may affect the central nervous system, increasing the risk of depression (43).
Several studies have shown that depressed individuals with self-reported gluten intolerance want to continue a gluten-free diet because they feel better, even though their digestive symptoms may not be resolved (44, 45).
That suggests that gluten exposure on its own may induce feelings of depression, irrespective to digestive symptoms.
BOTTOM LINE:Depression is more common among individuals with gluten intolerance.
An unexpected weight change is often a cause for concern.
Although it can stem from various reasons, unexplained weight loss is a common side effect of undiagnosed celiac disease (46).
In one study in celiac disease patients, two-thirds had lost weight in the six months leading up to their diagnosis (17).
The weight loss may be explained by a variety of digestive symptoms, coupled with poor nutrient absorption.
BOTTOM LINE:Unexpected weight loss may be a sign of celiac disease, especially if coupled with other digestive symptoms.
Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world and accounts for anemia in 5% and 2% of American women and men, respectively (47).
Iron deficiency causes symptoms such as low blood volume, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, pale skin and weakness (48).
In celiac disease, nutrient absorption in the large intestine is impaired, resulting in a reduced amount of iron being absorbed from food (49).
Iron deficiency anemia may be among the first symptoms of celiac disease that your doctor notices (50).
Recent studies suggest that iron deficiency may be significant in both children and adults with celiac disease (51, 52).
BOTTOM LINE:Celiac disease may cause poor absorption of iron from your diet, causing iron-deficiency anemia.
Anxiety may affect 3–30% of people worldwide (53).
It involves feelings of worry, nervousness, unease and agitation. Furthermore, it often goes hand-in-hand with depression (54).
Individuals with gluten intolerance seem to be more prone to anxiety and panic disorders than healthy individuals (39, 55, 56, 57, 58).
Additionally, a study showed that up to 40% of individuals with self-reported gluten sensitivity stated that they regularly experienced anxiety (8).
BOTTOM LINE:Gluten-intolerant individuals seem to be more prone to anxiety than healthy individuals.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that causes your immune system to attack your digestive tract after you consume gluten (59).
Interestingly, having this autoimmune disease makes you more prone to other autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease (60, 61).
Furthermore, autoimmune thyroid disorders may be a risk factor for developing emotional and depressive disorders (62, 63, 64).
This also makes celiac disease more common in people that have other autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, autoimmune liver diseases and inflammatory bowel disease (61).
However, non-celiac gluten sensitivity has not been associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disorders, malabsorption or nutritional deficiencies (65, 66).
BOTTOM LINE:Individuals with autoimmune diseases like celiac disease are more likely to get other autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid disorders.
There are numerous reasons why people experience joint and muscle pain.
There is a theory that those with celiac disease have a genetically determined over-sensitive or over-excitable nervous system.
Therefore, they may have a lower threshold to activate sensory neurons that cause pain in muscles and joints (67, 68).
Moreover, gluten exposure may cause inflammation in gluten-sensitive individuals. The inflammation may result in widespread pain, including in joints and muscles (8).
BOTTOM LINE:Gluten-intolerant individuals commonly report joint and muscle pain. This is possibly due to an over-sensitive nervous system.
Another surprising symptom of gluten intolerance is neuropathy, which involves numbness or tingling in the arms and legs.
This condition is common in individuals with diabetes and vitamin B12 deficiency. It can also be caused by toxicity and alcohol consumption (69).
However, individuals with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity seem to be at a higher risk of experiencing arm and leg numbness, compared to healthy control groups (70, 71, 72).
While the exact cause is not known, some have linked this symptom to the presence of certain antibodies related to gluten intolerance (73).
BOTTOM LINE:Gluten intolerance may cause numbness or tingling in the arms and legs.
"Brain fog" refers to the feeling of being unable to think clearly.
People have described it as being forgetful, having difficulty thinking, feeling cloudy and having mental fatigue (74).
Having a "foggy mind" is a common symptom of gluten intolerance, affecting up to 40% of gluten-intolerant individuals (8, 75, 76).
This symptom may be caused by a reaction to certain antibodies in gluten, but the exact reason is unknown (77, 78).
BOTTOM LINE:Gluten-intolerant individuals may experience brain fog. It involves having difficulty thinking, mental fatigue and forgetfulness.
Gluten intolerance can have numerous symptoms.
However, keep in mind that most of the symptoms on the list above may have other explanations as well.
Nevertheless, if you regularly experience some of them without an apparent cause, then you may be reacting negatively to the gluten in your diet.
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