From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi
AC
အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်
Chairperson and General Secretary of
the National League for Democracy
Incumbent
Assumed office
27 September 1988
Preceded by Office Created
Leader of the Opposition
Incumbent
Assumed office
2 May 2012
President Thein Sein
Preceded by Tun Yi
Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw
for Kawhmu
Incumbent
Assumed office
2 May 2012
Preceded by Soe Tint
Majority 46,730 (71.38%)[1]
Personal details
Born 19 June 1945 (age 68)
Rangoon, British Burma
(now Yangon)
Political party National League for Democracy
Spouse(s) Michael Aris (m. 1971; w. 1999)
Relations Aung San (father)
Khin Kyi (mother)
Children Alexander
Kim
Alma mater University of Delhi
St Hugh's College, Oxford
SOAS, University of London
Religion Theravada Buddhism
Awards Rafto Prize
Sakharov Prize
Nobel Peace Prize
Jawaharlal Nehru Award
International Simón Bolívar Prize
Olof Palme Prize
Bhagwan Mahavir World Peace
Congressional Gold Medal
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.
Aung San Suu Kyi AC (Burmese: အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, /aʊŋˌsæn.suːˈtʃiː/,[2] Burmese pronunciation: [àʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010,[10] becoming one of the world's most prominent political prisoners.[11]
Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prize from the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country,[12] the fourth person ever to receive the honour.[13] In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.[14] On 19 September 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was also presented with the Congressional Gold Medal, which is, along with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States.[15]
On 1 April 2012, her party, the National League for Democracy, announced that she was elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the Burmese parliament, representing the constituency of Kawhmu;[16] her party also won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the lower house.[17] The election results were confirmed by the official electoral commission the following day.[18]
On 6 June 2013, Suu Kyi announced on the World Economic Forum’s website that she wants to run for the presidency in Myanmar's 2015 elections.[19]
Contents [hide]
1 Name
2 Personal life
3 Political beginnings
4 Political career
4.1 1990 general election
4.2 1996 attack
4.3 House arrest
4.4 United Nations involvement
4.5 Periods under detention
4.6 2007 anti-government protests
4.7 2009 trespass incident
4.8 2009: International pressure for release and 2010 Burmese general election
4.9 2010 release
4.10 2012 by-elections
5 Ethnic controversy
6 Political belief
7 International support
7.1 Organizations
8 Deportation of Michelle Yeoh
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 Further reading
11 External links
Name[edit]
A family portrait, with Aung San Suu Kyi (in white) as a toddler, taken in 1947, shortly before her father's assassination.
Aung San Suu Kyi derives her name from three relatives: "Aung San" from her father, "Suu" from her paternal grandmother, and "Kyi" from her mother Khin Kyi.[20] She is frequently called Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Daw is not part of her name, but is an honorific, similar to madame, for older, revered women, literally meaning "aunt".[21] She is also often referred to as Daw Suu by the Burmese (or Amay Suu, lit. "Mother Suu," by some followers),[22][23] or "Aunty Suu", and as Dr. Suu Kyi,[24] Ms. Suu Kyi, or Miss Suu Kyi by the foreign media. However, like other Burmese, she has no surname (see Burmese names).
Personal life[edit]
Part of a series on the
Democracy movements in Burma
The fighting peacock flag
Background
Post-independence Burma
Internal conflict in Burma
Burmese Way to Socialism
State Peace and Development Council
Mass protests
8888 Uprising · Saffron Revolution
Concessions and reforms
Roadmap to democracy
New constitution
Reforms of 2011
Elections
1990 · 2010 · 2012
Organizations
National League for Democracy · 88 Generation Students Group · Burma Campaign UK · Free Burma Coalition · U.S. Campaign for Burma · Generation Wave · All Burma Students' Democratic Front · The Irrawaddy · Democratic Voice of Burma · Mizzima News
Figures
U Nu · Aung Gyi · Tin Oo · Aung San Suu Kyi · Min Ko Naing · Thein Sein
Related topics
Human rights in Burma · Politics of Burma · Foreign relations of Burma
v t e
A portrait of Khin Kyi and her family in 1948. Aung San Suu Kyi is seated on the floor.
Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Rangoon (now named Yangon).[25] Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from the British Empire in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at the age of eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house.[20] Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen.[20] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Suu Kyi met people of very different backgrounds, political views and religions.[26] She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.[27] She is a Theravada Buddhist.
Aung San Suu Kyi at the age of six.
Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San Suu Kyi followed her there. She studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School in New Delhi, and graduated from Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi with a degree in politics in 1964.[25][28] Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1969. After graduating, she lived in New York City with a family friend Ma Than E, who was once a popular Burmese pop singer.[29] She worked at the United Nations for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael Aris.[30] In late 1971, Aung San Suu Kyi married Aris, a scholar of Tibetan culture, living abroad in Bhutan.[25] The following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their second son, Kim, was born in 1977. Between 1985 and 1987, Suu Kyi was working toward an M.Phil degree in Burmese literature as a research student at SOAS the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.[31][32] She was elected as an Honorary Fellow of SOAS in 1990.[25] For two years she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for the government of the Union of Burma.
In 1988 Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for her ailing mother but later to lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris' visit in Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Suu Kyi met, as Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any further entry visas.[25] Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 which was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organizations, including the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II, the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the military junta's assurance that she could return.[33]
Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was also separated from her children, who live in the United Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her in Burma.[34]
On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Suu Kyi lost the roof of her house and lived in virtual darkness after losing electricity in her dilapidated lakeside residence. She used candles at night as she was not provided any generator set.[35] Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009.[36] Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[37]
Aung San Suu Kyi arrives to give a speech to the supporters during the 2012 by-election campaign at her constituency Kawhmu township, Myanmar on 22 March 2012.
Political beginnings[edit]
Coincident with Aung San Suu Kyi's return to Burma in 1988, the long-time military leader of Burma and head of the ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down. Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888 Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for a democratic government.[25] However in September, a new military junta took power.
Influenced[38] by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence[39][40] and more specifically by Buddhist concepts,[41] Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for democratisation, helped found the National League for Democracy on 27 September 1988,[42] but was put under house arrest on 20 July 1989. Offered freedom if she left the country, she refused.
One of her most famous speeches was Freedom From Fear, which began: "It is not power that corrupts, but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it."[43]
She also believes fear spurs many world leaders to lose sight of their purpose. "Government leaders are amazing", she once said. "So often it seems they are the last to know what the people want."[44]
Political career[edit]
Suu Kyi meets with Edgardo Boeninger of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs in 1995.
1990 general election[edit]
In 1990, the military junta called a general election, in which the National League for Democracy (NLD) received 59% of the votes, guaranteeing NLD 80% of the parliament seats. Some claim that Aung San Suu Kyi would have assumed the office of Prime Minister;[45] in fact, however, as she was not permitted, she did not stand as a candidate in the elections (although being a MP is not a strict prerequisite for becoming PM in most parliamentary systems). Instead, the results were nullified and the military refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on University Avenue (16°49′32″N 96°9′1″E) in Rangoon, during which time she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize the year after. Her sons Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's 1.3 million USD prize money to establish a health and education trust for the Burmese people.[46] Around this time, Suu Kyi chose non-violence as an expedient political tactic, stating in 2007, "I do not hold to non-violence for moral reasons, but for political and practical reasons,"[47] however, nonviolent action as well as civil resistance in lieu of armed conflict are also political tactics in keeping with the overall philosophy of her Theravada Buddhist religion.
1996 attack[edit]
On 9 November 1996, the motorcade that she was traveling in with other National League for Democracy leaders Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung, was attacked in Yangon. About 200 men swooped down on the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal batons, stones and other weapons. The car that Aung San Suu Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung had its rear window and two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders were members of the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly paid 500 kyats (@ USD $0.50) each to participate. The NLD lodged an official complaint with the police, and according to reports the government launched an investigation, but no action was taken. (Amnesty International 120297)[48]
House arrest[edit]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been placed under house arrest for 15 of the past 21 years, on numerous occasions, since she began her political career,[49] during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, Suu Kyi said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her.[50] She also passed the time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician.[51]
The media were also prevented from visiting Suu Kyi, as occurred in 1998 when journalist Maurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who then confiscated all his films, tapes and some notes.[52] In contrast, Suu Kyi did have visits from government representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest when she met the leader of Burma, General Than Shwe and General Khin Nyunt on 20 September in the first meeting since she had been placed in detention.[25] On several occasions during Suu Kyi's house arrest, she had periods of poor health and as a result was hospitalized.[53]
The Burmese government detained and kept Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as someone "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for up to five years without a trial),[54] and Section 22 of the "Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" as legal tools against her.[55] She continuously appealed her detention,[56] and many nations and figures continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country.[57][58] On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing Suu Kyi's release,[59] and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13 November 2010.
United Nations involvement[edit]
The United Nations (UN) has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Suu Kyi.[25] On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released her; a government spokesman said that she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country". However on 30 May 2003 in an incident similar to the 1996 attack on her, a government-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern village of Depayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.[60] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene with the help of her driver, Ko Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government imprisoned her at Insein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,[61] the government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.
The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he was denied re-entry to Burma on several occasions.[62] Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, UN Undersecretary-General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.[63] He also met with Suu Kyi later the same year.[64] On 2 October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe and other members of the senior leadership in Naypyidaw.[65] State television broadcast Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice. This was Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.[66]
The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San Suu Kyi's deprivation of liberty was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, and requested that the authorities in Burma set her free, but the authorities ignored the request at that time.[67] The U.N. report said that according to the Burmese Government’s reply, "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been taken into protective custody, for her own safety", and while "it could have instituted legal action against her under the country’s domestic legislation ... it has preferred to adopt a magnanimous attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests."[67]
Such claims were rejected by Brig-General Khin Yi, Chief of Myanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18 January 2007, the state-run paper New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for spending her Nobel Prize money outside of the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsored United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition from China, which has strong ties with the military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along with Russia and South Africa).[68]
In November 2007, it was reported that Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state TV and radio just hours after UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with Suu Kyi.[69] However, the process delivered few concrete results.
On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform. However, on departing from Burma, Ban Ki-moon said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity."[70]
Periods under detention[edit]
20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for detention without charge or trial for three years.[25]
10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.[20]
23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.[49]
6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.[49]
30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for more than three months before being returned to house arrest.[71]
25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan to General Than Shwe.[72]
24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities around the world.[73]
27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international law and Burma's own law.[74]
11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from the May 2009 trespass incident.
13 November 2010: Released from house arrest.[75]
2007 anti-government protests[edit]
Main article: 2007 Burmese anti-government protests
Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and continued each day, despite the threat of a crackdown by the military.[76]
On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of her residence in Yangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in support of human rights.[77] It was reported that she had been moved the following day to Insein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),[78][79][80][81] but meetings with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained under house arrest.[82][83]
2009 trespass incident[edit]
Main article: Suu Kyi trespasser incidents
U.S. Senator Jim Webb visiting Suu Kyi in 2009. Webb negotiated the release of John Yettaw, the man who trespassed in Suu Kyi's home, resulting in her arrest and conviction with three years' hard labour.
On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw, swam across Inya Lake to her house uninvited and was arrested when he made his return trip three days later.[84] He had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for unknown reasons was turned away.[85] He later claimed at trial that he was motivated by a divine vision requiring him to notify her of an impending terrorist assassination attempt.[86] On 13 May, Suu Kyi was arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted the swim back. Suu Kyi was later taken to Insein Prison, where she could have faced up to five years confinement for the intrusion.[87] The trial of Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of protesters gathered outside.[88][89] Diplomats and journalists were barred from attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Thailand and Singapore and journalists were allowed to meet Suu Kyi.[90] The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[91] It also accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the country.[92] During the ongoing defence case, Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the prosecution was permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members Tin Oo and Win Tin, and permitted the defence to call only a legal expert.[93] According to one unconfirmed report, the junta was planning to, once again, place her in detention, this time in a military base outside the city.[94] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was "in danger".[95] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the case filed against Suu Kyi.[96] According to aides, Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail sharing biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[97]
Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Security Council,[98] Western governments,[99] South Africa,[100] Japan[101] and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a member.[102] The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound tradition"[103] and criticised Thailand for meddling in its internal affairs.[104] The Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was quoted in the state-run newspaper New Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".[92] Ban responded to an international campaign[105] by flying to Burma to negotiate, but Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.[106]
On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months.[107] On 14 August, U.S. Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma.[108] Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Suu Kyi said they would appeal against the 18-month sentence.[109] On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.[110] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court on 2 October 2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which she had been charged, was null and void, it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively meant that she would be unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010 – the first in Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.[111]
2009: International pressure for release and 2010 Burmese general election[edit]
It was announced prior to the Burmese general election that Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize her party,"[112] However, Suu Kyi was not allowed to run.[113] On 1 October 2010 the government announced that she would be released on 13 November 2010.[114]
Burma's relaxing stance, such as releasing political prisoners, was influenced[citation needed] in the wake of successful recent diplomatic visits by the US and other democratic governments, urging or encouraging the Burmese towards democratic reform. U.S. President Barack Obama personally advocated the release of all political prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[115]
Democratic governments[which?] hoped that successful general elections would be an optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's sincerity towards eventual democracy.[116] The Hatoyama government which spent 2.82 billion yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma to release Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of law.[116][117]
In a personal letter to Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown cautioned the Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to more years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".[118]
The Burmese government has been granting Suu Kyi varying degrees of freedom throughout late 2009, in response to international pressure[citation needed]. She has met with many heads of state, and opened a dialog with the Minister of Labor Aung Kyi (not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[119]
Suu Kyi was allowed to meet with senior members of her NLD party at the State House,[120] however these meetings took place under close supervision.
2010 release[edit]
Aung San Suu Kyi addresses crowds at the NLD headquarters shortly after her release.
Aung San Suu Kyi meets with US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton in Yangon (1 December 2011)
On the evening of 13 November 2010, Suu Kyi was released from house arrest.[121] This was the date her detention had been set to expire according to a court ruling in August 2009[122] and came six days after a widely criticised general election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters, who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces. The Nobel Peace Prize laureate had been detained for 15 of the past 21 years.[123] The government newspaper New Light of Myanmar reported the release positively,[124] saying she had been granted a pardon after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[125] The New York Times suggested that the military government may have released Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position to control her supporters after the election.[124] The role that Suu Kyi will play in the future of democracy in Burma remains a subject of much debate.
Her son Kim Aris was granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother shortly after her release, for the first time in 10 years.[126] He visited again in 5 July 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Bagan, her first trip outside Yangon since 2003.[127] Her son visited again in 8 August 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Pegu, her second trip.[128]
Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese government during 2011, which led to a number of official gestures to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade unions were legalised.[129][130]
In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its intention to re-register as a political party in order to contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[131] Following the decision, Suu Kyi held a telephone conference with U.S. President Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally China.[132] On 1 December 2011, Suu Kyi met with Hillary Clinton at the residence of the top-ranking US diplomat in Yangon.[133]
On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra met Suu Kyi in Yangoon, becoming Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the leader of a foreign country".[134]
On 5 January 2012, British Foreign Minister William Hague met Aung San Suu Kyi and his Burmese counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Suu Kyi and Burma. Suu Kyi studied in the UK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest bilateral donor. Aung San Suu Kyi is on her visit to Europe and is due to visit the Swiss parliament and collect her 1991 Nobel Prize in Oslo.[135]
2012 by-elections[edit]
In December 2011, there was speculation that Suu Kyi would run in the 2012 national by-elections to fill vacant seats.[136] On 18 January 2012, Suu Kyi formally registered to contest a Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in the Kawhmu Township constituency in special parliamentary elections to be held on 1 April 2012.[137][138] The seat was previously held by Soe Tint, who vacated it after being appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the 2010 election.[139] She ran against Union Solidarity and Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army physician and native of Twante Township.[140]
Aung San Suu Kyi (Center) gives a speech to the supporters during the 2012 by-election campaign at her constituency Kawhmu township, Myanmar on 22 March 2012.
On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally in Mandalay, Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of exhaustion and airsickness.[141]
In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state television's MRTV on 14 March 2012, Suu Kyi publicly campaigned for reform of the 2008 Constitution, removal of restrictive laws, more adequate protections for people's democratic rights, and establishment of an independent judiciary.[142] The speech was leaked online a day before it was broadcast.[143] A paragraph in the speech, focusing on the Tatmadaw's repression by means of law, was censored by authorities.[144]
Suu Kyi has also called for international media to monitor the upcoming by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in official voter lists, which include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested constituencies.[145][146] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[147]
When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the opportunity, she said the following:[148]
I can tell you one thing – that under the present constitution, if you become a member of the government you have to vacate your seat in the national assembly. And I am not working so hard to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.
On 26 March 2012, Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour early, after a campaign rally in Myeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, citing health problems due to exhaustion and hot weather.[149]
On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in Parliament.[150] A news broadcast on state-run MRTV, reading the announcements of the Union Election Commission, confirmed her victory, as well as her party's victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the lower house.[151]
Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on 23 April when the Hluttaws resume session, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Suu Kyi, said they might not take their oaths because of its wording; in its present form, parliamentarians must vow to "safeguard" the constitution.[152][153] In an address on Radio Free Asia, she said "We don't mean we will not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking the oath... Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Constitution. I don't expect there will be any difficulty in doing it."[154]
On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths and took office, though the wording of the oath was not changed.[155] According to the Los Angeles Times, "Suu Kyi and her colleagues decided they could do more by joining as lawmakers than maintaining their boycott on principle."[155] On 9 July 2012, she attended the Parliament for the first time as a lawmaker.[156]
On 6 July 2012, Suu Kyi announced on the World Economic Forum’s website that she wants to run for the presidency in Myanmar's 2015 elections.[19] The current Constitution, which came into effect in 2008, bars her from the presidency because she is the widow and mother of foreigners. These measures seem to have been written in part to prevent her ever getting there.[157]
Ethnic controversy[edit]
Some activists criticised Aung San Suu Kyi for her silence on the 2012 Rakhine State riots.[158] After receiving a peace prize, she told reporters she did not know if the Rohingya could be regarded as Burmese citizens.[159] Under the 1982 Citizenship Law, most Rohingya are unable to qualify for Burmese citizenship. As such, they are treated as illegal immigrants, with restrictions on their movement and withholding of land rights, education and public service.[158] Some describe her stance as politically motivated.[158] However she said that she wanted to work towards reconciliation and that she cannot take sides as "violence has been committed by both sides."[160] According to The Economist, her "halo has even slipped among foreign human-rights lobbyists, disappointed at her failure to make a clear stand on behalf of the Rohingya minority."
However, she has spoken out "against a ban on Rohingya families near the Bangladeshi border having more than two children."[161]
Political belief[edit]
Asked what democratic models Myanmar could look to, she said: "We have many, many lessons to learn from various places, not just the Asian countries like South Korea, Taiwan, Mongolia and Indonesia." She also cited "the eastern European countries, which made the transition from communist autocracy to democracy in the 1980s and 1990s, and the Latin American countries, which made the transition from military governments. "And we cannot of course forget South Africa, because although it wasn't a military regime, it was certainly an authoritarian regime." She added: "We wish to learn from everybody who has achieved a transition to democracy, and also ... our great strong point is that, because we are so far behind everybody else, we can also learn which mistakes we should avoid."[162]
In a nod to the current deep US political divide between Republicans led by Mitt Romney and the Democrats of Obama—battling to win the Presidential election on 6 November—she stressed with a smile "Those of you who are familiar with American politics I'm sure understand the need for negotiated compromise."[162]
International support[edit]
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at a conference in London, during 5 countries tour of Europe, 2012
May 2009 demonstration for Aung San Suu Kyi in Rome, Italy
The 2009 celebration of Aung San Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, Ireland
Aung San Suu Kyi greeting supporters from Bago State in 2011
Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western nations in Europe,[163] Australia[163] and North[164] and South America, as well as India,[5] Israel,[165] Japan[166] the Philippines and South Korea.[167] In December 2007, the US House of Representatives voted unanimously 400–0 to award Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate concurred on 25 April 2008.[168] On 6 May 2008, President George Bush signed legislation awarding Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal.[169] She is the first recipient in American history to receive the prize while imprisoned. More recently, there has been growing criticism of her detention by Burma's neighbours in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly from Indonesia,[170] Thailand,[171] the Philippines[172][173] and Singapore.[174] At one point Malaysia warned Burma that it faced expulsion from ASEAN as a result of the detention of Suu Kyi.[175] Other nations including South Africa,[176] Bangladesh[177] and the Maldives[178] also called for her release. The United Nations has urged the country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human rights.[179] In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Suu Kyi's release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 abstentions.[180] Other nations, such as China and Russia, are less critical of the regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic matters.[181] Indonesia has urged China to push Burma for reforms.[182] However, Samak Sundaravej, former Prime Minister of Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Suu Kyi, saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not related to Aung San Suu Kyi, you can have deeper discussions with Myanmar."[183]
Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media reported Friday, 14 August 2009.[184] The state-run Việt Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11 August 2009 to place Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar", Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its government.[185]
Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. The decision of the Nobel Committee mentions:[186]
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights.
...Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples of civil courage in Asia in recent decades. She has become an important symbol in the struggle against oppression...
...In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.
—Oslo, 14 October 1991
In 1995 Aung San Suu Kyi delivered the keynote address at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing.[187]
Nobel Peace Prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Dalai Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead Corrigan, Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie Wiesel, U.S. President Barack Obama, Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter) called for the rulers of Burma to release Suu Kyi in order to "create the necessary conditions for a genuine dialogue with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all concerned parties and ethnic groups in order to achieve an inclusive national reconciliation with the direct support of the United Nations."[25] Some of the money she received as part of the award helps fund London-based charity Prospect Burma, which provides higher education grants to Burmese students.[188]
On 16 June 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was finally able to deliver her Nobel acceptance speech (Nobel lecture) at Oslo's City Hall, two decades after being awarded the peace prize.[189][190]
Suu Kyi meeting Barack Obama at the White House in September 2012
In September 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi received in person the United States Congressional Gold Medal, which is the highest Congressional award. Although she was awarded this medal in 2008, at the time she was under house arrest, and was unable to receive the medal. Aung San Suu Kyi was greeted with bipartisan support at Congress, as part of a coast-to-coast tour in the United States. In addition, Aung San Suu Kyi met President Barack Obama at the White House. The experience was described by Aung San Suu Kyi as "one of the most moving days of my life."[191][192]
Organizations[edit]
Freedom Now, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organisation, was retained in 2006 by a member of her family to help secure Aung San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. The organisation secured several opinions from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that her detention was in violation of international law; engaged in political advocacy such as spearheading a letter from 112 former Presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urging him to go to Burma to seek her release, which he did six weeks later; and published numerous opeds and spoke widely to the media about her ongoing detention. Its representation of her ended when she was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[193]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member of International IDEA and ARTICLE 19 since her detention, and has received support from these organisations.
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Université catholique de Louvain, both located in Belgium, granted her the title of Doctor Honoris Causa.[194]
In 2003, the Freedom Forum recognised Suu Kyi's efforts to promote democracy peacefully with the Al Neuharth Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite because she was under house arrest. She was awarded one million dollars.[195]
In June of each year, the U.S. Campaign for Burma organises hundreds of "Arrest Yourself" house parties around the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the organisers keep themselves under house arrest for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[196]
The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US Campaign for Burma, looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi and the people of Burma.
The Burma Campaign UK is a UK-based NGO (Non Governmental Organisation) that aims to raise awareness of Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi.
St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in support of her in 2006.[197] The University later awarded her an honorary doctorate in civil law on 20 June 2012 during her visitation on her alma mater.[198]
Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway. She received the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.
She was made an honorary free person of the City of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999, although a space had been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention.
In November 2005 the human rights group Equality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a potential candidate, among other qualifying women, for the position of U.N. Secretary General.[4] In the proposed list of qualified women Suu Kyi is recognised by Equality Now as the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[4]
The UN' special envoy to Myanmar, Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March 2008 before wrapping up his trip to the military-ruled country.[199]
Aung San Suu Kyi was an honorary member of The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders brought together by Nelson Mandela.[200] Her ongoing detention meant that she was unable to take an active role in the group, so The Elders placed an empty chair for her at their meetings.[201] The Elders have consistently called for the release of all political prisoners in Burma.[202] Upon her election to parliament, she stepped down from her post.[203]
In 2008, Burma's devoted human rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner, was welcomed as Club of Madrid Honorary Member.
In 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was given an honorary doctorate from the University of Johannesburg.[204]
In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45th Brighton Festival.[citation needed]
She was part of the international jury of Human Rights Defenders and Personalities who helped to choose a universal Logo for Human Rights in 2011.[205]
In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011 Reith Lectures. The BBC covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which were then smuggled out of the country and brought back to London.[206] The lectures were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service on 28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.
In November 2011, Suu Kyi received Francois Zimeray, France's Ambassador for Human Rights.
8 March 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a certificate of honorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada.
In April 2012, British Prime Minister David Cameron became the first leader of a major world power to visit Aung San Su Kyi and the first of a British prime minister since the 1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited San Su Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her 'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted. She visited Britain on 19 June 2012.
In May 2012, Suu Kyi received the inaugural Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent of the Human Rights Foundation.[207]
29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited Aung San Suu Kyi to India as well. She started her 6–day visit to India on 16 November 2012 where among the places she visited was her Alma Mater Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi.
Monash University, The Australian National University, University of Sydney and University of Technology, Sydney conferred an honorary degree to Aung San Suu Kyi in November 2013.
Deportation of Michelle Yeoh[edit]
On 22 June 2011, the actress Michelle Yeoh arrived in and, on the same day, was deported from Burma because she was on a blacklist, allegedly over a new film The Lady, in which Yeoh portrays Burmese pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi.[208]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Myanmar election commission announces NLD wins overwhelmingly in by-elections". Xinhua News Agency. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi should lead Burma, Pravda Online. 25 September 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c The Next United Nations Secretary-General: Time for a Woman. Equality Now.org. November 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b MPs to Suu Kyi: You are the real PM of Burma. The Times of India. 13 June 2007
Jump up ^ Walsh, John. (February 2006). Letters from Burma. Shinawatra International University.
Jump up ^ Deutsche Welle Article: Sentence for Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi sparks outrage and cautious hope Quote: The NLD won a convincing majority in elections in 1990, the last remotely fair vote in Burma. That would have made Suu Kyi the prime minister, but the military leadership immediately nullified the result. Now her party must decide whether to take part in a poll that shows little prospect of being just.
Jump up ^ Sharpe, Penny. "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi". Penny Sharpe MLC. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. "In 1990, Suu Kyi stood as the National League for Democracy's candidate for Prime Minister in the Burmese general election. The NLD won in a landslide but the military junta refused to hand over power."
Jump up ^ twist in Aung San Suu Kyi's fate Article: How a Missouri Mormon may have thwarted democracy in Myanmar. By Patrick Winn — GlobalPost Quote: "Suu Kyi has mostly lived under house arrest since 1990, when the country's military junta refused her election to the prime minister's seat. The Nobel Peace Laureate remains backed by a pro-democracy movement-in-exile, many of them also voted into a Myanmar parliament that never was." Published: 21 May 2009 00:48 ETBANGKOK, Thailand
Jump up ^ Burma releases Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News, 13 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Aye Aye Win, Myanmar's Suu Kyi Released From Hospital, Associated Press (via the Washington Post, 10 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "Canada makes Myanmar's Suu Kyi an honorary citizen". Reuters. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Update: Mawlana Hazar Imam is made an honorary citizen of Canada". The Ismaili. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Recipients of the Wallenberg Medal. Wallenberg.umich.edu. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi given US Congressional medal". 19 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Fuller, Thomas, Democracy Advocate Elected to Myanmar’s Parliament, Her Party Says, The New York Times, 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burmese Parliamentary Elections". Voice of America News. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ NLD Claims Suu Kyi Victory, The Irrawaddy, 4 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Maierbrugger, Arno (6 June 2013). "Suu Kyi wants to run for president". Inside Investor. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Aung San Suu Kyi – Biography. Nobel Prize Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Myanmar Family Roles and Social Relationships". Government of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Min Lwin (28 May 2009). "Suu Kyi Protester Arrested". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်ကို "အမေစု"ဟု အော်ဟစ် နှုတ်ဆက်". ဧရာဝတီ (in Burmese). 13 November 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "City honours democracy campaigner". BBC. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j A biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Campaign.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Stewart (1997), p. 31
Jump up ^ Stewart (1997), p. 32
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi — Biography". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Aditi Phadnis. "Much warmth, some restraint at Manmohan's meeting with Suu Kyi". Business Standard. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff reporter (18 June 2009). Before the storm: Aung San Suu Kyi photograph peels back the years. The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London". Complete University Guide. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "SOAS alumna Aung San Suu Kyi calls for 'Peaceful Revolution' in Burma". SOAS Alumni. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Suu Kyi rejects UK visit offer. BBC News. 26 March 1999.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: A courageous and patient man". London: BBC News. 27 March 1999. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "Official: UN plane lands in Myanmar with aid after cyclone". Associated Press. 5 May 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi’s home to be renovated. Mizzima. 10 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Ba Kaung (13 November 2010). "Suu Kyi Freed at Last". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Josef. "The idea of freedom in Burma and the political thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi." Pacific Affairs 69, no. 2 (Summer96 1996): 152. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost . Retrieved 2 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Profile: Aung San Suu Kyi". London: BBC News. 25 May 2006. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Houtman, Gustaaf, Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series), 1999. ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6. Retrieved 1 December 2012. See also Buddhism in Burma.
Jump up ^ "National League for Democracy". National League for Democracy. Retrieved 26 September 2011. (Note: The date is in the "description" meta element of the web page and can be verified by viewing the page HTML code)
Jump up ^ "Freedom from Fear speech by Aung Sang Suu Kyi, 1990". Thirdworldtraveler.com. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
Jump up ^ "The Voice of Her People: Aung San Suu Kyi". Parade Magazine. 19 January 1997.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma's Icon of Democracy, Hope and Grace Under Pressure". Amnesty International Women's Action Council Stop Violence Against Women Campaign. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006.
Jump up ^ Miller (2001), p. 21
Jump up ^ Simpson, John (27 June 2011). "Is Aung San Suu Kyi rethinking her tactics?". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 27 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi profile". Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma). Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moe, Wait (3 August 2009). Suu Kyi Questions Burma’s Judiciary, Constitution. The Irrawaddy.
Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi interview (video). YouTube.
Jump up ^ Buncombe, Andrew (5 July 2009). 5,000 days in captivity: The world's most famous political prisoner and a dismal landmark. The Independent.
Jump up ^ Burma expels Italian reporter for "illegal reporting, TV Myanmar, Rangoon, 18 August 1998.
Jump up ^ Wadhams, Nick (9 June 2006). "Myanmar's Suu Kyi Hospitalized". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Opposition Condemns Extension of Suu Kyi's Detention, The Irrawaddy, 27 May 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Government took action against appeal plaintiff Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in accord with existing laws within framework of law" (PDF). New Light of Myanmar (government newspaper). 19 September 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Suu Kyi appeals to Myanmar junta against her detention: party AFP, 11 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Richard S., Suppressing Burma’s ‘beacon’, The Washington Times, 24 October 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ EU envoy urges lifting of Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest, eubusiness.com, 24 October 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Reuters in Rangoon (9 November 2010). "Burmese election won by military-backed party". The Guardian (UK). Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Depayin Massacre 2 Years On, Justice Denied" (PDF). ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Burma Caucus. 30 May 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Suu Kyi has 'major' operation". London: BBC News. 19 September 2003. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "Annan expresses sadness for the resignation of his envoy for Burma". Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "After meeting Aung San Suu Kyi, UN envoy leaves Burma". United Nations. 20 May 2006. Archived from the original on 28 May 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Rare visite". Radio-Canada (in French). Société Radio-Canada. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "UN envoy meets with Burma's top general to discuss 'current situation'". UN News Service. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Burma junta releases footage of Suu Kyi (AFP)" (in en/au). ABC News (Australia). 6 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Daw Aung San Suu Kyi v. Myanmar, U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/6/Add.1 at 47 (2004).
Jump up ^ Mydans, Seth (18 January 2008). "Burmese Daily at Odds With Democracy Advocate". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Suu Kyi to meet party colleagues". BBC News. 8 November 2007. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
Jump up ^ John Heilprin (5 July 2009). "UN chief leaves Myanmar 'disappointed' with junta". The Jakarta Post.
Jump up ^ Nakashima, Ellen (13 October 2003). Burma's Iron 'Aunty'. The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Burma extends Suu Kyi detention". Bangkok Post. 27 May 2006.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Campaigners mark 12 years of detention for Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma Campaign UK, 24 October 2007
Jump up ^ UN: Suu Kyi detention 'illegal'. Al Jazeera. 16 May 2009
Jump up ^ "Burma releases pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi". BBC News. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Yahoo News on Buddhist monk uprising[dead link]. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi greets Myanmar monks[dead link]. AFP. 22 September 2007
Jump up ^ Suu Kyi moved to Insein prison. Reuters. 25 September 2007
Jump up ^ Inside Burma's Insein jail. BBC News Online. 14 May 2009
Jump up ^ Security tight amid speculation Suu Kyi jailed. The Australian. 28 September 2007
Jump up ^ Burmese Junta silences the monks. TIME. 28 September 2007
Jump up ^ UN envoy sees top Burma dissident, BBC News Online, 30 September 2007
Jump up ^ UN envoy holds key Burmese talks. BBC News Online. 2 October 2007
Jump up ^ McDonald, Mark (7 May 2009). U.S. Man Held After Swim to Burmese Nobel Peace Laureate’s Home. The New York Times.
Jump up ^ James, Randy (20 May 2009). John Yettaw: Suu Kyi's Unwelcome Visitor. Time.
Jump up ^ The Times, 28 May 2009, Richard Lloyd Parr, "God asked me to warn her, swimmer John Yettaw tells Suu Kyi trial"
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev (14 May 2009). Lake swimmer could cost Suu Kyi her freedom. The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Burma opposition leader on trial, Financial Times, 19 May 2009
Jump up ^ Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi on trial, BBC News Online, 18 May 2009
Jump up ^ 'composed' at Burma trial, BBC News Online, 20 May 2009
Jump up ^ Lawyers for Aung San Suu Kyi protest innocence as trial begins, The Times, 18 May 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Myanmar Court Charges Suu Kyi, Wall Street Journal, 22 May 2009
Jump up ^ "Court Rejects Two Suu Kyi Defense Witnesses". Irrawaddy.org. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Myanmar Aung San Suu Kuy to be put under detention — Asia News". Asianews.it. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Suu Kyi's witnesses 'rejected', BBC News Online, 28 May 2009
Jump up ^ Myanmar says American main culprit in Suu Kyi case[dead link]. AP. 25 June 2009
Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi celebrates 64th birthday with jail guards. The Guardian. 19 June 2009
Jump up ^ UN calls for release of Suu Kyi, The Age, 24 May 2009
Jump up ^ Western outcry over Suu Kyi case, BBC News Online, 18 May 2009
Jump up ^ SAfrica urges immediate Aung San Suu Kyi release, AFP at IC Publications, 22 May 2009
Jump up ^ Asian leaders call for release of Aung San Suu Kyi, Radio Australia, 15 May 2009
Jump up ^ Asian leaders condemn Burma trial, BBC News Online, 19 May 2009
Jump up ^ Myanmar protests ASEAN alternate chairman statement on Aung San Suu Kyi, Xinhua, 24 May 2009
Jump up ^ Burma lashes out at Thailand over Suu Kyi, Bangkok Post, 25 May 2009
Jump up ^ Free Burma's Political Prisoners Now! Campaign.
Jump up ^ Horn, Robert (5 July 2009). Ban Ki-Moon Leaves Burma Disappointed. Time.
Jump up ^ Burma court finds Suu Kyi guilty. BBC News. 11 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Senator wins release of US prisoner in Myanmar". Associated Press. 15 August 2009.[dead link]
Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin (12 August 2009). Lawyers to appeal against Aung San Suu Kyi sentence. The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Obama appeals to Myanmar junta to release Aung San Suu Kyi. The Times of India. 18 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Burmese court rejects appeal against Aung San Suu Kyi house arrest". The Guardian (UK). Associated Press. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Tran, Mark (9 November 2009). "Burma claims it will release Aung San Suu Kyi". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Burma announces elections ? but not for Aung San Suu Kyi". The Daily Telegraph (London). 4 January 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Myanmar's military junta says it will release Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Obama to appeal on Suu Kyi". Straits Times. Singapore. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam". Asia Times. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ceremonial transformation of NDAK to BGF". Mizzima.com. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Brown pledges support to Suu Kyi". BBC News. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Dialogs with government officials and Foreign Diplomats
Jump up ^ "Join her!". BBC News. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi được thả sau khi hết hạn quản thúc tại gia (Vietnamese)
Jump up ^ "Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi released – Asia-Pacific". Al Jazeera. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi Freed From House Arrest". Sky News. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Freed Myanmar Dissident Urges Reconciliation and Change". The New York Times. 14 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "New Light of Myanmar". Myanmar.com. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Phoebe (24 November 2010). "Suu Kyi and son reunited after 10-year separation". The Independent (London). Retrieved 13 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Moe, Wai (30 June 2011). "Suu Kyi to Visit Pagan Next Week". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Moe, Wai (8 August 2011). "Suu Kyi to Visit Pegu Next Week". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Burma frees dozens of political prisoners". BBC News. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Burma law to allow labour unions and strikes". BBC News. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Suu Kyi's NLD democracy party to rejoin Burma politics". BBC News. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Sly, Liz (19 November 2011). "U.S. sees Burma reforms as strategic opening to support democracy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clinton Says U.S. Will Relax Some Curbs on Aid to Myanmar". The New York Times. 1 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "PM Yingluck backs Suu Kyi in landmark Myanmar talks". WBDJ7. 21 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi to visit Swiss parliament". BBC News. 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Kyaw Hsu Mon (12 December 2011). "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi eyes Kawhmu seat". The Myanmar Times. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Aye Aye Win (19 January 2012). "Suu Kyi Registers for By-Election". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi registers for Burma election run". BBC News. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "By-elections Special". Alternative Asean Network on Burma. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Andrew (24 March 2012). "In Myanmar, old soldier fights losing war against Suu Kyi". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Myanmar's opposition leader Suu Kyi falls ill at election rally, recovers". China Post (Taiwan (ROC)). Associated Press. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi makes landmark campaign speech". BBC News. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suu Kyi's Speech Leaked on Internet Before Broadcast". The Irrawaddy. Associated Press. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burmese gov’t censors Suu Kyi’s campaign speech". Mizzima. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suu Kyi Warns Canadian FM of Voter List Problems". The Irrawaddy. Associated Press. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suu Kyi: media must monitor Burma". UK Press Association. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Western Election Observers Invited". Radio Free Asia. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Ljunggren, David (29 February 2012). "Myanmar's Suu Kyi says reforms could be reversed". Ottowa. Reuters. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi suspends Burma election tour after falling ill". The Guardian. Associated Press. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ [Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi wins by-election: NLD party "Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi wins by-election: NLD party"]. BBC News. 1 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Kyaw Myo Win (2 April 2012). "Winning NLD candidate list announced in state tv". MRTV. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Aung Hla Tun (20 April 2012). "Suu Kyi Myanmar parliament debut in doubt over oath stalemate". Reuters. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ The line in question is Schedule Four of the 2008 Constitution (Form of Oaths or Affirmation), which states: "After being elected as an MP, I do solemnly swear to preserve, protect, and nurture the Constitution while following the nation's laws." (ကျွန်ုပ်...သည် လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်အဖြစ်ရွေးချယ်ခံရပြီးဖြစ်သဖြင့် နိုင်ငံတော်ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေကို ထိန်းသိမ်းကာကွယ် စောင့်ရှောက်ပြီး နိုင်ငံတော်၏ ဥပဒေများကိုလည်း လိုက်နာပါမည်။), officially translated as: "I do solemnly and sincerely promise that as an elected representative of the Hluttaw, I will uphold and abide by the Constitution of the Union."
Jump up ^ Aung Hla Tun (19 April 2012). "Myanmar oath standoff puts Suu Kyi's MP debut in doubt". Reuters. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aung San Suu Kyi makes history by taking Myanmar parliament seat". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Suu Kyi makes her parliamentary debut". The Hindu. 9 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi: The halo slips". The Economist. 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Myanmar's Suu Kyi under fire for silence on Rohingya massacre". PressTV. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Misha Hussain (22 June 2012). "Rohingya refugees leave Burma to seek help in Bangladesh". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Anjana Pasricha (15 November 2012). "Aung San Suu Kyi Explains Silence on Rohingyas". Voice of America. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi: The halo slips
^ Jump up to: a b Myanmar's Suu Kyi ends US trip, hailing democracy, AFP, 3 October 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Myanmar offer is a 'sop' to the West. IOL. 7 October 2007
Jump up ^ US House honours Burma's Suu Kyi BBC News, 18 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Israel calls on Myanmar government to release Suu Kyi". Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Japan calls for Suu Kyi release". BBC News. 24 June 2003. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Leaders demand Suu Kyi's release". 15 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Schor, Elana (25 April 2008). Burmese detainee receives US honour. The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Burma's cyclone death toll soars. BBC News Online. 6 May 2008.
Jump up ^ U.S., Indonesia call for Suu Kyi's release. Mizzima. 9 June 2009
Jump up ^ Burma lashes out at Thailand over Suu Kyi. Bangkok Post. 25 May 2009
Jump up ^ Philippine Daily Inquirer. 27 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Myanmar urged to release peace activist Suu Kyi. Gulfnews. 30 May 2007.
Jump up ^ S'pore disappointed with extension of Aung San Suu Kyi's detention. Channel News Asia. 27 May 2009
Jump up ^ Burma 'faces ASEAN expulsion'. BBC News Online. 20 July 2003
Jump up ^ SA calls for immediate release of Aung San Suu Kyi. Mail & Guardian. 22 May 2009
Jump up ^ 432 eminent citizens call for Suu Kyi's freedom. Daily Star. 19 June 2006
Jump up ^ "President Nasheed calls for immediate release of Aung San Suu Ky". Maldiveschronicle.com. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.[dead link]
Jump up ^ UN Secretary Repeats Call for Release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi 27 May 2007.
Jump up ^ UN General Assembly condemns Myanmar. Taipei Times. 26 December 2008
Jump up ^ Myanmar breaks own law holding Suu Kyi: UN panel. Daily Times of Pakistan. 25 March 2009
Jump up ^ RI woos India, China over Suu Kyi. Jakarta Post. 13 June 2009
Jump up ^ Thai PM says West uses Myanmar. Nasdaq.com. 25 August 2008
Jump up ^ dT; (14 August 2009). "Vietnam supports Myanmar's efforts for reconciliation". En.vietnamplus.vn. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vietnam: Suu Kyi verdict ‘internal’ matter for Myanmar". Abitsu.org. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Nobel Committee press release.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 December 10012.
Jump up ^ "Home". Prospect Burma. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Kyi, Aung San Suu. "Nobel Lecture".
Jump up ^ Erlanger, Steven (16 June 2012). "21 Years Later, Aung San Suu Kyi Receives Her Nobel Peace Prize". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi given US Congressional medal". BBC. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Spetalnick, Matt (19 September 2012). "Suu Kyi meets Obama, receives medal from Congress". Reuters. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
Jump up ^ www.freedom-now.org. www.freedom-now.org. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Overzicht Eredoctoraten Vrije Universiteit Brussel" (in Dutch). Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
Jump up ^ freedomforum.org.
Jump up ^ "Arrest Yourself". US Campaign for Burma. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "St. Hugh's Full Moon Ball". The Burma Campaign UK. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi receives honorary degree". University of Oxford. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Arrest Yourself". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "www.theElders.org ''Aung San Suu Kyi''". Theelders.org. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Photo: Jeff Moore / AP (26 May 2009). "San Francisco Chronicle ''Absent but not forgotten''". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "www.theElders.org ''The Elders demand release of Aung San Suu Kyi''". Theelders.org. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Elders congratulate Aung San Suu Kyi ahead of her appearance in parliament in Burma/Myanmar". Theelders.org. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/Publications/Documents/UJ%20Annual%20Report%202010.pdf
Jump up ^ "A Logo for Human Rights". Retrieved 1 December 2012.
Jump up ^ BBC News – Aung San Suu Kyi to present the BBC's Reith Lectures. Bbc.co.uk (10 June 2011). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "A Prize for Creative Dissent". The Wall Street Journal. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Myanmar Deports Michelle Yeoh Over Suu Kyi Movie". Yahoo News. Associated Press. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's who in contemporary women's writing. Routledge.
Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4.
Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: fearless voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-4931-4.
Further reading[edit]
Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers) (2007) by Judy L. Hasday, ISBN 978-0-7910-9435-8
The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner (2002) by Barbara Victor, ISBN 978-0-571-21177-7, or 1998 hardcover: ISBN 978-0-571-19944-0
The Lady and the Peacock: The Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2012) by Peter Popham, ISBN 978-1-61519-064-5
Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007) by Justin Wintle, ISBN 978-0-09-179681-5
Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators (2006) by David Wallechinsky, ISBN 978-0-06-059004-8
Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World) (2004) by William Thomas, ISBN 978-0-8368-5263-9
No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (2002) by Naomi Klein ISBN 978-0-312-42143-4
Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf Houtman, ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6
Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998) by Bettina Ling ISBN 978-1-55861-197-9
Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of Freedom Series) (1994) by John Parenteau, ISBN 978-1-883846-05-3
Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson, ISBN 978-2-7210-0427-7
Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok Ang ISBN 978-981-4024-30-3
Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio Oishi ISBN 978-983-9861-06-8
Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma Larkin ISBN 0-14-303711-0
Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House ISBN 978-1-4000-6412-0
The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi by Josef Siverstein (1996)
Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean ISBN 978-1-84511-622-4
External links[edit]
Find more about Aung San Suu Kyi at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Database entry Q36740 on Wikidata
Aung San Suu Kyi at the Open Directory Project
Aung San Suu Kyi's website via the Internet Archive
Nobel Peace Prize 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi at NobelPrize.org
Aung San Suu Kyi – Summary, biography, excerpts from books
Works by Aung San Suu Kyi on Open Library at the Internet Archive
Works by or about Aung San Suu Kyi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Burma's Suu Kyi, Free at Last – slideshow by Der Spiegel
Peace Prize 2012 from India by Sarhad organisation PUNE City
Awards Received by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi and Clinton
Party political offices
Preceded by
Office Created Chairperson of the National League for Democracy
1988–present Incumbent
General Secretary of the National League for Democracy
1988–present
Assembly seats
Preceded by
Soe Tint Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw
for Kawhmu
2012–present Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by
Tun Yi Leader of the Opposition
2012–present Incumbent
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Alexander Dubček Sakharov Prize Laureate
1990 Succeeded by
Adem Demaçi
Preceded by
Doina Cornea Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize Laureate
1990 Succeeded by
Jelena Bonner
Preceded by
Peter Molnar
Preceded by
Mikhail Gorbachev Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
1991 Succeeded by
Rigoberta Menchú
Preceded by
Maurice Strong Jawaharlal Nehru Award Laureate
1993 Succeeded by
Mahathir Bin Mohamad
Preceded by
Dandeniya Gamage Jayanthi Gwangju Prize for Human Rights Laureate
2004 Succeeded by
Wardah Hafidz
Preceded by
Denis Mukwege Wallenberg Medalist
2011 Most recent
[show] v t e
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
[show] v t e
Gwangju Prize for Human Rights laureates
[show] v t e
Olof Palme Prize laureates
[show] v t e
The Elders
[show] v t e
Mahatma Gandhi
Authority control
WorldCat VIAF: 112144921 LCCN: n81046163 ISNI: 0000 0001 1780 0336 GND: 11904286X BNF: cb120622837
Categories: 1945 birthsAlumni of St Hugh's College, OxfordAlumni of SOAS, University of LondonAmnesty International prisoners of conscienceBuddhist pacifistsBurmese democracy activistsBurmese human rights activistsBurmese Nobel laureatesBurmese pacifistsBurmese prisoners and detaineesBurmese revolutionariesBurmese socialistsBurmese Theravada BuddhistsBurmese women in politicsBurmese women writersCivil rights activistsCongressional Gold Medal recipientsGandhiansHonorary Companions of the Order of AustraliaLiving peopleNational League for Democracy politiciansNobel Peace Prize laureatesNonviolence advocatesOlof Palme Prize laureatesPeople from YangonPresidential Medal of Freedom recipientsPrisoners and detainees of BurmaRecipients of the Sakharov PrizeLady Shri Ram College for Women alumniThe Elders (organization)Women Nobel laureatesMembers of the Pyithu Hluttaw
翁山蘇姬[编辑]
维基百科，自由的百科全书
 | 本页面包含缅文字母，部分操作系统及浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正確显示，否则可能显示为乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。 |
关于2011年以翁山蘇姬的生平為背景的傳記電影，参见「以愛之名：翁山蘇姬」。
 | |
| 昂山素姬像 | |
| 現任 | |
| 就任日期 1988年9月27日 | |
| 前任 | 首任 |
|---|---|
| 現任 | |
| 就任日期 2012年5月2日 | |
| 前任 | 苏一·提勒 |
| 多數票 | 46,730 (71.38%)[1] |
个人资料
| |
| 性別 | 女 |
| 出生 | 1945年6月19日 （68歲） 英属缅甸仰光 |
| 國籍 |  缅甸 |
| 政黨 | 缅甸全国民主联盟 |
| 父母 | 父亲：昂山 母亲：金姬 |
| 配偶 | 迈克·阿里斯（1971年－1999年） |
| 子女 | 亚历山大·阿里斯 金·阿里斯 |
| 居住地 | 仰光 |
| 學歷 | 大学 |
| 母校 | 牛津大学 伦敦大学亚非学院 |
| 職業 | 政治家 |
| 信仰 | 上座部佛教 |
| 獲獎 | 拉夫托奖 1990年 萨哈罗夫奖 1990年 诺贝尔和平奖 1991年 贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁奖 1992年 帕尔梅奖 2005年 國會金質獎章 2012年 全球公民獎 2012年 |
| 本條目是下面系列的一部分： |
| 緬甸民主運動 |
|---|
全國民主聯盟之旗
|
| 背景 |
| 緬甸獨立 |
| 緬甸國內衝突 |
| 緬甸式社會主義 |
| 缅甸联邦国家和平与发展委员会 |
| 大規模抗議 |
| 8888民主運動 · 2007年緬甸反軍政府示威 |
| 讓步和改革 |
| 緬甸民主化路線圖 緬甸憲法 缅甸民主改革 |
| 民主選舉 |
| 1990 · 2010 · 2012 |
| 組織 |
| 全國民主聯盟 · 88世代學生團 ·英國聲援緬甸組織 · 自由緬甸聯盟 ·美國支援緬甸運動 · 新一代之波 ·緬甸全國民主學生陣線 · 伊洛瓦底 ·缅甸民主之声 · 米茲瑪新聞社 |
| 人物 |
| 吴努 · 昂基 · 丁吳 · 翁山蘇姬 ·敏哥奈 · 登盛 · 瑞曼 |
| 相關條目 |
| 緬甸人權 · 缅甸政治 · 緬甸外交關係 |
翁山蘇姬，AC（缅甸语：အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany，/aʊŋˌsæn.suːˈtʃiː/,[2] Burmese pronunciation: [àʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]；拉丁转写：Aung San Suu Kyi，1945年6月19日－）生于缅甸仰光，是缅甸非暴力提倡民主的政治家，全國民主聯盟的創辦人之一、主席兼總書記[3]。1990年帶領全國民主聯盟贏得大選的勝利，但選舉結果被缅甸国家和平与发展委员会（軍政府）作廢。其後21年間她被軍政府斷斷續續軟禁於其寓所中長達15年，受各界人士與國際特赦組織持續援助，在2010年11月13日緬甸大選後终於獲釋。
目录
[隐藏]名称[编辑]
翁山蘇姬的名字由其家人姓名而来，昂山来源于其父亲，Suu来源于祖母，Kyi则是她母亲[6]。她也常常被称为Daw Aung San Suu Kyi，Daw在缅甸语中是一种对年长女性的敬称，即女士[7]。
个人经历[编辑]
早年[编辑]
1945年6月19日，翁山蘇姬于仰光出生[8]。1947年，她父親翁山將軍為緬甸獨立與英国谈判，同年被政敵暗杀。1960年，15歲的翁山蘇姬隨出任印度大使的母親前往印度。1964年，在印度中學畢業後入英國牛津大学聖休學院（St Hugh's College），獲得文學學士學位，主修經濟、哲學與政治，並在此認識了她的丈夫迈克·阿里斯。兩人在1972年結婚，婚後育有两个兒子。翁山蘇姬之後在伦敦大学的亚非学院修畢博士課程。
政治生涯[编辑]
1988年，為照顾生病的母親，43歲的翁山蘇姬返回缅甸。同年緬甸發生「8888民主運動」，长期执政的軍政府緬甸社會主義綱領黨领袖吴奈温将军下台，但是爭取民主的示威群眾最終遭到軍隊血腥镇压。新的军政府随後掌权。
1988年3月，当昂山素姬匆匆告别丈夫与两个儿子，回到仰光照顾因中风病危的母亲时，正值缅甸人民发起反抗军政权的游行示威，遭到军队和警察的残酷镇压，共有两百多名无辜民众死难，举国弥漫着恐怖气氛。很多受害者、激进分子和退役高级军官，要求她出来领导民主运动。深受圣雄甘地的非暴力理论影响，翁山蘇姬开始参与政治，并致力於推行民主制度。
1988年8月26日，仰光近百万群众在雪德宮大金塔西门外广场集会，昂山素姬第一次面对这么多的民众发表演说。在她首次公开发表重要演讲的前夕，政府散播有关要刺杀她的谣言，但她並不受威脅所影響。“我不能对祖国所发生的一切视若无睹。”在集会上，她慷慨激昂的演說，令在场的民众印象深刻。其实，她并不喜欢政治，想当作家，“但是，我参加了，就不能半途而废。”
昂山素姬認為不能采取以暴制暴的方法来解决国内的危机，因為这种方法表面上看最有效果，实际上却让自己堕落为与军政权同样的地步。在《自由》一书中，昂山素姬指出：“一些人改变是因为他们别无选择。当南非的旧政府、拉丁美洲的军事专政进行独裁统治发生变化的时候，他们认识到这些变化不可避免，这是他们所能选择的最好道路。我所表达的真正改变是通过理解、同情、正义、爱心后的内在变化。”
1988年9月27日，昂山素姬组建了全国民主联盟[9]，并出任主席和总书记。民盟很快发展壮大，成为全缅最大的反对党。1989年7月20日，军政府以煽动骚乱为罪名对昂山素姬实行软禁，她拒绝了将她驱逐出境而获自由的条件。
獲諾貝爾和平獎[编辑]
在巨大的國際壓力下，军政府被迫於1990年举行了大选，翁山蘇姬領導的全國民主聯盟取得了絕對優勢[10][11][12][13]，贏得58.2%選票及492席中的392席。在正常情況下，她理应成為緬甸的總理，與軍方分享權力。但選舉结果被軍方作廢并宣布民盟为非法组织，軍人拒绝交出政權，继续监禁昂山素姬。此外，军方组建了“恢复国家法律和秩序委员会”来掌握政权，后来又将其改名为“国家和平与发展委员会”。军方的行为引發國際間猛烈的批評。同年翁山蘇姬獲萨哈罗夫奖。
1991年，正被軟禁的昂山素姬获得了诺贝尔和平奖[14]，但无法亲自前往挪威领奖，只好让儿子代替自己发表了答词。这份答词中引述了昂山素姬的名言：“在缅甸追求民主，是一国民作为世界大家庭中自由与平等的成员，过一种充实全面、富有意义的生活的斗争。它是永不停止的人类努力的一部分，以此证明人的精神能够超越他自然属性的瑕疵。”她将诺贝尔和平奖的130万美元奖金交付信托，用于缅甸人民的健康与教育。对于昂山素姬无法亲自前来受奖，诺贝尔委员会主席弗兰西斯·塞耶斯泰德回顾历史上与之相同命运的其他三位获奖者：德国的卡尔·冯·奥西埃茨基、苏联的萨哈罗夫和波兰的瓦文萨。卡尔·冯·奥西埃茨基是反抗纳粹暴政的英雄，他的获奖被视为诺贝尔和平奖在人权方面最早的授奖。然而，这个巨大的荣誉并没有改变其悲惨的遭遇：他死在了希特勒的集中营中。但是，萨哈罗夫和瓦文萨看到了他们斗争的胜利，看到了他们的祖国终于获得了自由和民主。因此，弗兰西斯·塞耶斯泰德发出了他美好的祝愿：“我们希望昂山素姬也看到她的斗争戴上胜利的花冠。”
1994年10月21日，联合国下属有关机构在菲律宾召开“文化与经济发展关系”国际研讨会，被缅甸军政府软禁的昂山素季寄去一篇论文，由菲律宾前总统阿基诺夫人在会上代为宣读，文章尖锐地驳斥关于发展中国家“应该经济先走，民主缓行”的观点；指责许多当权者不分青红皂白，将民主运动与要求落实人权问题一概说成是受西方意识形态影响而加以否定；呼吁联合国重视和支持发展中国家特别是贫穷落后国家的民主运动和人权问题。这篇演讲也在整个亚太地区造成了很大的轰动效应。
1995年7月间昂山素姬被释放。1997年，其丈夫迈克·阿里斯发现患上前列腺癌，但已属晚期。一些国家和组织，包括美国政府，联合国秘书长科菲·安南和教宗约翰·保罗二世，呼吁缅甸当局允许阿里斯的赴缅签证。後來缅甸当局拒绝向他发放签证，理由是他们没有足够的设施去照顾他，并敦促昂山素姬离开缅甸去探望他。昂山素姬当时只是被暂时软禁，但不愿离开，她担心自己一旦赴英国探望家人，就很有可能永远不能再次回到缅甸，她不相信军政府对她作出可以回缅甸的承诺[15]。不过她明白如果选择留下，可能就再也没有机会与她的丈夫见面。1999年3月27日，阿里斯在自己53岁生日的那天在英国牛津去世。[16]1989年後，阿里斯与昂山素姬总共只见过5次面，最後一次是1995年的圣诞节。
軟禁時期[编辑]
她被多次阻止會見她的政黨支持者，並在2000年9月再次被软禁。2002年5月6日，她在一次建立在互信基礎上，由聯合國主持的秘密協商后被釋放。政府發言人說她是由於「我們相信我們可以彼此信任」而重獲自由。翁山蘇姬随後表示這是「國家新的黎明」，然而在2003年5月底，她再次被軟禁經歷一段時間的关押和9月的一次手术之后，翁山蘇姬在仰光繼續遭到軟禁。2004年3月2日，在聯合國缅甸事务特使伊斯梅尔的看望下，翁山蘇姬与缅甸总理钦纽举行了会谈。根据缅甸的法律，逮捕令只允許最多延長五年。2008年5月起已超過拘留期，但她仍然没被釋放。2009年3月，联合国任意拘留问题工作组批评缅甸对翁山蘇姬的拘留已经违背了他自己的法律，并要求立即释放翁山蘇姬。5月初，一名美國男子耶托游泳潛入翁山蘇姬仰光湖畔住所，該男子在離開時被軍政府發現，對此，軍政府指控昂山素季違反軟禁令。8月11日，緬甸法庭裁定翁山蘇姬非法收留美國人罪名成立，再延長18個月軟禁。直至2010年11月13日傍晚，翁山蘇姬終於重獲自由。
2010年10月27日晚，缅甸外交部長在河内舉行的东盟外長晚餐会上称昂山素季將於11月13日釋放[17]。11月13日，缅甸军政府将软禁数年的翁山蘇姬释放。[18]2010年11月18日下午，中国外交部记者会上，有记者提问：中方是否曾就释放昂山素季對缅甸政府做过工作？發言人洪磊回答：「尊重其他国家根据本国国情选择的发展道路，在和平共处五项原则基础上发展同包括缅甸在内的各国友好关系，是中国政府一贯的政策主张。我们是这么说的，也是这么做的。」
加拿大政府在2007年曾授予翁山蘇姬榮譽公民的頭銜[19]，當時她是世界上第四位獲得該榮譽的人士[20]。同時意大利的博洛尼亞市亦於2000年授予榮譽公民，在2008年博洛尼亞大學亦頒予哲學博士的學位，惟其一直受軟禁，直到2013年10月30日萬聖節前夕，才正式領取。[21][22]
2011年至今[编辑]
11月中旬，翁山表示她和她领导的民主联盟将参加缅甸的议会补选。
2011年12月初，她与到访缅甸的美国国务卿希拉里初次会面。希拉里把奥巴马的一封亲笔信交给了翁山，奥巴马在信中感谢她的斗争激励了全世界的人，美国会永远支持她；希拉里也赞赏和支持翁山的民主斗争。翁山则非常感谢美国对缅甸民主改革事业的支持，两人一致同意继续共同推进缅甸的民主进程[23]。
2012年1月18日，翁山到仰光区选举局登记报名，以竞选角逐靠近仰光的高穆村选区的人民院（下院）议席，同年2月6日其参选资格获得选举委员会批准[24]。议会补选将于4月1日举行，人民院共有440个席位，与前军人政府有关的党派占据了其中的绝大多数，这次补选的只有48个席位[25]。
2012年1月底，她离开仰光到海滨城市土瓦等城市，正式为本党党员展开拉票竞选活动，所到之处皆受到民众的热烈欢迎和支持[26]。2月11日，她到她所参选的高穆（Kawhmu）村展开竞选活动[27][28]。3月8日，她向记者表示此次补选可能会出现舞弊行为，因为官方公布的选民中竟有死人的名字[29]。
3月14日，她首次获得当局批准在国营电视台发表了题为「免于恐惧的自由」的15分钟的讲话（这段演讲事前被当局刪除了抨击前军政府的内容），讲话中她呼吁政府赋予人民更多自由并实施进一步的民主改革：呼吁当局废除所有压制人民自由的法律，制订和实施保护人民的法律；减少政治对司法的干预；痛批前军政府在2008年制定的新宪法。3月15日，她被香港大学颁予名誉法学博士，以表彰她以非暴力的方式争取民主和人权的贡献[30]。
緬甸在2012年4月1日舉行國會補選投票，翁山蘇姬所領導的全國民主聯盟獲得壓倒性勝利，拿下45席中的43个席位（緬甸國會席次共664席）；此次選舉，緬甸首次開放了國際選舉觀察團體進入緬甸觀察，並傳出選舉過程發生舞弊情形，包括投票權人名單中出現過世者或不具備投票權的兒童姓名，有些具備合法投票權的人名字卻不在名單中而無法領取選票。而全國民主聯盟表示，部分選票上該聯盟候選人的欄位出現遭燭蠟塗抹，意圖使投票人無法圈選的情形。
7月9日，她首次以国会议员身份出现在国会议事厅里，国会会期在上星期开始[36]。8月7日，她被委任为国会的“法治与和谐委员会”主席，委员会由15名议员组成，其中至少5人来自克钦邦和若开邦等种族冲突严重的地区。委员会的主要任务是结束种族暴乱[37]。
9月16日，她开始对美国展开为期三周的访问，她会见了总统奥巴马，接受美国国会授予的最高荣誉——“金质奖章”（美国国会于2008年表决通过颁发奖章给她）等多个奖章，发表多场演讲，并会见移居当地的缅甸人。[38][39]翁山蘇姬離美前於10月2日在洛杉磯向數千名支持者發表公開演說。當被問到緬甸期盼的民主典範時，翁山蘇姬說緬甸從許多地方有太多東西可以學習，不只是像南韓、臺灣、蒙古和印尼等亞洲國家，還有在1980到1990年代從共產黨轉型為民主的東歐國家、以及從軍政府進行轉型的拉丁美洲國家；此外，當然也不能忘記南非，因為它雖非軍事政權，但確實是個獨裁政權。[40][41]
佚聞[编辑]
2010年11月16日，美國時代雜誌將她列名在「史上十大政治犯」首位，其他依次是劉曉波（中國）、曼德拉（南非）、甘地（印度）、马丁·路德·金（美國）、萨哈罗夫（蘇聯）、哈維爾（捷克斯洛伐克）、甘吉（伊朗）、阿基諾二世（菲律賓）和胡志明（越南）。
缅甸军政权前任首脑奈温对昂山素姬的名望颇为嫉恨，命令媒体发表文章攻击昂山。缅甸民众编了一则笑话来回应：“奈温最喜欢的女儿珊达向昂山素姬挑战，要和她决斗。昂山素姬拒绝了，说：“那好吧，我们一起不带武器沿街而走，看谁走到尽头还活着。”
代表言论[编辑]
《恐惧与自由》中文节选：“我们需要一个更好的民主政治，一个有着同情心和爱心的民主政治，我们不应羞于在政治上谈论同情和爱心，同情和爱的价值应成为政治的一部分，因为正义需要宽恕来缓和。一位记者问我，‘你和别人交谈时总是对宗教谈论得很多，为什么？’我回答：‘因为政治是关于人的，我不能将人和他的精神价值分离开’”。
昂山素姬以学者的思维揭示缅甸悲剧的根源：极权主义是一种建立在敬畏、恐怖和暴力基础上的系统。一个长时间生活在这个系统中的人会不知不觉成为这个系统的一部分。恐惧是阴险的，它很容易使一个人将恐惧当作自己生活的一部分，当作存在的一部分，而成为一种习惯。导致腐败的不是权力而是恐惧，那些掌权者恐惧丧失权力及无权者恐惧权力的蹂躏，都导致了腐败。
相關作品[编辑]
- 《以愛之名：翁山蘇姬》2011年電影，法国导演盧·貝松執導的英法合資電影，由楊紫瓊飾演翁山蘇姬；
- 《Beyong Rangoon》1995年电影，片中以缅甸1988年昂山素姬非武装抗议为背景；
- 《Unplayed Pianos》 Damien Rice與2005年發佈的為昂山素季60歲生日創造的歌曲，希望以此向世界得到釋放昂山素季的支持聲音。
No comments:
Post a Comment