Lysosomes Structure & Function

Lysosomes Structure & Function Ninja Nerd 3.08M subscribers Join Subscribed 2.8K Share Download Thanks Clip 64,911 views Mar 10, 2023 Cell Biology Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org You can find the NOTES and ILLUSTRATIONS for this lecture on our website at: https://www.ninjanerd.org/lecture/lys... Ninja Nerds! In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Lysosomes Structure & Function. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below! Table of Contents: 0:00 Lab 0:07 Lysosomes Structure & Function Introduction 0:40 Lysosomes Structure 10:44 Lysosomes Function 25:57 Autolysis 28:15 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE! Join this channel to get access to perks: / @ninjanerdofficial APPAREL | https://shop.ninjanerd.org https://www.amazon.com/s?k=ninja+nerd... PODCAST | Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast... Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2ZDXoak... Google Podcast: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0... 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Show transcript Transcript Search in video Lab 0:02 foreign 0:06 ERS in this video today we're going to Lysosomes Structure & Function Introduction 0:08 be talking about the lysosomes we're 0:10 going to talk about their structure and 0:11 we'll also talk about their function 0:12 before we get started if this video 0:14 benefits you it helps you it makes sense 0:16 please support us and one of the best 0:18 ways that you guys can do that to help 0:19 us to continue to make you know these 0:21 awesome videos for you guys enjoyment is 0:23 by hitting that like button commenting 0:25 down the comment section most 0:26 importantly subscribe also great notes 0:28 illustrations that our team has come up 0:30 with you guys can check out on our 0:32 engineer website I'll have a link down 0:33 in the description box where you guys 0:34 can go check that out all right but 0:35 without further Ado let's talk about the 0:37 structure and function of lysosomes so 0:39 nothing crazy here we talk about Lysosomes Structure 0:41 lysosomes one of the things I want to do 0:42 is recap a little bit of things that we 0:43 talked about with the rough ER things 0:45 that we talked about with the Golgi 0:46 things that we talked about with the 0:47 cell membrane so it's going to be 0:49 somewhat of a recap but it's okay that's 0:50 good that's what helps you guys 0:51 repetition understand these things so 0:54 when we talk about lysosomes what I want 0:55 to know is their structure but how are 0:57 they made all right these are really 0:58 interesting so when we actually talk 1:00 about lysosomes it all starts at the 1:02 nucleus believe it or not so in the 1:03 nucleus you guys know that we have 1:05 chromatin and one of the components of 1:07 Chromatin is DNA if we were to take DNA 1:09 and read it and make a single stranded 1:12 structure called an mRNA that would be 1:14 called transcription so from this DNA 1:16 molecule we're going to make something 1:17 called mRNA and this is via the process 1:20 of transcription of the DNA then the 1:23 MRNA will then go 1:25 and bind with a ribosome and what we 1:27 know is that ribosomes can exist in 1:28 various forms they can exist in this 1:30 cytosolic form in other words just a 1:32 free form which floats in the cytosol 1:34 usually that one is to make proteins and 1:36 enzymes that are functioning in the 1:38 cytosol that go to the mitochondria but 1:40 the other ones are membrane bound to the 1:41 rough endoplasmic reticulum these are 1:43 making proteins that are designed to go 1:45 to three particular locations the cell 1:47 membrane to be excreted or to become 1:49 lysosomal proteins you're getting a 1:52 point here right so once we take this 1:54 mRNA we bind it with the rough ER 1:56 ribosomes the rough ER ribosomes once 2:00 they fuse here they start to synthesize 2:01 a particular protein so to be a protein 2:04 synthesis that'll occur here in the 2:06 actual ribosomes now once that occurs 2:08 here's my protein that got synthesized 2:10 in the ribosome then what it's going to 2:12 do is it's going to start making its way 2:14 through the rough ER where it'll have 2:16 some further modifications you guys 2:19 remember what we said her curves here 2:20 the in-linked glycosylation will add a 2:23 sugar residue to asparagine one of the 2:25 amino acids on this protein then what 2:28 we'll do is 2:29 once we've modified this protein so 2:30 let's say here we modified a little bit 2:32 here's the Core protein and then all we 2:35 did to this Core protein is we added a 2:36 little you know sugar molecule there 2:38 then what we do is we're going to 2:40 package it into a vesicle out of the 2:42 rough ER and say Hey you now need to go 2:45 to the Golgi because the golgi's got to 2:47 modify you a little bit more to make you 2:49 very very specialized and determine 2:51 where you're going to go 2:53 so then we make a little vesicle and 2:55 then how do we get that vesicle to go to 2:56 the Golgi you guys remember what was 2:58 that pink protein that we put on its 3:00 surface that helps it to guide it 3:02 towards going to the Golgi what was that 3:05 protein called this was the Cop 2 3:08 protein all right just looks you know 3:10 checking your understanding 3:11 once this vesicle fuses with the Golgi 3:14 membrane it then releases the protein 3:17 contents here this modified protein at 3:19 this point into the Golgi apparatus 3:23 and and then in the Golgi apparatus 3:25 it'll be further modified 3:27 and when it's modified then what will 3:29 happen is it'll then get packaged into 3:32 vesicles in the Golgi that'll be sent to 3:35 three particular locations 3:37 out of these let's say here is the three 3:39 particular locations here's the protein 3:41 the proteins 3:42 the proteins are all synthesized here 3:45 some of the proteins can get packaged 3:47 into these vesicles here right and then 3:50 from this this can go to three 3:52 particular locations 3:54 one of them is they could be excreted 3:57 from the cell so these could be an 3:58 excretory protein we know this already 4:00 right so this is pretty obvious that 4:01 this thing could be excreted 4:03 so here's my excretory protein the other 4:06 aspect of this is that that Protein 4:08 that's been modified in particular ways 4:10 can also be 4:12 incorporated into the cell membrane so 4:15 here's my protein that's now been 4:17 incorporated into the cell membrane and 4:20 again all of these have these like 4:21 particular sugar residues on them 4:24 the last thing is they could become 4:25 lysosomes here's where we have to add 4:27 another quick fact in 4:28 we talked about in the Golgi that 4:31 there's three modification mechanisms 4:32 right and the rough ER there was one it 4:35 was in-link glycosylation 4:37 and the Golgi there was trimming of the 4:40 inline glycosylation there's o-link 4:42 glycosylation so we added sugar residue 4:44 onto the oxygen of serine and threonine 4:46 or there was phosphorylation this is the 4:50 key one that I really want you to 4:51 remember there's a sugar that's present 4:54 on on the sugar residue there's a 4:56 molecule called mannose when we 4:58 phosphorylate mannose so we call this 5:01 phosphorylation I'm going to write this 5:03 down because this is a crucial step here 5:04 so we actually do phosphorylation 5:10 of what's called mannose 5:13 which is basically one of the sugars 5:15 that are present on that long sugar 5:17 residue that was attached we put a 5:19 phosphate on it once you do that you 5:22 then say these proteins these 5:24 glycoproteins are now destined to go and 5:27 become a lysosome that is the thing that 5:30 I want you to remember okay so we talk 5:33 about lysosomes lysosomes are really 5:34 just these spherical vesicles that have 5:36 a membrane that was formed an actual 5:38 phospholip bilayer that was formed by 5:40 the Golgi and they contain glycoproteins 5:43 that were synthesized from DNA going to 5:46 RNA going in to make proteins modified 5:49 in the rough ER and then modified in the 5:51 Golgi in what particular way what was 5:52 that big big modification thing that I 5:54 told you this is super crucial here is 5:57 phosphorylation of mannose 5:59 that's a big thing and then it 6:00 determines it going to make a lysosomes 6:03 so now we have our lysosomes now the 6:05 cool thing about these lysosomes 6:07 is we have to talk a little bit about 6:09 these proteins these glycoproteins these 6:11 glycoproteins that are all located in 6:13 these vesicles are very very specific 6:15 let's come down and talk about them 6:17 so here 6:19 we have a lysosome I'm just cutting the 6:21 lysosome so we can take a look inside of 6:22 it all of these are going to be your 6:25 lysosomal 6:28 proteins 6:30 we also like to call these special types 6:33 of enzymes you know they're really nasty 6:35 little enzymes we call them hydro 6:38 lytic enzymes they have the ability to 6:40 cut big macromolecules and that's really 6:44 really important for their function so 6:46 if we were to take some of these actual 6:47 hydrolytic enzymes what could they break 6:49 down 6:50 one of them 6:51 is actually called a nucleases oh that's 6:54 pretty obvious what this sucker could do 6:56 then right if this is a nuclease it has 6:58 the ability to break down what so this 7:01 can break down RNA and DNA that's a 7:05 really really important thing especially 7:06 if there's some type of like pathogen 7:07 like a bacteria that has RNA and DNA and 7:09 I want to break that down I can do that 7:10 or other things another one 7:14 is proteases proteases our big one we 7:18 have the ability to break down proteins 7:20 so we can break down proteins we can use 7:23 nucleases to break down RNA and DNA what 7:28 else we got in this sucker here we also 7:30 have lipases 7:31 lipases they can break down 7:35 lipids they can break down lipids and we 7:38 know that multiple different things have 7:39 lipid membranes bacteria can have lipid 7:41 membranes our own cells can have lipid 7:43 membranes what else 7:45 another one is called glucosidases so 7:48 glucosidases you obviously can tell that 7:49 these are going to be breaking down 7:51 carbohydrates 7:54 glucosidases these will break down 7:56 carbohydrates 7:59 okay we'll break down carbohydrates 8:02 and the last one here is an interesting 8:04 one we call these acid phosphatases we 8:06 will mention them briefly a little bit 8:08 later but I just wanted to write these 8:09 ones down these are called acid 8:11 phosphatases these are really really 8:14 special 8:16 to only breaking down bone tissue so 8:19 these are actually released by special 8:20 cells called osteoclasts that contain 8:22 lysosomes and these will break down bone 8:25 tissue which has a lot of different 8:27 things within it but these are the 8:29 biggest particular enzymes that are 8:31 contained within lysosomes so as you can 8:33 see they can break down almost every 8:34 macromolecule possible and then even a 8:36 little extra 8:38 but the question is is 8:40 why would they break these things down 8:41 in what particular way would they break 8:42 these things down we'll talk about that 8:43 in a second but another cool thing is 8:46 that these enzymes they function at a 8:48 very particular pH we know that most 8:49 proteins and enzymes at certain 8:51 temperatures you can denature them as 8:53 certain pH as you can denature them well 8:55 these actually prefer to be at lower PHS 8:57 so because these enzymes depend upon a 9:00 lower pH there's a special you know 9:02 Channel or protein pump that's present 9:05 on the lysosomal membrane you know what 9:07 this is let's actually zoom in on it 9:08 right here so I'm going to zoom in on 9:09 this particular protein right here this 9:11 is called a proton atpase which means 9:14 that it depends upon protons so let's 9:16 say here's the inside of the lysosome 9:18 and here's the outside of the lysosome I 9:21 want protons to be pumped 9:23 into the actual lysosome because if it 9:26 does that it lowers the pH I want the pH 9:29 to be approximately around five you want 9:32 to know why because at this pH 9:35 it stimulates or keeps these enzymes 9:39 activated 9:42 and that is a really important Concept 9:44 in order for these enzymes to work we 9:46 need their optimal pH to be around this 9:47 point so I keep these channels Super 9:50 Active and using ATP in order for me to 9:53 pump these protons into the cell to 9:56 maintain the optimal pH for these 9:58 puppies to function so in order for me 10:00 to do that what do I need I need to 10:02 utilize a lot of ATP 10:05 to be able to perform the action of 10:07 these pumps that's a really important 10:08 concept so we have an idea now that 10:10 lysosomes are made of glycoproteins 10:12 particularly what types of proteins 10:14 hydrolytic enzymes that can break down 10:15 every macromolecule possible 10:17 they're actually made 10:19 from the transcription of DNA to mRNA to 10:23 make proteins in the rough ER they're 10:25 modified they're packaged sent to the 10:27 Golgi modified in a particular way this 10:29 way to make lysosomes they have a 10:31 phospholipid bilayer that's from the 10:33 Golgi and the proteins that were 10:35 synthesized accordingly now the question 10:37 is is 10:38 what would we use all of these enzymes 10:41 to break down and what type of 10:42 physiological functions let's talk about 10:43 that we now know that we have to break Lysosomes Function 10:45 down some macromolecules but in order 10:47 for us to understand like what kind of 10:49 macromolecules we're breaking down we 10:50 obviously know that it's like proteins 10:51 and carbohydrates and lipids and 10:53 nucleated nucleic acids Etc but I wanted 10:56 you guys to understand of like what kind 10:57 of things that we're actually utilizing 10:59 that for 11:00 so there's three particular processes by 11:03 which cells bring in material 11:07 macromolecular material that needs to be 11:10 broken down by lysosomes because in 11:11 order for us to be able to break these 11:13 things down they have to be brought into 11:14 the cell because the lysosomes are found 11:16 inside of our cell so the question then 11:18 comes okay how do we get these things 11:20 into the cell and what are those things 11:22 that we're bringing into the cell and 11:24 how is that pertinent physiologically so 11:26 first example here 11:28 of how we're going to bring things into 11:29 the cell is something called receptor 11:32 mediated 11:35 endocytosis you're like what the stink 11:38 is this this is a really interesting 11:40 process so it's it's kind of said within 11:42 the name we're going to bring a 11:44 particular thing into the cell via a 11:46 receptor so here's a receptor that's 11:48 actually located on the cell 11:50 what happens is let's say whatever this 11:52 may be maybe it's a protein that it 11:55 binds with this receptor Maybe 11:58 it's a bacterium who knows maybe this is 12:01 a particular bacterial antigen right so 12:03 maybe there's a particular bacterial 12:05 antigen that's located on this that 12:07 binds with this receptor or who knows 12:10 maybe it's some type of like lipid 12:11 molecule maybe it's like a lipid 12:13 molecule of some particular type but 12:15 either way these molecules are binding 12:18 to these receptors that are located on 12:20 the cell surface what happens is 12:23 proteins called clathrons you know 12:25 there's what's called clathrin proteins 12:26 what they do is they come and they bind 12:30 to the cell membrane and they kind of 12:33 pull they use actin and pull the actual 12:37 cell components here these receptors and 12:39 all the things that they're bound to 12:40 into the cell and so what happens is you 12:42 form like this little vesicle so what 12:44 happens is you do this like little 12:45 endocytosis process and you pull into 12:49 the cell this vesicle and here we have 12:52 on here these receptors and then on 12:55 these particular receptors what do we 12:57 have bound to it like we said we could 12:59 have a bunch of different things it 13:00 could be proteins 13:01 it could be some type of like lipid 13:03 cholesterol molecule who knows or it 13:06 could even be like a bacterial antigen 13:08 of some type 13:09 so this is really important and then 13:10 once they get into the cell they then 13:13 can combine with lysosomes a primary 13:15 lysosome and then they can get broken 13:17 down now why would that be important and 13:19 what kind of cells would this be 13:21 important 13:21 I'll explain to you this could be 13:23 important for example here I find this 13:26 very interesting with um sometimes when 13:28 you're trying to do something called l d 13:31 l receptor uptake 13:34 sometimes whenever you have LDL 13:35 receptors and you need to down regulate 13:37 those receptors in other words you don't 13:39 need as many of those receptors 13:41 expressed onto the cell membrane we can 13:43 bring them into the cell break them down 13:45 or recycle them and then use them for 13:46 later so that's one example here so 13:49 let's say that for example here's this 13:50 LDL receptor uptake this could be an 13:53 example of something called down 13:56 regulation and that's where we would 13:58 bring these receptors into the cell 14:00 which they're bound to whatever it may 14:02 be and have them get broken down and 14:04 then we can use them later when we need 14:05 them that's just one example one example 14:08 an even cooler example here is what's 14:11 called you can see these on what's 14:13 called B cells so B lymphocytes 14:17 so B lymphocytes are referred to as 14:20 what's called antigen presenting cells 14:22 in other words 14:24 let's say that this is a bacterial 14:26 antigen that binds to a B cell receptor 14:28 the B cell receptor will then signal 14:30 that and bring the bacterial antigens 14:33 into the cell so that the B cell knows 14:35 hey this is a particular bacteria then 14:37 they need to alert the immune system of 14:39 so that's another really cool example 14:41 but there's an important terminology 14:43 that comes from this 14:44 when we actually take this endocytosis 14:48 process when we bring this whatever it 14:51 may be this material into the cell this 14:52 macromolecule material into the cell 14:54 whether it be through all of these 14:56 mechanisms this process that it makes 14:59 and it pushes these molecules into the 15:01 cell this vesicle now is a very 15:04 important vesicle that we have to 15:05 discuss this is now called a endosome so 15:09 this is called a 15:10 endo 15:13 sum so I want you to remember that okay 15:16 all right that's one particular 15:17 mechanism 15:18 the second mechanism by which we bring 15:20 things into the particular cell here is 15:22 with this next one 15:24 so let's say that you have this cell and 15:27 it wants to eat 15:29 a particular bacteria 15:32 or well maybe it's a virus maybe it's 15:35 even a virus of some type maybe it's a 15:37 virus of some particular 15:39 etiology 15:41 and it wants to bring these things into 15:42 the cell 15:43 what it'll do is it'll actually use 15:46 actin and kind of make these like things 15:47 called pseudopods these little arms and 15:49 it'll kind of engulf the bacteria or the 15:52 virus the pathogen in general and bring 15:55 it into the cell so then what you get 15:57 here is as it forms these things called 15:58 pseudopods it sucks this bacterian virus 16:01 into the cell and it makes this vesicle 16:03 that can contain within it the things 16:06 that it tried to eat and look at this 16:09 look at this isn't that cool 16:12 what is this process called and what 16:14 kind of cells would this be critical and 16:17 important to know this is something that 16:19 you want to know is called phagocytosis 16:22 and I'd say that this is probably one of 16:23 the biggest indications and reasons for 16:26 having lysosomes honestly so this is a 16:29 really really big one and this is 16:30 pertinent in what's called white blood 16:32 cells so this is really really important 16:35 for particular types of white blood 16:37 cells what kinds of white blood cells 16:39 things that you should know is things 16:41 like macrophages 16:42 so things like macrophages another one 16:45 is called neutrophils 16:47 neutrophils are another one another one 16:50 is called dendritic cells these are 16:51 really really common types of cells that 16:54 love to eat 16:56 certain types of pathogenic material and 16:59 bring it into the cell and obviously you 17:01 can understand that in this example I 17:03 bring in proteins and lipids and 17:05 carbohydrates and this one I'm bringing 17:06 in maybe a bacteria or virus that has 17:08 nucleic acids their membranes could have 17:10 lipids in them they could have proteins 17:12 that are involved in all of these 17:13 structures and guess what I got the 17:15 enzymes in my lysosomes that can break 17:16 all of them down so you see why this is 17:18 a really cool concept all right 17:21 the last one here is a really 17:23 interesting one and this is called 17:25 autophagy this last one is called 17:27 autophagy it's another way that we don't 17:30 necessarily bring things into our cells 17:32 we just actually membrane membranize we 17:37 form a membrane around already present 17:39 organelles and proteins that are 17:41 defective and old inside of our cell 17:44 that's already there so in other words 17:46 let's say here you have an old 17:49 mitochondria all of these things are old 17:52 they're defective they're just not 17:55 working as well anymore okay and so what 17:58 happens is you actually start to form 18:01 this membrane around these old defective 18:04 organelles and proteins so what I'm 18:06 going to do is I'm going to start 18:06 forming kind of a membrane this 18:08 makeshift membrane here and then what 18:10 happens is after you form the makeshift 18:12 membrane it'll eventually completely 18:15 membranize I hope that's a word 18:17 membranize and enclose all of these 18:20 particular organelles 18:21 when you do that that's really really 18:23 important because you're kind of 18:24 internalizing and forming a membrane 18:27 around these defective organelles that 18:28 you want only those ones to get 18:30 destroyed broken down we don't need them 18:32 anymore guess what lysosomes can break 18:34 down proteins lysosomes can break down 18:36 lipids lysosomes can break down maybe 18:38 nucleic acid molecules so I can break 18:40 all of these things down 18:42 an important terminology for both of 18:43 these so this one here where we actually 18:46 so this one we called an endosome this 18:48 one where we bring these particles in by 18:50 eating it it's called a phagosome it's 18:53 called a phago so 18:56 and this last one here where we actually 18:58 internalize old defective organelles and 19:02 proteins this is called a 19:04 Auto 19:06 phagosome if I go 19:09 so 19:10 this is really really important 19:13 now once we've done all of these 19:16 particular processes we've now taken 19:18 away of either bringing things into the 19:20 cell and enclosing them in a particular 19:23 vesicle that confuse with the lysosome 19:25 or things that are already old defective 19:27 in the cell we formed a membrane around 19:29 them and now we can take these to the 19:30 lysosomes so now this is the next step 19:32 my friend so now what we're going to do 19:33 is we're going to take this phagosome 19:35 this endosome and this autophagosome and 19:39 we're going to now fuse it with 19:40 lysosomes so let's come down for a 19:42 second 19:43 here we have the first one here is our 19:46 endosome what we're going to do is we're 19:48 going to take this endosome and we're 19:50 going to fuse it with a lysosome so each 19:52 one of these this is going to occur here 19:54 so we're going to take these and we're 19:56 going to fuse them together so you see 19:58 how this is what's called your primary 19:59 I'm going to write all these down here 20:00 this is your primary lysosome primary 20:03 lysosome primary lysosome okay each one 20:07 of these the endosome 20:10 the phagosome 20:12 and the autophagosome 20:15 are going to fuse with this primary 20:17 lysosome once it fuses with the primary 20:20 lysosome guess what 20:21 all of the enzymes in here the nucleases 20:24 the proteases the lipases the 20:26 glucosidases all of these are going to 20:28 break down they're going to rip that 20:30 stuff apart and they're going to destroy 20:33 all the proteins the lipids the nucleic 20:36 acids that are associated with the 20:37 bacteria the viruses maybe some of the 20:40 lipids and proteins that are present 20:41 from that we brought into the cell maybe 20:43 all of those things that are associated 20:44 with organelles all of these things are 20:46 going to get broken down 20:48 and as a result at the end of this after 20:51 you've broken down all of these things 20:53 this is what it looks like 20:54 you've now broken down all of this 20:57 macromolecular material to maybe a 20:58 smaller monomers or kind of small 21:00 residual particles you can do two things 21:03 with this but we have to know a term now 21:05 this term here is that this lysosome is 21:08 called we're going to point to this one 21:09 this is called your secondary lysosome 21:12 so your secondary lysosome is the 21:15 lysosome that's already fused with each 21:17 one of these the endosome the phagosome 21:19 the autophagosome and it's broken down 21:21 all that material that's present in them 21:24 now 21:25 a couple different terminologies here 21:27 before we go to the next step here 21:28 whenever you take an endosome a 21:30 phagosome an autophagosome Infuse them 21:32 with a primary lysosome and right when 21:35 the moment of them fusing so this point 21:36 here these are called specific types of 21:39 things that you have to understand the 21:41 secondary lysosome is all the broken 21:42 down products after these things are 21:44 fused but this point right here that I'm 21:47 going to highlight so this is going to 21:48 be one 21:50 is going to be 2 21:52 this is going to be three these have 21:55 specific names this one here where the 21:57 endosome and the lysosome fused is 21:59 called believe it or not it's not too 22:01 crazy endo 22:03 lyso Zone okay this one here where the 22:09 lysosome and the phagosome fuse this is 22:11 called a phago 22:15 lyso Zone and this last one here where 22:19 the lysosome and the autophagosome fuse 22:21 is called a auto phagom lysosome not too 22:25 crazy and out of this world to 22:27 understand those particular processes 22:30 okay so with all of these we fused each 22:34 one of these things formed these 22:35 intermediates 22:36 after we form these intermediates they 22:38 broke down all the material all the 22:40 macromolecular material and formed a 22:42 secondary lysosome 22:44 the question then comes what can we do 22:47 with all this residual material well I 22:49 could have taken proteins and broken 22:50 them down into amino acids I could take 22:52 lipids and break them down into fatty 22:54 acids I can take nucleic acids and break 22:55 them down into nucleotides I can take 22:57 carbohydrates and break them down into 22:59 monomers so what I could do is I could 23:02 push 23:03 and Export all of these different 23:06 molecules such as 23:08 small carbohydrates such as small amino 23:12 acids such as small lipids and Etc you 23:15 get the point all of these can be pushed 23:17 out into the cell and they can be used 23:19 in metabolic reactions so two things can 23:22 happen with these they can go and they 23:24 can be used in metabolic 23:26 reactions or 23:29 they can kind of just sometimes believe 23:31 it or not 23:32 sit there and they can make these kind 23:35 of like little old inclusions and 23:38 sometimes we actually give this a very 23:39 specific name we call it lipo 23:42 fusion and you see this this is usually 23:45 representative the more you have of this 23:47 lipofusion bodies in the cells it's more 23:50 indicative of age increasing age 23:51 obviously that would make sense as you 23:53 break more things down you're gonna have 23:54 more lipofusion and so you can see this 23:56 very commonly in three particular organs 23:59 one 24:00 as you can have a lot of this lipofusion 24:02 in the heart 24:03 or in the cardiac tissue you can have a 24:05 lot of this in the nerve tissue 24:09 and you can have a lot of this in the 24:11 hepatic tissue okay in the apotic tissue 24:14 but this is something that you could 24:16 potentially see so if we push it out 24:18 into the cell we can use it for 24:20 metabolic reactions or store it as this 24:21 like lipofusion kind of material which 24:23 is usually associated with increasing 24:25 age let's write that down associated 24:27 with increasing age that's very 24:29 prominent in these particular tissues 24:32 the other thing that we could do is we 24:35 could take this secondary lysosome and 24:37 say ah I don't need any of these things 24:39 I'm going to go ahead and fuse this with 24:41 the cell membrane and then I'm going to 24:43 release 24:45 some of these materials out of the cell 24:46 so then what I can do is I can literally 24:48 release I'm just going to draw a couple 24:49 of these dots here I'm going to release 24:51 some of these molecules into the actual 24:53 external environment 24:54 this is sometimes kind of important 24:57 when we get into Immunology we'll talk 24:59 about this later neutrophils love to do 25:01 this neutrophils will take a bacteria 25:03 eat them up and then spit out some of 25:06 their antigens and spit it into the 25:08 lymphatic system so that it can go to 25:09 other immune system cells and they can 25:10 pick it up 25:12 sometimes your lysosomes will release 25:15 special enzymes believe it or not right 25:18 out into the extra cellular fluid 25:19 remember I told you that an osteoclast 25:20 bone tissue guess what they could 25:22 release right onto the extracellular 25:24 space and break down bone tissue they 25:26 can release acid phosphatases so you get 25:28 the point here that what I'm trying to 25:30 get is that we can take all of these 25:32 ways of bringing in macromolecular 25:34 material into the cell once it's brought 25:35 into the cell they fuse with lysosomes 25:37 make these intermediates they get broken 25:39 down accordingly to each particular 25:41 enzyme in the macromolecule the residual 25:44 lysosome is called a secondary lysosome 25:46 it can spit things out or it can well I 25:49 can spit it onto the cell or spin it out 25:51 of the cell that's the big things to 25:52 understand the last particular function 25:54 that we have to talk about lysosomes is 25:56 called autolysis all right my friends Autolysis 25:58 last part is autolysis 26:00 so basically this is where the cell eats 26:02 itself that's essentially what it is so 26:04 autolizes where the cell is literally 26:05 eating itself so what happens is is 26:09 usually you have such extensive cellular 26:11 damage so let's say that this cell has 26:13 gone under extensive 26:16 cellular damage like Beyond repair 26:18 extensive cellular 26:20 damage 26:22 Beyond repair 26:24 when that happens 26:27 your lysosomes were seated receive a 26:30 pretty intense signal 26:32 so let's imagine that you have extensive 26:34 damage to the DNA you have extensive 26:36 damage to particular organelles you have 26:39 extensive damage to particular proteins 26:41 and what happens is after this extensive 26:44 damage occurs it then stimulates and 26:47 activates these lysosomes it sends them 26:49 powerful signals and you know what the 26:50 lysosomes do they're like oh shoot this 26:52 cell is beyond repair we're going to 26:54 have to we're gonna have to finish this 26:55 up and then what it does is it literally 26:58 releases its contents all these nasty 27:02 hydrolytic enzymes directly 27:05 into the cytoplasm now imagine having 27:07 these hydrolytic enzymes that can 27:10 literally break down every single 27:11 macromolecule just uncontrollably 27:14 released into the 27:16 cellular environment I have proteases 27:18 they can break down every protein I have 27:20 lipase they can break down the cell 27:21 membrane and the membranes of organelles 27:23 I have nucleases it can break down DNA 27:25 RNA 27:27 I have glucosidases it could break down 27:28 all the different types of carbohydrates 27:30 this cell will literally start to eat 27:33 itself and that is the process here 27:35 where this will undergo an intense 27:37 process where the cell will literally 27:39 cause cell 27:41 to eat itself 27:44 eats itself I mean this is literally in 27:46 layman's terms what's literally 27:48 happening and it's a pretty interesting 27:49 process so it is a little bit different 27:52 from something like apoptosis but again 27:55 this is when there's such extensive 27:57 cellular damage Beyond repair that the 27:58 lysosomes receive signals to release 28:00 their interest component their 28:02 hydrolytic enzymes into the actual 28:04 cytoplasm and start breaking down all 28:06 the different types of organelles this 28:08 is autolysis and that covers the 28:10 structure and function of lysosomes I 28:11 hope it made sense I hope that you guys 28:13 enjoyed it and as always until next time Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE! 28:16 foreign 28:19 [Music] Ninja Nerd 3.08M subscribers Videos About TikTok Facebook Instagram Twitter Discord Official Ninja Nerd Website Visit our Website! Lysosomes Notes and Illustrations Get Notes and Illustrations Shop the Ninja Nerd store Ninja Nerd Essentials All-Over Print Unisex Hoodie $52.99 Spring Ninja Nerd "Dad" Hat Dad Hat | Yupoong 6245CM $28.99 Spring Ninja Nerd Essentials Team Jersey $43.99 Spring Ninja Nerd Essentials Classic Crewneck Sweatshirt $34.39 Spring 131 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... @oooooooosu1949 2 weeks ago This was the the first time I had fun while studying. Reply @sadaqcabdinasir3153 1 year ago I'm medical student last year for my career beginning the Medicine I started watching your vedios until now you are the one who fill my weakness thank you so much 8 Reply @aylo2412 2 months ago youre saving my bio studies thanks you Reply @Luna-xl7dv 1 year ago It was absolutely fun and enjoyable, thanks for being there, you're a miracle that happened in my life 11 Reply @samerhassan9323 1 month ago Beautiful work as always, Professor! I am so thankful for you! Reply @walkeuts3088 1 year ago You’re the man Zach! 6 Reply 1 reply @Omarmohamed-jd2tt 1 year ago Great as usual! Hope there will be video about lysosomal storage diseases 16 Reply 1 reply @khalidhussain9096 1 year ago Congratulations to me I finally passed my NCLEX exam.. all thanks to Mr Lucas who really saved my Ass. 19 Reply 10 replies @nirvana5902 1 year ago The moment he utters the words "The best way you can support us..." You know I'm on it, my dear. 1 Reply @aamirraza8865 1 year ago (edited) It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. (Einstein) More power to u Sir.... 3 Reply @Noorulhaq.official 10 months ago You are the best teacher in the world 2 Reply @anji962 1 year ago Thank you Mr. Murphy. 1 Reply @2atlili 1 month ago you're awesome. I love your videos so much. Reply @ciciyali 1 month ago thanks，very good interpretation Reply @Lactosian 11 months ago Zach, you're the greatest teacher ive come across. much luvvvv Reply @doodoobearlove 8 months ago thanks a lot for cute drawings make it into summaries thats easy to see the whole pic than we reading textbook ourselves! Reply @ashikumari5323 1 year ago Thankyou soo much for making very topic soo easy to understand. ️ 1 Reply @jessicavillalobos9914 10 months ago You are amazing! So easy to understand and your vibe is everything. 1 Reply @tsehayetesfaldet4066 1 year ago You guys are contributing a lot to science sensitization. Thank you. Reply @KoKo-zt3vt 9 months ago Wonderful explanation on lysosomes and its function!!! Thank you Reply @DrTorres444 1 month ago just made my day Reply @treasureorih5612 7 months ago Your videos are so helpful! thank you so much for them. Please continue!!!! Reply @joecarpenter8406 1 year ago Excellent presentation - very clear and well organized. Reply @peshpraq5137 1 month ago Many thanks Reply @ftmrivas3043 2 weeks ago Awesome Reply @lois234 12 days ago Science is fun Reply @mahdikarimi9784 1 year ago Thank you that was really helpful to me I hope u continue your great work doc. Reply @ebevbt168 1 year ago Hey Zach! Can you do something about Mendelian inheritance? 2 Reply @linabenar5843 1 year ago I like his smile it just as if he sees us Reply @beabiologist-2023 1 year ago Thanks for the amazing explanation that was so helpful. Reply @cookingfeveraddict 5 months ago no exaggeration I'll pass this course thanks to you Reply @souravroy4517 1 year ago Hello from India.. Hey, professor zack, I discovered your videos a while back and I am learning cell biology from your playlist.. I just wanted to appreciate how amazing content you have made.. I did not learn cell biology well in my college classes but watching your videos has sparked a great interest about the subject in me.. So, thank you for your efforts and please keep making more amazing content. thanks a lot!! P.S. Can you please make a video on cell signalling and cell receptors?? that would be really helpful for me and oh yeah, also on chloroplast.. 2 Reply @aparnasingh7 6 months ago (edited) thank you again! onto next one ! and also membranize dk if it's a word or not but im gonna use it! Reply @SeanCondieAudio 11 months ago I'm starting my masters in september studying Batten disease. It's hallmark is lysosomal dysfunction so I'm getting myself caught back up to speed on the basics! Awesome video with excellent visuals. Will be checking out more videos! It also kinda scares me how much we look alike... haha Reply @vindiskate2677 5 months ago Thank you very much 4 dis tutorial, it was very helpful babe Reply @sanjanadey2077 11 months ago Amazing explanations Reply @shalomemmanuel3713 1 year ago Hey man We appreciate you so much But when are you teaching about meiosis This is the fourth time I'm asking And I commented first to get your attention 4 Reply @guanlanxu5434 4 months ago Thank you!!! Reply @user-cf3fd3ll5o 9 months ago Best explanations. You r really awesome thank for the explanation Reply @dilrajcheruvaripathiyan1895 7 months ago Thank you sir Reply @amberlum1797 2 months ago Amazing Reply @marammahmoud-ce7jl 1 year ago Dr nija can you please upload lectures about deference between osmolality and osmolarity and lecture about body fluids and osmotic equilibrium 2 Reply @duncers79 8 months ago Amazing thank you guys! Reply @karrar7785 1 year ago I enjoy with your videos Very nice Thank u Reply @desislavaroleva8212 1 year ago Thank you for this video Reply @3ialaty_YT 6 months ago Thanks Reply @azinsarhaddi119 1 year ago Thanks sooo much Reply @bilalsabaawi7956 1 year ago شكرًا جزيلا 1 Reply @mushtaqah. 8 months ago Great explanation Reply @hanynada6866 1 year ago Thanks a lot. Perfect as usual. I think there is some missing information in the notes you have allready said in the lecture . I would like to ask you if you can start lectures in psychiatric diseases and its pharmacology Reply @subhamoybanerjee9157 9 months ago marvelous Reply @ashdos7205 7 months ago this is amazing thank you Reply @mondetawila4537 1 year ago Very helpful Reply @montadermajed9456 2 months ago Much love Reply @marinaferraz1478 1 year ago Thank you! Reply @siglec1 1 year ago (edited) I think there is this video on your website in wrong section " Pathology", maybe right place "Basics"? Thanks again for your amazing videos and best explanations ever! Reply @niyadeo7970 7 months ago Amazing!! Reply @FitWithRyan_ 9 months ago My man! Reply @minamimyouikyung8609 1 year ago U r simply the best. Reply @ivaka1234 2 months ago thankk you sooo much Reply @miladmohammadi5240 1 year ago Super cool Reply @motlatjommittah-tn1fu 1 year ago I like this thank you so much... Reply @solmazmohammmadi150 9 months ago Great as always. Hope there will be a video about Zebrafish as a research model.Thanks Reply 1 reply @Maria-nf4rl 7 months ago But jack it's impossible for the lysosome's enzymes to work out of it ,because the ph outside the lysosome is not 5 1 Reply @NaimJR17 2 weeks ago great Reply @sawdaahmed3709 1 year ago Thanks dr Reply @varshayadav6650 2 months ago Saviour!!! Reply @jeremyturner6815 1 year ago Do you have a video on the lymphatic system? Reply @jennygidluck5497 1 year ago You are awesome! Reply @itoroumoh8185 1 year ago Please please make a video on Cytoskeleton Reply @aliabritney964 1 year ago perfect Reply @user-fw5lf7zm8q 1 year ago You are the best Reply @esraauheda1392 1 month ago Your amazing Reply @ogwangsendrick-wj4kn 9 months ago Good work keep up Reply @AbdirahmanMubarak 11 months ago Gorgeous "beautiful isn't it?" 17 Reply 1 reply @user-xb3xb8lf4m 5 months ago Good video Reply @intelligencequotient1848 1 year ago Difference in endosome and phagosome? In this case endosome is helped by clathorin protien is it that much itself? Or there is even more difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis? What is residual lysosome? Reply @ScoobyDoober 1 year ago Would you be able to do a MDD/Bipolar? Reply @YOU-kd9xx 9 months ago I think people don't share your vedio they are very good and don't want other to find out Reply @peterstevens3395 8 months ago In Autolysis. If the catalytic enzymes are released from the lysosomes and they start an uncontrollable break down of all the content in the cell (time stamp: 27:14 min.) then these enzymes will destroy the ATP-producing machinery, at least part of the pathway. There is a very high probability at least one of the components of the energy producing pathway to be damaged relatively early on, completely stopping the process. The energy required for the enzymes will be cut off and they wouldn’t be able to finish their job to completely degrade all the cellular components. What happens to these non-degraded cellular components? Reply @frutytutty6.9 6 months ago Nice Reply @akfbaloch8732 1 year ago Beautiful hat sir Reply @aurum6249 1 year ago can you make a video on chloroplasts please? 1 Reply @StopWastingYourTimeOnYtShorts 8 months ago Autolysis is just straight up: "oh shoot shoot, it's over, we goin' to self destruction mode" 1 Reply 1 reply @nafiarumman1330 5 months ago Reply @mollythabah8583 8 months ago Reply @AhsanRafi-nk8lo 3 months ago Does lysosome have single layer membrane or double layered membrane? Reply 1 reply @sameerqureshi7073 1 month ago How lysosomal enzymes can work in cytosol during autolysis as the pH of cytosol is around 7 to 7.5 and hydrolytic enzymes can work at pH of around 5 ??? Reply 1 reply @dribrahimnor2537 4 months ago Reply @ifeanyichukwuudeh6770 1 year ago I love your lessons but could you teach chemistry too 1 Reply @sebalbatool8669 2 months ago Love from Pakistan🇵🇰 Reply @user-oo1mh1lb8p 7 months ago Reply @boredeliot 10 months ago Reply @vidhikamerkar3611 1 year ago Can you make video on cancer? Reply @muhamadsulthantanjung7484 1 year ago Reply @gangadevianil837 1 year ago Reply @rishiraj2548 1 year ago Reply @user-xs7ki2su8b 1 year ago Reply @hopenbelieve256 1 year ago ️️️️ Reply @halimam54 1 year ago Please Please make a vedio in pharmacology field about antidepressants drugs I need it Reply @friedchicken1 1 year ago This comment is contributing to the increasing of popularity of the channel Reply @anastasiamorozova9357 1 year ago Reply @shah1494 1 month ago Reply @RastamanLiveUp 1 year ago Zach attacks us with more science! Reply @robbuck8703 9 months ago The Lord of destruction Reply @ridabatool3525 10 months ago Splendid explanation ️ I'm your student for more than 4 years now️ Reply @fattsfatts7891 5 months ago PHISH Reply @user-wq4qr7zv7o 6 months ago i like your method very much, one problem we have, your english fluency is very quick, we don't understand clearly, so please speak slowely. thanks Reply @brittanymichelle7402 1 year ago Man crush Reply @kshitizraina692 4 weeks ago Nasa is finding bro's neck Reply @RubyMay7 1 year ago I like the videos but I’m disappointed with the notes/illustrations for the subscription. Would not recommend membership. Reply @nomecognome8242 1 year ago Hello I am very interested in your videos and content and I would like to subscribe to take advantage of your notes which I find very eloquent. The problem, however, is that I am Italian and my English is not perfect and I would like to understand before spending my money whether or not any diagrams I would buy are actually useful. Is there by any chance a free period included where I can understand if this product is for me ? Or I don't know, what do you recommend? Reply @harshgoswami8805 1 year ago Thanks Reply @medicalstudent6629 11 months ago Lysosomes: Structure and Function|| biology|| Cell Biology Bio Scholar 8.75K subscribers Subscribe 274 Share Download Save 18,335 views Sep 1, 2023 Biology notes for class 9 & 11 Unveiling the Intriguing World of Lysosomes: Structure, Function, and More #Lysosomes #CellularBiology #ScienceExploration #CellularHealth #BiologyEnthusiast #MicroscopicWorld 🔬 Embark on a captivating journey deep within the cells as we unveil the mysteries of lysosomes! 🧪 Lysosomes, often referred to as the cell's recycling centers, play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular health by breaking down waste and ensuring a delicate balance within. Explore the intricate structure of lysosomes, where powerful enzymes thrive in an acidic environment, effectively breaking down complex biomolecules. Delve into the fascinating interplay between enzyme activity and protective mechanisms, and discover the mesmerizing process of lysosome formation from the Golgi apparatus. Venture further as we uncover the collaborative choreography between lysosomes, endosomes, and autophagosomes. Witness how the dynamic process of autophagy contributes to cellular rejuvenation. Marvel at the diverse functions of lysosomes in cellular signaling, immune responses, and even their unique roles in plants and animals. Join us on this scientific odyssey as we unravel the secrets of lysosomes, shedding light on their profound impact on cellular harmony. If you're passionate about biology's inner workings and eager to grasp the essence of cellular life, this exploration is tailor-made for you. Don't forget to like, subscribe, and engage in the comment section – let's embark on this microscopic adventure together! Regards: Bio Scholar Chapters View all Featured playlist 137 videos Biology notes for class 9 & 11 Bio Scholar Transcript Follow along using the transcript. Show transcript Transcript Search in video Intro 0:00 welcome back science enthusiasts to 0:03 another exciting episode of cellular 0:05 wonders 0:06 today we're exploring the captivating 0:09 realm of lysosomes a cellular Wonderland 0:13 where waste is turned into valuable 0:15 resources and cellular health is 0:17 maintained 0:20 in this video we'll dive deep into the 0:23 structure function and significance of 0:25 lysosomes 0:27 let's get started Structure 0:30 first stop is the unique structure of 0:32 lysosomes picture these tiny organelles 0:36 as cellular recycling centers they house 0:39 powerful hydrolytic enzymes that break 0:42 down complex biomolecules into simpler 0:45 components 0:46 but how does their structure contribute 0:48 to this process 0:51 lysosomes maintain an acidic environment 0:54 with a pH around 4.5 to 5 thanks to 0:58 proton pumps in their membrane 1:01 this acidity activates the hydrolytic 1:04 enzymes ensuring efficient degradation 1:07 of cellular waste 1:08 now let's explore the delicate balance 1:11 between lysosomal enzymes and protective 1:14 mechanisms 1:17 lysosomes have specialized membrane 1:20 proteins that Safeguard the lysosomal 1:23 membrane from self-digestion 1:27 autophagy a process where cellular 1:29 components are enclosed in 1:31 autophagosomes and delivered to 1:33 lysosomes also regulates their function 1:37 this keeps the recycling process in 1:39 check and maintains cellular health Formation 1:43 moving on to the formation of lysosomes 1:46 imagine the Golgi apparatus is a central 1:49 hub for lysosomal biogenesis enzymes 1:53 destined for lysosomes are synthesized 1:55 in the endoplasmic reticulum modified in 1:59 the Golgi apparatus and transported to 2:02 lysosomes 2:03 lysosomes then barred off from the 2:06 golgi's trans Network maturing 2:09 interfunctional organelles with an 2:11 acidic pH and proteolytic activity Positioning 2:15 let's explore the Strategic positioning 2:18 of lysosomes within the cell 2:21 they're often located near the cell 2:24 periphery and where active endocytosis 2:26 and autophagy occur 2:29 microtubules motor proteins and 2:32 molecular Motors work together to 2:34 transport lysosomes along the 2:36 cytoskeleton ensuring efficient waste 2:39 disposal and recycling Storage disorders 2:42 time to shed light on lysosomal storage 2:45 disorders 2:47 these genetic conditions result from 2:50 defects in lysosomal enzymes or membrane 2:53 proteins causing the accumulation of 2:56 undigested substances 2:58 think goucher's disease Tay Sachs 3:02 disease and Neiman pick disease 3:04 such disorders showcase the pivotal role 3:08 lysosomes play in maintaining cellular 3:10 equilibrium autophagy 3:11 let's delve into how lysosomes 3:14 collaborate with endosomes and 3:16 autophagosomes 3:19 endosomes transport materials to 3:21 lysosomes for degradation while 3:24 autophagus zones encapsulate cellular 3:26 components targeted for recycling 3:29 through Fusion lysosomes merge with 3:32 autophagus zones resulting in Auto 3:35 lysosomes where contents are broken down 3:38 by enzymes 3:39 this collaboration ensures cellular 3:42 renewal and waste management 3:45 this whole process is known as autophagy 3:48 it aids stress adaptation maintains 3:51 energy balance and removes dysfunctional 3:54 components 3:55 it's a key player in cellular health beyond waste disposal 4:00 Beyond waste disposal lysosomes are 4:03 versatile performers they participate in 4:06 cellular signaling influencing processes 4:09 like nutrient sensing and cell growth 4:12 regulation 4:13 lysosomes also shine in immune responses 4:16 they contribute to antigen presentation 4:19 and immune Cell Activation showcasing 4:23 their pivotal role in defending the body 4:27 that wraps up our journey through the 4:29 captivating world of lysosomes these 4:33 small organelles wield enormous 4:35 influence maintaining cellular Health 4:37 while orchestrating waste disposal 4:42 enjoyed this video like And subscribe 4:45 for more intriguing scientific insights 4:47 stay curious Bio Scholar 8.75K subscribers Videos About Subscribe FaceBook page 5:49 Vacuole, || Vacuo;e structure and function, || Vacuole class 11 by Bio Scholar 3:34 Chloroplast: Structure and Function|| Biology|| Cell biology by Bio Scholar 4:18 Golgi apparatus class 9|| Golgi apparatus Structure and Function|| Biology|| cell biology by Bio Scholar 6:10 Mitochondria: Structure and function|| Power house of cell || Biology || Cell biology by Bio Scholar 7 Comments rongmaw lin Add a comment... @Rabijjtuitioncentre 2 weeks ago Good approach. Reply Bio Scholar · 1 reply @user-pt7wc4jn5t 7 months ago Nice explained Reply Bio Scholar · 1 reply @aasthaashi0500 4 months ago Thanks for this video dear. I would like to ask that does the lysosome only exist in animal cells or plant cells as well? Reply Bio Scholar · 2 replies